ASTM E799-03(2009)

Standard Practice for Determining Data Criteria and Processing for Liquid Drop Size Analysis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These criteria and procedures provide a uniform base for analysis of liquid drop data.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice gives procedures for determining appropriate sample size, size class widths, characteristic drop sizes, and dispersion measure of drop size distribution. The accuracy of and correction procedures for measurements of drops using particular equipment are not part of this practice. Attention is drawn to the types of sampling (spatial, flux-sensitive, or neither) with a note on conversion required (methods not specified). The data are assumed to be counts by drop size. The drop size is assumed to be the diameter of a sphere of equivalent volume.
1.2 The analysis applies to all liquid drop distributions except where specific restrictions are stated.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Oct-2009
• Technical Committee: E29 - Particle and Spray Characterization
• Drafting Committee: E29.02 - Non-Sieving Methods

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E799-03 - Standard Practice for Determining Data Criteria and Processing for Liquid Drop Size Analysis
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2009
• Replaced By: ASTM E799-03(2015) - Standard Practice for Determining Data Criteria and Processing for Liquid Drop Size Analysis
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2015
• Referred By: ASTM E1458-12(2022) - Standard Test Method for Calibration Verification of Laser Diffraction Particle Sizing Instruments Using Photomask Reticles
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2009
• Referred By: ASTM E1617-09(2019) - Standard Practice for Reporting Particle Size Characterization Data
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2009
• Referred By: ASTM E2872-14(2019) - Standard Guide for Determining Cross-Section Averaged Characteristics of a Spray Using Laser-Diffraction Instruments in a Wind Tunnel Apparatus
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2009
• Referred By: ASTM E1260-03(2020) - Standard Test Method for Determining Liquid Drop Size Characteristics in a Spray Using Optical Nonimaging Light-Scattering Instruments
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2009
• Referred By: ASTM E1620-97(2022) - Standard Terminology Relating to Liquid Particles and Atomization
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2009
• Referred By: ASTM E2798-19 - Standard Test Method for Characterization of Performance of Pesticide Spray Drift Reduction Adjuvants for Ground Application
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2009

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E799 − 03(Reapproved 2009)
Standard Practice for Determining
Data Criteria and Processing for Liquid Drop Size Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E799; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 spatial, adj—describes the observation or measure-
mentofdropscontainedinavolumeofspaceduringsuchshort
1.1 This practice gives procedures for determining appro-
intervals of time that the contents of the volume observed do
priate sample size, size class widths, characteristic drop sizes,
not change during any single observation. Examples of spatial
and dispersion measure of drop size distribution.The accuracy
samplingaresingleflashphotographyorlaserholography.Any
of and correction procedures for measurements of drops using
sum of such photographs would also constitute spatial sam-
particular equipment are not part of this practice. Attention is
pling. A spatial set of data is proportional to concentration:
drawn to the types of sampling (spatial, flux-sensitive, or
neither) with a note on conversion required (methods not number per unit volume.
specified).Thedataareassumedtobecountsbydropsize.The
3.1.2 flux-sensitive, adj—describes the observation of mea-
drop size is assumed to be the diameter of a sphere of
surement of the traffic of drops through a fixed area during
equivalent volume.
intervals of time. Examples of flux-sensitive sampling are the
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
collection for a period of time on a stationary slide or in a
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
sampling cell, or the measurement of drops passing through a
standard.
plane (gate) with a shadowing on photodiodes or by using
1.3 The analysis applies to all liquid drop distributions capacitance changes.An example that may be characterized as
except where specific restrictions are stated.
neither flux-sensitive nor spatial is a collection on a slide
movingsothatthereismeasurablesettlingofdropsontheslide
2. Referenced Documents
in addition to the collection by the motion of the slide through
2.1 ASTM Standards: the swept volume. Optical scattering devices sensing continu-
E1296Terminology for Liquid Particle Statistics (With- ously may be difficult to identify as flux-sensitive, spatial, or
drawn 1997)
neither due to instantaneous sampling of the sensors and the
2.2 ISO Standards: measurable accumulation and relaxation time of the sensors.
13320–1Particle Size Analysis-Laser Diffraction Methods
For widely spaced particles sampling may resemble temporal
9276–1Representation of Results of Particle SizeAnalysis-
and for closely spaced particles it may resemble spatial. A
Graphical Representation
flux-sensitivesetofdataisproportionaltofluxdensity:number
9272–2Calculation of Average Particle Sizes/ Diameters
per (unit area×unit time).
and Moments from Particle Size Distribution
3.1.3 representative, adj—indicates that sufficient data have
been obtained to make the effect of random fluctuations
3. Terminology
acceptably small. For temporal observations this requires
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
sufficienttimedurationorsufficienttotaloftimedurations.For
spatial observations this requires a sufficient number of obser-
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE29onParticleand
vations.Aspatialsampleofoneflashphotographisusuallynot
Spray Characterization and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E29.02 on
representative since the drop population distribution fluctuates
Non-Sieving Methods.
with time. 1000 such photographs exhibiting no correlation
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009. Published February 2010. Originally
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E799–03. DOI:
with the fluctuations would most probably be representative.A
10.1520/E0799-03R09.
temporal sample observed over a total of periods of time that
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
is long compared to the time lapse between extreme fluctua-
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
tions would most probably be representative.
the ASTM website.
3.1.4 local, adj—indicates observations of a very small part
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org.
(volume or area) of a larger region of concern.
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. 3.2 Symbols—Representative Diameters:
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E799 − 03 (2009)
¯
3.2.1 (D ) is defined to be such that: 3.2.2 D ,D ,D , and D are diameters such that the
pq Nf Lf Af Vf
fraction, f, of the total number, length of diameters, surface
p
D
i
(i
¯ p2q
~ ! area,andvolumeofdrops,respectively,containpreciselyallof
D 5 (1)
pq
q
D
(i i
the drops of smaller diameter. Some examples are:
where:
D = number median diameter,
N0.5
¯ ¯
D = the overbar in D designates an averaging
D = length median diameter,
L0.5
process,
D = surface area median diameter,
A0.5
¯
(p−q)p>q = the algebraic power of D , D = volume median diameter, and
pq
V0.5
p and q = the integers 1, 2, 3 or 4,
D = drop diameter such that 90% of the total liquid
V0.9
D = the diameter of the ith drop, and
i volume is in drops of smaller diameter.
p q
∑ = the summation of D or D , representing
i i i
See Table 2 for numerical examples.
all drops in the sample.
3.2.3
0=p and q = values 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.
¯
log~D ! 5 log~D !/n (2)
∑D is the total number of drops in the sample, and some gm (i i
i i
of the more common representative diameters are:
where:
¯
n = number of drops,
D = linear (arithmetic) mean diameter,
¯
¯
D = the geometric mean diameter
D = surface area mean diameter,
gm
¯
D = volume mean diameter,
3.2.4
¯
D = volume/surface mean diameter (Sauter), and
D 5 D (3)
¯
RR VF
D = meandiameterovervolume(DeBroukereorHerdan).
See Table 1 for numerical examples. where:
f = 1−1⁄e ≈ .6321
D = Rosin-Rammler Diameter fitting the Rosin-Rammler
RR
distribution factor (See Terminology E1296)
This notation follows: Mugele, R.A. and Evans, H.D., “Droplet Size Distribu-
tion in Sprays,” Ind. Engnrg. Chem., Vol 43, No. 6, 1951, pp. 1317–1324.
TABLE 1 Sample Data Calculation Table
r A
Size Class Bounds No. of Sum of D in Each Size Class
i
Class Vol. % Cum. %
(Diameter Drops in
B
Width 2 3 4 in Class by Vol.
D D D D
in Micrometres) Class i i i i
3 6 9 12
240–360 120 65 19.5 × 10 5.9×10 1.8×10 1. × 10 0.005 0.005
360–450 90 119 48.2 19.6 8.0 3 0.021 0.026
450–562.5 112.5 232 117.4 59.7 30.5 16 0.081 0.107
562.5–703 140.5 410 259.4 164.8 105.2 67 0.280 0.387
703–878 175 629 497.2 394.7 314.5 252 0.837 1.224
878–1097 219 849 838.4 831.3 827.6 827 2.202 3.426
1097–1371 274 990 1221.7 1513.7 1883.2 2352 5.010 8.436
1371–1713 342 981 1512.7 2342.1 3641.1 5683 9.687 18.123
1713–2141 428 825 1589.8 3076.1 5976.2 11657 15.900 34.023
2141–2676 535 579 1394.5 3372.5 8189.2 19965 21.788 55.811
2676–3345 669 297 894.1 2702.8 8203.5 24999 21.826 77.637
3345–4181 836 111 417.7 1578.2 5987.6 22807 15.930 93.567
4181–5226 1045 21 98.8 466.5 2212.1 10532 5.885 99.453
5226–6532 1306 1 5.9 34.7 348.5 1534 0.547 100.000
r 3 6 9 12
Totals of D in ^κ = 6109 8915.3 × 10 16562.6 × 10 37729.0 × 10 100695 × 10
i
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
entire sample D = 1300 D =1460 D =1860 D =2280 D =2670
N0.5 10 21 32 43
¯ ¯
D =1650 D =2060
20 31
¯
D = 1830
D = 2540 Worst case class width
V0.5
348.5 669
5 0.009 Relative Span 5 D 2 D /D 5 3900 2 14200 /2530 5 0.98 3 0.21826 5 0.024
s d s d
V0.9 V0.5 V0.5
37729 267613345
Less than 1 %, adequate sample size Adequate class sizes
A
The individual entries are the values for each κ as used in 5.2.1 (Eq 1) for summing by size class.
B 3 3
SUM D in size class divided by SUM D in entire sample.
i i
E799 − 03 (2009)
TABLE 2 Example of Log Normal Curve with Upper Bound
Data Collected May 2, 1979 Computer Analysis May 2, 1979
Upper Bound Diameter (µm) Normal Curve, % Adjusted Data, % Data, %
360.00 0.006 0.005 0.005
450.00 0.027 0.027 0.026
562.50 0.109 0.108 0.107
703.00 0.389 0.387 0.387
878.00 1.227 1.224 1.224
1097.00 3.421 3.426 3.426
1371.00 8.407 8.437 8.436
1713.00 18.109 18.124 18.123
2141.00 34.080 34.024 34.023
2676.00 55.551 55.811 55.811
3345.00 77.828 77.637 77.637
4181.00 93.648 93.568 93.567
5226.00 99.481 99.453 99.453
6532.00 100.000 100.000 100.000
For Computing Curve Averages
Largest drop diameter = 6532.00 µm
Smallest drop diameter = 240.00 µm
Fraction of normal curve = 0.999995
Normal Curve Simple Calculation
(Gaussian Limits—4.55457 to 4.53257)
D = 1464.91 1459.37 µm (length mean diameter)
D = 1646.44 1646.57 µm (surface mean diameter)
D = 1824.85 1832.39 µm (volume mean diameter)
D = 1850.45 1857.79 µm (surface/length mean diamete
...