ASTM E2856-12
(Guide)Standard Guide for Estimation of LNAPL Transmissivity
Standard Guide for Estimation of LNAPL Transmissivity
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Application:
4.1.1 LNAPL transmissivity is an accurate metric for understanding LNAPL recovery, is directly proportional to LNAPL recoverability and tracking remediation progress towards residual LNAPL saturation.
4.1.2 LNAPL transmissivity can be used to estimate the rate of recovery for a given drawdown from various technologies.
4.1.3 LNAPL transmissivity is not an intrinsic aquifer property but rather a summary metric based on the aquifer properties, LNAPL physical properties, and the magnitude of LNAPL saturation over a given interval of aquifer.
4.1.4 LNAPL transmissivity will vary over time with changing conditions such as, seasonal fluctuations in water table, changing hydrogeologic conditions and with variability in LNAPL impacts (that is, interval that LNAPL flows over in the formation and LNAPL pore space saturation) within the formation.
4.1.5 Any observed temporal or spatial variability in values derived from consistent data collection and analysis methods of LNAPL transmissivity is not erroneous, rather is indicative of the actual variability in subsurface conditions related to the parameters encompassed by LNAPL transmissivity (that is, fluid pore space saturation, soil permeability, fluid density, fluid viscosity, and the interval that LNAPL flows over in the formation).
4.1.6 LNAPL transmissivity is a more accurate metric for evaluating recoverability and mobile LNAPL than gauged LNAPL thickness. Gauged LNAPL thickness does not account for soil permeability, magnitude of LNAPL saturation above residual saturation, or physical fluid properties of LNAPL (that is, density, interfacial tension, and viscosity).
4.1.7 The accurate calculation of LNAPL transmissivity requires certain aspects of the LNAPL Conceptual Site Model (LCSM) to be completely understood and defined in order to calculate LNAPL drawdown correctly. The methodologies for development of the LCSM are provided in Guide E2531. The general conceptual site model as...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides field data collection and calculation methodologies for the estimation of light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) transmissivity in unconsolidated porous sediments. The methodologies presented herein may, or may not be, applicable to other hydrogeologic regimes (for example, karst, fracture flow). LNAPL transmissivity represents the volume of LNAPL (L3) through a unit width (L) of aquifer per unit time (t) per unit drawdown (L) with units of (L2/T). LNAPL transmissivity is a directly proportional metric for LNAPL recoverability whereas other metrics such as apparent LNAPL thickness gauged in wells do not exhibit a consistent relationship to recoverability. The recoverability for a given gauged LNAPL thickness in a well will vary between different soil types, LNAPL types or hydrogeologic conditions. LNAPL transmissivity accounts for those parameters and conditions. LNAPL transmissivity values can be used in the following five ways: (1) Estimate LNAPL recovery rate for multiple technologies; (2) Identify trends in recoverability via mapping; (3) Applied as a leading (startup) indicator for recovery; (4) Applied as a lagging (shutdown) indicator for LNAPL recovery; and (5) Applied as a robust calibration metric for multi-phase models (Hawthorne and Kirkman, 2011 (1)2 and ITRC ((2)). The methodologies for LNAPL transmissivity estimation provided in this document include short-term aquifer testing methods (LNAPL baildown/slug testing and manual LNAPL skimming testing), and long-term methods (that is, LNAPL recovery system performance analysis, and LNAPL tracer testing). The magnitude of transmissivity of any fluid in the subsurface is controlled by the same variables (that is, fluid pore space saturation, soil permeability, fluid density, fluid viscosity, the interval that LNAPL flows over in the formation and the gravitational acceleration constant). A direct mathematical relationship exists between th...
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Designation: E2856 − 12
StandardGuide for
1
Estimation of LNAPL Transmissivity
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2856; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ing the relationship of discharge versus drawdown for the
occurrence of LNAPLin a well, which can be used to estimate
1.1 This guide provides field data collection and calculation
the transmissivity of LNAPL in the formation. The focus,
methodologies for the estimation of light non-aqueous phase
therefore,istoprovidestandardmethodologyonhowtoobtain
liquid (LNAPL) transmissivity in unconsolidated porous sedi-
accurate measurements of these two parameters (that is,
ments. The methodologies presented herein may, or may not
discharge and drawdown) for multi-phase occurrences to
be, applicable to other hydrogeologic regimes (for example,
estimate LNAPL transmissivity.
karst, fracture flow). LNAPL transmissivity represents the
3
volume of LNAPL(L ) through a unit width (L) of aquifer per
1.2 Organization of this Guide:
2
unit time (t) per unit drawdown (L) with units of (L /T).
1.2.1 Section 2 presents documents referenced.
LNAPL transmissivity is a directly proportional metric for
1.2.2 Section 3 presents terminology used.
LNAPL recoverability whereas other metrics such as apparent
1.2.3 Section 4 presents significance and use.
LNAPL thickness gauged in wells do not exhibit a consistent
1.2.4 Section 5 presents general information on four meth-
relationship to recoverability. The recoverability for a given
ods for data collection related to LNAPL transmissivity calcu-
gauged LNAPLthickness in a well will vary between different
lation. This section compares and contrasts the methods in a
soil types, LNAPLtypes or hydrogeologic conditions. LNAPL
way that will allow a user of this guide to assess which method
transmissivity accounts for those parameters and conditions.
most closely aligns with the site conditions and available data
LNAPLtransmissivity values can be used in the following five
collection opportunities.
ways: (1) Estimate LNAPL recovery rate for multiple tech-
1.2.5 Sections 6 and 7 presents the test methods for each of
nologies; (2) Identify trends in recoverability via mapping; (3)
the four data collection options.After reviewing Section 5 and
Applied as a leading (startup) indicator for recovery; (4)
selecting a test method, a user of this guide shall then proceed
Applied as a lagging (shutdown) indicator for LNAPL recov-
to the applicable portion of Sections 6 and 7 which describes
ery; and (5) Applied as a robust calibration metric for multi-
2
the detailed test methodology for the selected method.
phase models (Hawthorne and Kirkman, 2011 (1) and ITRC
1.2.6 Section 8 presents data evaluation methods. After
((2)). The methodologies for LNAPLtransmissivity estimation
provided in this document include short-term aquifer testing reviewing Section 5 and the pertinent test method section(s) of
Sections6and7,theuserofthisguideshallthenproceedtothe
methods (LNAPL baildown/slug testing and manual LNAPL
skimming testing), and long-term methods (that is, LNAPL applicable portion(s) of Section 8 to understand the method-
ologies for evaluation of the data which will be collected. It is
recovery system performance analysis, and LNAPL tracer
testing). The magnitude of transmissivity of any fluid in the highly recommended that the test methods and data evaluation
procedures be understood prior to initiating data collection.
subsurface is controlled by the same variables (that is, fluid
pore space saturation, soil permeability, fluid density, fluid
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
viscosity, the interval that LNAPL flows over in the formation
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
and the gravitational acceleration constant). A direct math-
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
ematical relationship exists between the transmissivity of a
and are not considered standard.
fluid and the discharge of that fluid for a given induced
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
drawdown. The methodologies are generally aimed at measur-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE50onEnvironmental
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Assessment, Risk Management and CorrectiveAction and is the direct responsibil-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ity of Subcommittee E50.04 on Corr
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: E2856 − 11 E2856 − 12
Standard Guide for
1
Estimation of LNAPL Transmissivity
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2856; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon («) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
εNOTE—Editorial changes were made throughout in January 2012.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide provides field data collection and calculation methodologies for the estimation of light non-aqueous phase liquid
(LNAPL) transmissivity in unconsolidated porous sediments. The methodologies presented herein may, or may not be, applicable
3
to other hydrogeologic regimes (for example, karst, fracture flow). LNAPL transmissivity represents the volume of LNAPL (L )
2
through a unit width (L) of aquifer per unit time (t) per unit drawdown (L) with units of (L /T). LNAPL transmissivity is a directly
proportional metric for LNAPL recoverability whereas other metrics such as apparent LNAPL thickness gauged in wells do not
exhibit a consistent relationship to recoverability. The recoverability for a given gauged LNAPL thickness in a well will vary
between different soil types, LNAPL types or hydrogeologic conditions. LNAPL transmissivity accounts for those parameters and
conditions. LNAPL transmissivity values can be used in the following five ways: (1) Estimate LNAPL recovery rate for multiple
technologies; (2) Identify trends in recoverability via mapping; (3) Applied as a leading (startup) indicator for recovery; (4) Applied
as a lagging (shutdown) indicator for LNAPL recovery; and (5) Applied as a robust calibration metric for multi-phase models
2
(Hawthorne and Kirkman, 2011 (1) and ITRC ((2)). The methodologies for LNAPL transmissivity estimation provided in this
document include short-term aquifer testing methods (LNAPL baildown/slug testing and manual LNAPL skimming testing), and
long-term methods (that is, LNAPL recovery system performance analysis, and LNAPL tracer testing). The magnitude of
transmissivity of any fluid in the subsurface is controlled by the same variables (that is, fluid pore space saturation, soil
permeability, fluid density, fluid viscosity, the interval that LNAPL flows over in the formation and the gravitational acceleration
constant). A direct mathematical relationship exists between the transmissivity of a fluid and the discharge of that fluid for a given
induced drawdown. The methodologies are generally aimed at measuring the relationship of discharge versus drawdown for the
occurrence of LNAPL in a well, which can be used to estimate the transmissivity of LNAPL in the formation. The focus, therefore,
is to provide standard methodology on how to obtain accurate measurements of these two parameters (that is, discharge and
drawdown) for multi-phase occurrences to estimate LNAPL transmissivity.
1.2 Organization of this Guide:
1.2.1 Section 2 presents documents referenced.
1.2.2 Section 3 presents terminology used.
1.2.3 Section 4 presents significance and use.
1.2.4 Section 5 presents general information on four methods for data collection related to LNAPL transmissivity calculation.
This section compares and contrasts the methods in a way that will allow a user of this guide to assess which method most closely
aligns with the site conditions and available data collection opportunities.
1.2.5 Sections 6 and 7 presents the test methods for each of the four data collection options. After reviewing Section 5 and
selecting a test method, a user of this guide shall then proceed to the applicable portion of Sections 6 and 7 which describes the
detailed test methodology for the selected method.
1.2.6 Section 8 presents data evaluation methods. After reviewing Section 5 and the pertinent test method section(s) of Sections
6 and 7, the user of this guide shall then proceed to the applicable portion(s) of Section 8 to understand the methodologies for
evaluation of the data which will be collected. It is highly recommended that the test methods and data evaluation procedures be
understood prior to initiating data collection.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E50 on Environmental Assessment, Risk Manage
...
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