ASTM D1060-96
(Practice)Standard Practice for Core Sampling of Raw Wool in Packages for Determination of Percentage of Clean Wool Fiber Present
Standard Practice for Core Sampling of Raw Wool in Packages for Determination of Percentage of Clean Wool Fiber Present
SCOPE
1.1 This practice for sampling covers a procedure for obtaining samples from lots of grease, pulled, or scoured wool or related animal fibers in bales or bags for the determination of the clean wool fiber present by a procedure similar to that described in Test Method D 584.
1.2 The practice provides a description of suitable core sampling equipment, the sampling procedure, and the method for determining the number of packages to be bored and the number of cores to be taken from each sampled package.
1.3 Reliable estimates are given for the standard deviation of the percentage clean wool fiber present between packages and within packages for lots of many types of raw wool.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units are in parentheses. The values in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this practice.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D1060–96
Standard Practice for
Core Sampling of Raw Wool in Packages for Determination
of Percentage of Clean Wool Fiber Present
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1060; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 clean wool fiber present, n—in raw wool, the mass of
wool base present in the raw wool, adjusted to a moisture
1.1 This practice for sampling covers a procedure for
content of 12 %, an alcohol-extractable content of 1.5 %, and a
obtaining samples from lots of grease, pulled, or scoured wool
mineral matter content of 0.5 %.
or related animal fibers in bales or bags for the determination
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The term “clean wool fiber present” is
of the clean wool fiber present by a procedure similar to that
synonymous with the term “absolute clean content” as defined
described in Test Method D 584.
in the Tariff Schedules of the United States of America (see
1.2 This practice provides a description of suitable core
Test Method D 584).
sampling equipment, the sampling procedure, and the method
3.1.2 core, n—in sampling fiber packages, the portion of
for determining the number of packages to be bored and the
wool or other fiber obtained by using a sampling tube.
number of cores to be taken from each sampled package.
3.1.3 raw wool, n—wool or hair of the sheep in the grease,
1.3 Reliable estimates are given for the standard deviation
pulled, or scoured state.
of the percentage clean wool fiber present between packages
3.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in this
and within packages for lots of many types of raw wool.
practice, refer to Terminology D 123.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as the standard. The SI units are in parentheses. The values in
4. Summary of Practice
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system
4.1 The lot is core sampled in accordance with one of a
shall be used independently of the other. Combining values
series of equivalent schedules based on estimates of variability
from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this
of the percentage clean wool fiber present and on the required
practice.
level of precision. A set of packages of wool is taken as a lot
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
sample. From each package in the lot sample, a fixed number
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
of cores of wool is drawn to be used as a laboratory sample.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Guidance in the selection of the most economical of the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
equivalent schedules is provided.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5. Significance and Use
2. Referenced Documents
5.1 Core sampling is widely accepted, when applicable, for
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2 obtaining a laboratory sample representative of the clean wool
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
fiber present in a lot of packaged raw wool.
D 584 Test Method for Wool Content of Raw Wool—
2 5.2 If the wool is so loosely packed that a core cannot be
Laboratory Scale
3 cut, or if it is so highly compressed that the sampling tool
E 105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials
cannot readily penetrate into the package to the required depth
E 122 Practice for Choice of Sample Size to Estimate a
3 and in the required direction, core sampling is not applicable.
Measure of Quality for a Lot or Process
The density of wool in most types of commercial packages is
3. Terminology suitable for sampling by this method.
5.3 The procedure described in this practice is adapted to
3.1 Definitions:
the application of statistical methods for estimating the size of
sample required to achieve a required level of sample precision
ThispracticeisunderthejuristictionofASTMCommitteeD-13onTextilesand at minimum cost.
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.13 on Wool and Wool Felt.
NOTE 1—The basic sampling equipment, operating procedure, and
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1996. Published February 1997. Originally
e1
published as D 1060 – 49 T. Last previous edition D 1060 – 85 (1991) . statistical approach used in this practice have been adapted for sampling
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D1060
lots of wool for the determination of other properties that are not affected
in samples obtained with a rotating 2-in. (50 mm) diameter
by boring, such as average fiber diameter, and for sampling lots of other
tube with a toothed cutting edge has been demonstrated.
bulk fibers in packages.
(Metric equivalents may be calculated by multiplying inches by 25.4 to obtain equivalent dimensions in millimetres.)
FIG. 1 Small Diameter Wool Sampling Tool (United States Customs Service)
6. Apparatus 6.2 Sample Container—A container with closure of such
material and so constructed that a sample stored therein will
6.1 Sampling Tool —A tube equipped with a cutting edge,
not show a material change in its moisture content during the
together with a drill, hammer, press, or similar device, and
interval between sampling and weighing the sample for test.
accessories. The tube must be capable of penetrating the
required distance (see 7.2) into a package of wool and cutting
7. Sampling Procedure
a core therefrom, which core must be retained substantially
unchanged within the tube during its withdrawal from a
7.1 Time of Sampling—Take the sample at or about the time
package.
the lot is weighed.
6.1.1 Fig. 1 illustrates the design of a recommended type of
7.2 Depth of Penetration—Penetrate a bale of wool with the
rotatable small-diameter wool sampling tube.
sampling tube to a depth such that substantially all parts of the
6.1.2 Sampling tubes in common use range from approxi-
package can be reached. Maintain the same depth of penetra-
mately ⁄2 to 2 in. (13 to 50 mm) in diameter, and from 10 to
tion for each core taken from a given lot.
40 in. (250 to 1000 mm) in length.
7.3 Location of Borings:
6.1.3 Some types of sampling tubes are equipped with
receptacles at the rear of the tube.
7.3.1 Consider a package as composed of eight sections
6.1.4 Drills of ⁄2 hp (375 w) rotating at 200 to 550 rpm (3.3
approximately equal in volume, defined by top or bottom, front
to 10 rps), have been found to be satisfactory.
or back, left or right.
6.1.5 A toothed cutting edge on a rotating tube of small
7.3.2 Alternate the location of boring in such a fashion that
diameter, instead of the smooth edge illustrated in Fig. 1, is
the total composite sample will consist of approximately the
acceptable provided that for any specific design it has been
same number of cores from each section of the packages.
shownthatabiasisnotintroducedthereby.Theabsenceofbias
7.3.3 If the packages have been compressed in a baling
press, enter a package through a compression surface and in a
direction normal to that surface.
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
7.4 Whenever there is danger that loose sand or other
is Yocom-McColl Testing Laboratories, Inc., 540 Elk Place, Denver, CO 80216. If
material may drop out of the tube during or after boring, so
you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM
position the package that the direction of boring will be
Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. horizontal.
D1060
7.5 Just before entering a sampling tube into a package of
1.960 5 value of Student’s t for infinite degrees of freedom, two-
sided limits, and a 95 % probability level.
wool, cut the covering in such a way that none of the covering
material fibers become mixed with the core or with the wool in
8.2.1 Reliable Estimates of Variances Available—When
the package. 2 2
reliable estimates of s and s are available, determine the
b w
7.6 Immediately upon withdrawal of the tube after boring,
required number of packages based on a specific number of
extrude the core directly into the sample container or the
cores per package using Eq 2 or Table 1:
intermediate receptacle (6.1.3) without loss of material or
2 2 2
n 5 N ~s 1ks !/@0.2603 kN 1 ks # (2)
unnecessary exposure to atmospheric conditions that may w b b
result in a change in the moisture content of the core.
where:
n 5 numberofpackagestobeselectedfromthelotfor
8. Size of Sample
coring (rounded upward to a whole number),
8.1 Variance of Sample Mean—If a sample consists of k
N 5
cores from each of n packages from a lot of N packages of raw k 5 number of cores to be taken from each selected
wool, and the n 3 k cores are composited into a single sample
package (Note 5),
on which m tests for percent clean wool fiber present are made, s 5 reliable estimate of the standard deviation for
w
thenthevarianceofthemeanoftheobservationsisgivenusing percent clean wool fiber present of cores within
Eq 1 (Notes 2 and 3): packages of a lot of similar packaged raw wool
(Note 6),
2 2 2
s N 2 n s s
b w t
s 5 reliable estimate of the standard deviation for
s 5 3 1 1
b
x
n N n 3 k m
percent clean wool fiber present between pack-
2 ages within a lot of similar packaged raw wool
s
t
5s 1 (1)
(Note 6), and
s
m
0.2603 5 value defined in Note 4.
where:
NOTE 5—Any convenient value of k may be used, but the value of k
s 5 variance of the mean of the m observations,
x
calculated using Eq 3 and rounding to the nearest whole number will give
s 5 variance for percent clean wool fiber present be-
b
the most economical sample:
tween packages within the lot,
2 2
s 5 average variance for percent clean wool fiber
w k 5 ~s 3 B/s 3 C!2 (3)
w b
present of cores within packages of the lot,
where:
s 5 variance of observations on a homogeneous sample,
t
B 5 average cost of selecting and positioning a package for coring,
s 5 variance for percent clean wool fiber present for the
s
and
sample, as defined by Eq 1,
C 5 average cost of taking and handling a core, and the other terms
n 5 number of packages selected at random from the lot
are defined in the legend for Eq 2.
from which cores are taken,
NOTE 6—Estimates of the variances are best based on data obtained in
N 5 number of packages in the lot,
investigations using analysis of variance techniques for lots of similar
k 5 number of cores taken from each of the n packages,
packaged raw wool. The estimates listed in Table A1.1 were so obtained.
and
Estimates may also be based on records in the user’s laboratory if the plan
m 5 number of observations made on the composite
for sampling and testing described in STP 114 has been followed. For
sample. testing that does not involve a dispute between the purchaser and the
supplier, variances may be estimated as specified in Practice E 122.
NOTE 2—Uniform mass of packages and of cores are assumed. If the
8.2.2 No Reliable Estimates of Variances Available—When
departure from uniformity is such that a material error would be
2 2
introduced by this assumption, proportional compositing must be adhered
no reliable estimates of s and s are available, determine
b w
to.
the required number of packages based on a specific number of
NOTE 3—The factor (N-n)/N is the correction for sampling from a finite
cores per package using Eq 2 or Table 1 and s 5 s 5 5.0
w b
population. A corresponding correction is generally not necessary for
percentage points. These estimates of variability are somewhat
cores and tests.
larger than the variability usually found in practice and will
8.2 Number of Cores—Unless otherwise agreed upon, as
usually require a larger number of cores than when reliable
when specified in an applicable material specification, take a
estimates of variability are available.
number of cores such that s will be 0.2603.
s
9. Sampling Schedules
NOTE 4—0.2603 is the value calculated from (1.0/1.960)
9.1 For convenience, Table 1 gives the values of n calcu-
where:
lated by Eq 2 for selected pairs of values of s and s and for
w b
1.0 5 allowablevariationofthepercentcleanwoolfiberpresentof
selected lot sizes, N, and numbers of cores per package, k, for
the composite sample, and
an allowable variation of 61.0 % clean wool fiber present at a
probability level of 95 %.
For background information, see the paper by Louis Tanner and W. Edwards
Deming, “Some Problems in the Sampling of Bulk Materials,” Proceedings,ASTM,
Vol 49, 1949, p. 1181 and ASTM Practice E 105. Symposium on Bulk Sampling, ASTM STP 114, ASTM, 1952.
D1060
10. Keywords
10.1 sampling; wool content
TABLE 1 Values of n for an Allowable Variation of6 1.0 % Clean Wool Fiber Present (0.86 % Wool Base) at a Probability Level of 95
A
% , for Selected Values of s , s , and k
w b
Number of Number of Packages in Lot, N
Cores per
s s 25 50 75 100 150 200 300 500 750 1000
w b
Sampled
Package, k Number of Packages to Be Sampled, n
1.0 1.0 1 788 8888888
1.0 1.5 1 10 11 12 12121213131313
1.0 2.0 1 121517 17181819191919
1.0 2.5 1 151922 23242526272728
1.0 3.0 1 172327 29323335363738
1.0 3.5 1 182732 35394344474849
1.0 4.0 1 193036 41475055596162
1.0 4.5 1 203240 46545965717476
1.0 5.0 1 213544 51616876848992
1.5 1.0 1 11 1212 13131313131313
1.5 1.5 1 131516 16171717171818
1.5 2.0 1 151920 21222323242424
1.5 2.5 1 172325 27293031323232
1.5 3.0 1 192630 33363739414242
1.5 3.5 1 202935 38434649515354
1.5 4.0 1 213239 44505459636567
1.5 4.5 1 213443 49576369757981
1.5 5.0 1 223646 54647180889396
2.0 1.0 1 171819 19191919202020
2 10 11 11 12121212121212
2.0 1.5 1 182122 23232424242424
2 131415 16161616171717
2.0 2.0 1 202426 27282930303131
2 151820 20212222232323
2.0 2.5 1 212730 32343637383939
2 172225 26282930313131
2.0 3.0 1 213035 38414345474849
2 182529 32353738404141
2.0 3.5 1 223339 43485154585960
2 192934 38424548515253
2.0 4.0 1 233543 48555964697273
2 203239 43505358626466
2.0 4.5 1 233746 53626874818587
2 213442 49576268747880
2.0 5.0 1 243949 576876859499 102
2 223646 53647179889295
2.5 1.0 1 252627 27282828282828
2 141516 16161616161616
2.5 1.5 1 252830 31313232333333
2 161819 20202021212121
2.5 2.0 1 253133 35363738393939
2 17212324 252627272727
2.5 2.5 1 253337 39424345464747
2 192528 3032 34353536
2.5 3.0 1 253541 44485053555757
2 202832 35384042444546
2.5 3.5 1 253744 49555862656768
2 213137 414548525456
...
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