ASTM C1608-05
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Chemical Shrinkage of Hydraulic Cement Paste
Standard Test Method for Chemical Shrinkage of Hydraulic Cement Paste
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the internal (absolute) volume change of hydraulic cement paste that results from the hydration of the cementitious materials. This volume change is known as chemical shrinkage.
1.1.1 Procedure A, volumetric method.
1.1.2 Procedure B, the density method.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.²)
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Designation:C1608–05
Standard Test Method for
Chemical Shrinkage of Hydraulic Cement Paste
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1608; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 chemical shrinkage, n—the absolute (internal) vol-
ume change accompanying the hydration of cement, due to the
1.1 This test method measures the internal (absolute) vol-
fact that the cement hydration products occupy less physical
ume change of hydraulic cement paste that results from the
volume than the reactants.
hydration of the cementitious materials.This volume change is
3.1.2 All other terms are as defined in Terminology C 219.
known as chemical shrinkage.
1.1.1 Procedure A, volumetric method.
4. Significance and Use
1.1.2 Procedure B, the density method.
Numerous properties of cementitious materials are con-
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
trolled by their initial hydration rate. Examples include early-
standard.
age strength development, heat release, and crack resistance.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
One direct and convenient measure of this initial hydration rate
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
is provided by the measurement of the chemical shrinkage of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
the cement paste during its hydration.As cement hydrates, the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
hydration products occupy less volume than the initial reacting
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh
materials (cement and water). Due to this volume change, a
hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause
hydrating cement paste will sorb water from its immediate
chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure. )
surroundings, when available.At early times, this sorption is in
2. Referenced Documents directproportiontotheamountofhydrationthathasoccurred.
This method is based on the one developed by Geiker. The
2.1 ASTM Standards:
results are relevant to understanding the hydration behavior of
C 186 Test Method for Heat of Hydration of Hydraulic
cements. This method does not measure the bulk volume
Cement
changes (autogenous shrinkage) associated with chemical
C 188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement
shrinkage nor the cracking potential of concretes produced
C 219 Terminology Relating to Hydraulic Cement
with the evaluated cement.
C 305 Practice for Mixing of Hydraulic Cement Pastes and
Mortars of Plastic Consistency
5. Apparatus
C511 Specification for Mixing Rooms, Moist Cabinets,
5.1 Devices for Determining Mass, conforming to the re-
Moist Rooms, and Water Storage Tanks Used in the
quirements of Specification C 1005 and evaluated for precision
Testing of Hydraulic Cements and Concretes
and accuracy at a total load of 100 g.
C 1005 Specification for Reference Masses and Devices for
5.2 Constant Temperature Water Bath—a water bath ca-
Determining Mass and Volume for Use in the Physical
pable of maintaining a temperature of 23.0 6 0.5 °C, with a
Testing of Hydraulic Cements
sufficient capacity to hold the specimens being evaluated. To
3. Terminology avoid evaporative cooling, the surface of the water in the bath
shall be covered with floating plastic balls or fitted with an
3.1 Definitions:
insulated lid.
5.3 Timing Device—Clock that can measure time to the
nearest minute.
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C01 on Cement
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C01.31 on Volume Change.
Current edition approved July 1, 2005. Published August 2005. L.J. Parrott, M. Geiker, W.A. Gutteridge, and D. Killoh, “Monitoring Portland
See the section on Safety, Manual of Cement Testing, Annual Book of ASTM Cement Hydration: Comparison of Methods,” Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.
Standards, Vol. 04.01. 20, 919-926, 1990.
3 5
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or M.Geiker,“StudiesofPortlandCementHydration:MeasurementsofChemical
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Shrinkage and a Systematic Evaluation of Hydration Curves by Means of the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Dispersion Model,” Ph.D. Thesis, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen,
the ASTM website. Denmark, 1983.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C1608–05
long as they are stated in the test report; higher water-cement ratios may
5.4 For procedure A
produce significant bleeding of the cement paste which will influence the
5.4.1 Capillary Tube—Agraduatedglasscapillarytubewith
results (by changing the effective water-cement ratio, etc.); lower water-
graduations of 0.01 mL or smaller, and typically a capacity of
cement ratios may lead to difficulties in preparing a fully compacted,
1.0 mL.
homogeneous paste for subsequent evaluation and self-desiccation may
5.4.2 Small Glass Vials (e.g., 22-mm diameter and 55-mm
occur.
height) with Rubber Stoppers that fit tightly into the glass vials
7.2 Prepare a minimum of two replicate specimens as
and have a hole placed in each stopper with the graduated
described below for either Procedure A or Procedure B.
capillary tube inserted through the hole (as shown in Fig. 1).
Fix the capillary tube in the stopper using a two-component 7.3 Procedure A
epoxy or other suitable adhesive applied at the stopper’s top
7.3.1 Determine the mass of each empty glass vial to the
and bottom surfaces.
nearest 0.01 g.
5.5 For Procedure B
7.3.2 Carefully place the prepared cement paste into the
5.5.1 Density bottle, glass, capacity approximately 20 ml
glass vial to achieve a paste height between 5 mm and 10 mm
with internally conical glass stopper as shown in Fig. 2.
in the vial. Consolidate the paste in the vial by tapping the vial
on a laboratory countertop, or placing it on a vibrating table, or
6. Reagents and Materials
some similar procedure.
6.1 Paraffin oil.
7.3.3 Determine the mass of each glass vial with the cement
6.2 De-aerated water (prepared by boiling water and sealing
paste to the nearest 0.01g.
it in a closed container before it has cooled.)
7.3.4 Carefully add clean, de-aerated water to fill the glass
vial to the top.
7. Procedure
7.3.5 Place the rubber stopper with the inserted capillary
7.1 Preparation of Cement Paste—Preparethecementpaste
tube tightly into the glass vial. Be careful to avoid the
in accordance with the proportions and procedure described in
entrapment of air bubbles when the bottom rubber stopper
Test Method C 186 (Note 1). The pastes shall be prepared in a
surface encounters the water in the glass vial. As the rubber
mixing room meeting the temperature and humidity require-
stopper is inserted, the water level in the graduated capillary
ments outlined in Specification C511. Record to the nearest
tube will rise. Optimally, the water level should rise near to but
minute the time when the water first contacts the dry cement
not beyond the top mark of the graduations on the capillary
powder.
tube. If the water level is not near enough to the top mark,
NOTE 1—Other mixing procedures such as mixing in a Hobart mixer
clean,de-aeratedwatercanbeaddedviathetopofthecapillary
(see Practice C 305) or kneading by hand in a sealed plastic bag may be
tubetoach
...
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