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ASTM D6176-97(2022)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Measuring Surface Atmospheric Temperature with Electrical Resistance Temperature Sensors

Standard Practice for Measuring Surface Atmospheric Temperature with Electrical Resistance Temperature Sensors

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Applications—Ambient atmospheric temperature measurements can be made using resistance thermometers for many purposes. The application determines the most appropriate type of resistance thermometer and data recording method to be used. Examples of three typical meteorological applications for temperature measurements follow.  
4.1.1 Single-level, near-surface measurements for weather observations (1)3, thermodynamic computations for industrial applications, or environmental studies (2).  
4.1.2 Temperature differential or vertical gradient measurements to characterize atmospheric stability for atmospheric dispersion analyses studies (2).  
4.1.3 Temperature fluctuations for heat flux or temperature, or variance computations, or both. Measurements of heat flux and temperature variance require high precision measurements with a fast response to changes in the ambient atmosphere.  
4.2 Purpose—This practice is designed to assist the user in selecting an appropriate temperature measurement system for the intended atmospheric application, and properly installing and operating the system. The manufacturer's recommendations and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency handbook on quality assurance in meteorological measurements (3) should be consulted for calibration and performance audit procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides procedures to measure representative near-surface atmospheric (outdoor air) temperature for meteorological purposes using commonly available electrical thermometers housed in radiation shields mounted on stationary or portable masts or towers.  
1.2 This practice is applicable for measurements over the temperature range normally encountered in the ambient atmosphere, –50 to +50 °C.  
1.3 Air temperature measurement systems include a radiation shield, resistance thermometer, signal cables, and associated electronics.  
1.4 Measurements can be made at a single level for various meteorological purposes, at two or more levels for vertical temperature differences, and using special equipment (at one or more levels) for fluctuations of temperature with time applied to flux or variance measurements.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
28-Feb-2022
ICS
17.200.20 - Temperature-measuring instruments
Technical Committee
D22 - Air Quality
Drafting Committee
D22.11 - Meteorology
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D1356-20a - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
Effective Date
01-Sep-2020
Refers
ASTM D1356-20 - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
Effective Date
15-Mar-2020

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ASTM D6176-97(2022) - Standard Practice for Measuring Surface Atmospheric Temperature with Electrical Resistance Temperature SensorsASTM D6176-97(2022) - Standard Practice for Measuring Surface Atmospheric Temperature with Electrical Resistance Temperature Sensors
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ASTM D6176-97(2022) - Standard Practice for Measuring Surface Atmospheric Temperature with Electrical Resistance Temperature Sensors
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D6176 − 97 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Practice for
Measuring Surface Atmospheric Temperature with Electrical
1
Resistance Temperature Sensors
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6176; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This practice provides procedures to measure represen- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
tative near-surface atmospheric (outdoor air) temperature for D1356Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
meteorological purposes using commonly available electrical Atmospheres
thermometers housed in radiation shields mounted on station- E344Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrom-
ary or portable masts or towers. etry
E644Test Methods for Testing Industrial Resistance Ther-
1.2 This practice is applicable for measurements over the
mometers
temperature range normally encountered in the ambient
E1137/E1137MSpecification for Industrial Platinum Resis-
atmosphere, –50 to +50°C.
tance Thermometers
1.3 Air temperature measurement systems include a radia-
tion shield, resistance thermometer, signal cables, and associ- 3. Terminology
ated electronics.
3.1 Definitions:
1.4 Measurements can be made at a single level for various 3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer to
meteorological purposes, at two or more levels for vertical Terminology D1356 and E344. Some definitions are repeated
temperaturedifferences,andusingspecialequipment(atoneor in this section for the reader’s convenience.
more levels) for fluctuations of temperature with time applied 3.1.2 connecting wires—the wires which run from the ele-
to flux or variance measurements. ment through the cable end closure and external to the sheath.
3.1.3 interchangeability—the extent to which the thermom-
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
eter matches a resistance-temperature relationship.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
3.1.4 inversion—the increase in potential temperature with
an increase in height (see 3.1.5 and 3.2.7).
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.5 lapse rate—the change in temperature with an in-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
crease in height (see 3.1.4 and 3.2.7).
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.1.6 resistance thermometer—atemperature-measuringde-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
vice comprised of a resistance thermometer element, internal
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
connecting wires, a protective shell with or without means for
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
mounting, a connection head or connecting wire with other
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
fittings, or both (see also 3.2.3).
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.1.7 resistance thermometer element—the temperature-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
sensitive portion of the thermometer composed of resistance
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
wire, film or semiconductor material, its supporting structure,
and the means for attaching connecting wires.
1
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD22onAirQuality
2
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.11 on Meteorology. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved March 1, 2022. Published April 2022. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D6176–97 (2015). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D6176-97R22. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6176 − 97 (2022)
3.1.8 thermistor—a semiconductor whose primary function 4.1.1 Single-level, near-surface measurements for weather
3
is to exhibit a monotonic change (generally a decrease) in observations (1) , thermodynamic computations for industrial
electrical resistance with an increase in sensor temperature. applications, or environmental studies (2).
4.1.2 Temperature differential or vertical grad
...

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1.3 General Design—Nominal sizes of the finished thermocouples shall be 0.0400 in., 0.0625 in., 0.125 in., 0.1875 in., or 0.250 in. [1.000 mm, 1.500 mm, 3.000 mm, 4.500 mm, or 6.000 mm]. Sheath dimensions and tolerances for each nominal size shall be in accordance with Table 1 and Figs. 1 and 2. The measuring junction styles for thermocouples covered by this specification are as follows:  
FIG. 1 Grounded Measuring Junction, Style G  
FIG. 2 Ungrounded Measuring Junction, Style U  
1.3.1 Style G2  (grounded)—The measuring junction is electrically connected to its conductive sheath, and  
1.3.2 Style U2 (ungrounded)—The measuring junction is electrically isolated from its conductive sheath and from reference ground.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents or conversions; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
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This specification establishes the required material, processing and testing requirements, and also the optional supplementary testing and quality assurance and verification choices for compacted, mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed, base metal thermocouple cables with at least two thermoelements. The material of construction includes standard base metal thermoelements, austenitic stainless steel or other corrosion resistant sheath material, and either magnesia (MgO) or alumina (Al2O3) insulation. The required tests to which the thermocouple cables shall undergo for quality verification are dimensions, insulation resistance at room temperature, calibration, electrical continuity, insulation density, sheath integrity, and EMF versus temperature values.
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1.1 This specification establishes requirements for compacted, mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed (MIMS), base metal thermocouple cable,2 with at least two thermoelements.3  
1.2 This specification describes the required material, processing and testing requirements, optional supplementary testing, quality assurance, and verification choices.  
1.3 The material of construction includes standard base metal thermoelements, austenitic stainless steel or other corrosion resistant sheath material, and either magnesia (MgO) or alumina (Al2O3) insulation.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
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5.1 These test procedures confirm and document that the thermocouple assembly was not damaged prior to or during the installation process and that the extension wires are properly connected.  
5.2 The test procedures should be used when thermocouple assemblies are first installed in their working environment.  
5.3 In the event of subsequent thermocouple failure, these procedures will provide benchmark data to verify failure and may help to identify the cause of failure.  
5.4 The usefulness and purpose of the applicable tests will be found within each category.  
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1.1 This guide covers methods for users to test metal sheathed thermocouple assemblies, including the extension wires just prior to and after installation or some period of service.  
1.2 The tests are intended to ensure that the thermocouple assemblies have not been damaged during storage or installation, to ensure that the extension wires have been attached to connectors and terminals with the correct polarity, and to provide benchmark data for later reference when testing to assess possible damage of the thermocouple assembly after operation. Some of these tests may not be appropriate for thermocouples that have been exposed to temperatures higher than the recommended limits for the particular type.  
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1.3.1 Loop Resistance:  
1.3.1.1 Thermoelements,
1.3.1.2 Combined extension wires and thermoelements.  
1.3.2 Insulation Resistance:  
1.3.2.1 Insulation, thermocouple assembly,
1.3.2.2 Insulation, thermocouple assembly and extension wires.  
1.3.3 Seebeck Voltage:  
1.3.3.1 Thermoelements,
1.3.3.2 Combined extension wires and thermocouple assembly.  
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5.2 This test method may be used in research, quality assurance, and specification acceptance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method addresses the dependence of temperature calibration on the temperature rate-of-change. This test method describes the determination of the thermal lag of thermal analysis apparatus and its application to the modification of the temperature calibration for that apparatus obtained at alternative linear temperature rates-of-change.  
1.2 This test method is applicable, but not limited to, the temperature calibration of differential thermal analyzers (DTAs), differential scanning calorimeters (DSCs), thermogravimetric analyzers (TGAs), thermomechanical analyzers (TMAs), and dynamic mechanical analyzers (DMAs).  
1.3 This test method is applicable only to apparatus demonstrating a linear relationship between indicated temperature and temperature rate-of-change.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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