ASTM C856-18a
(Practice)Standard Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete
Standard Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete
ABSTRACT
This practice outlines the standard procedures for performing petrographic examination of hardened concrete samples. The samples examined may be taken from concrete constructions, that is, all sorts of objects, units, or structures that have been built of hydraulic cement concrete. They may also be concrete products or portions thereof, or concrete or mortar specimens that have been exposed in natural environments or simulated service conditions, or subjected to laboratory tests. This practice applies to samples of all types of hardened hydraulic-cement mixtures, including concrete, mortar, grout, plaster, stucco, terrazzo, and the like. The equipments generally used for specimen preparation are diamond saw, cutting lubricant, horizontal lap wheels, free abrasive machine, polishing wheel, hot plate or oven, prospector's pick and/or bricklayer's hammer, abrasives, plate-glass squares, suitable media, and microscope slides. For specimen examination, the equipments needed are stereomicroscope, dollies, petrographic or polarizing microscope, metallographic microscope, eyepiece micrometer, stage micrometer, microscope lamps, needleholders and points, bottles with droppers, assorted forceps, lens paper, refractometer, and immersion media. Appropriate procedures for the sampling, preparation, and examination of specimens are detailed methodically.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice outlines procedures for the petrographic examination of samples of hardened concrete. The samples examined may be taken from concrete constructions, they may be concrete products or portions thereof, or they may be concrete or mortar specimens that have been exposed in natural environments, or to simulated service conditions, or subjected to laboratory tests. The phrase “concrete constructions” is intended to include all sorts of objects, units, or structures that have been built of hydraulic cement concrete.
Note 1: A photographic chart of materials, phenomena, and reaction products discussed in Sections 8 – 13 and Tables 1–6 are available as Adjunct C856 (ADJCO856).
1.2 The petrographic procedures outlined herein are applicable to the examination of samples of all types of hardened mixtures, including concrete, mortar, grout, plaster, stucco, terrazzo, and the like. In this practice, the material for examination is designated as “concrete,” even though the commentary may be applicable to the other mixtures, unless the reference is specifically to media other than concrete.
1.3 The purposes of and procedures for petrographic examination of hardened concrete are given in the following sections:
Section
Qualifications of Petrographers and Use of Technicians
4
Purposes of Examination
5
Apparatus
6
Selection and Use of Apparatus
7
Samples
8
Examination of Samples
9
Specimen Preparation
10
Visual and Stereomicroscope Examination
11
Polarizing Microscope Examination
12
Paste Features
13
Report
14
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific hazard statement is given in 6.2.10.1.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Designation: C856 − 18a
Standard Practice for
1
Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C856; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This practice outlines procedures for the petrographic
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
examination of samples of hardened concrete. The samples
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
examined may be taken from concrete constructions, they may
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A
be concrete products or portions thereof, or they may be
specific hazard statement is given in 6.2.10.1.
concreteormortarspecimensthathavebeenexposedinnatural
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
environments, or to simulated service conditions, or subjected
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
to laboratory tests. The phrase “concrete constructions” is
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
intended to include all sorts of objects, units, or structures that
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
have been built of hydraulic cement concrete.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
NOTE 1—A photographic chart of materials, phenomena, and reaction
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
products discussed in Sections8–13 and Tables 1–6 are available as
Adjunct C856 (ADJCO856).
2. Referenced Documents
1.2 The petrographic procedures outlined herein are appli-
2
cable to the examination of samples of all types of hardened 2.1 ASTM Standards:
mixtures, including concrete, mortar, grout, plaster, stucco, C125Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-
terrazzo, and the like. In this practice, the material for
gregates
examination is designated as “concrete,” even though the C215 Test Method for Fundamental Transverse,
commentary may be applicable to the other mixtures, unless
Longitudinal, and Torsional Resonant Frequencies of
the reference is specifically to media other than concrete.
Concrete Specimens
C452Test Method for Potential Expansion of Portland-
1.3 Thepurposesofandproceduresforpetrographicexami-
Cement Mortars Exposed to Sulfate
nationofhardenedconcretearegiveninthefollowingsections:
C457Test Method for Microscopical Determination of Pa-
Section
rameters of the Air-Void System in Hardened Concrete
Qualifications of Petrographers and Use of Technicians 4
C597Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through Concrete
Purposes of Examination 5
C803/C803MTest Method for Penetration Resistance of
Apparatus 6
Hardened Concrete
Selection and Use of Apparatus 7
Samples 8
C805Test Method for Rebound Number of Hardened Con-
Examination of Samples 9
crete
Specimen Preparation 10
Visual and Stereomicroscope Examination 11
C823Practice for Examination and Sampling of Hardened
Polarizing Microscope Examination 12
Concrete in Constructions
Paste Features 13
C1012Test Method for Length Change of Hydraulic-
Report 14
Cement Mortars Exposed to a Sulfate Solution
1.4 Thevaluesstatedininch-poundunitsaretoberegarded
C1723Guide for Examination of Hardened Concrete Using
as the standard. The SI units in parentheses are provided for
Scanning Electron Microscopy
information purposes only.
E3Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
E883Guide for Reflected–Light Photomicrography
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete
andConcreteAggregatesandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeC09.65on
2
Petrography. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved July 1, 2018. Published Sept. 1, 2018. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as C856–18. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/C0856-18A. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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C856 − 18a
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts: consulting service and the consulting petrographer should
3
Adjunct C856 (ADJCO856)A chart of 27 photos together determine the kind, extent, and objectives of the
examinations and analyses to be made, and may record their
3. Terminology
agre
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C856 − 18 C856 − 18a
Standard Practice for
1
Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C856; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This practice outlines procedures for the petrographic examination of samples of hardened concrete. The samples examined
may be taken from concrete constructions, they may be concrete products or portions thereof, or they may be concrete or mortar
specimens that have been exposed in natural environments, or to simulated service conditions, or subjected to laboratory tests. The
phrase “concrete constructions” is intended to include all sorts of objects, units, or structures that have been built of hydraulic
cement concrete.
NOTE 1—A photographic chart of materials, phenomena, and reaction products discussed in Sections 8 – 13 and Tables 1–6 are available as Adjunct
C856 (ADJCO856).
1.2 The petrographic procedures outlined herein are applicable to the examination of samples of all types of hardened
hydraulic-cement mixtures, including concrete, mortar, grout, plaster, stucco, terrazzo, and the like. In this practice, the material
for examination is designated as “concrete,” even though the commentary may be applicable to the other mixtures, unless the
reference is specifically to media other than concrete.
1.3 The purposes of and procedures for petrographic examination of hardened concrete are given in the following sections:
Section
Qualifications of Petrographers and Use of Technicians 4
Purposes of Examination 5
Apparatus 6
Selection and Use of Apparatus 7
Samples 8
Examination of Samples 9
Specimen Preparation 10
Visual and Stereomicroscope Examination 11
Polarizing Microscope Examination 12
Paste Features 13
Report 14
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units in parentheses are provided for
information purposes only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific hazard statement is given in 6.2.10.1.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
C215 Test Method for Fundamental Transverse, Longitudinal, and Torsional Resonant Frequencies of Concrete Specimens
C227 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of Cement-Aggregate Combinations (Mortar-Bar Method)
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.65 on
Petrography.
Current edition approved March 1, 2018July 1, 2018. Published April 2018Sept. 1, 2018. Originally approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 20172018 as
C856C856 – 18. – 17. DOI: 10.1520/C0856-18.10.1520/C0856-18A.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C856 − 18a
3
C342 Test Method for Potential Volume Change of Cement-Aggregate Combinations (Withdrawn 2001)
C441 Test Method for Effectiveness of Pozzolans or Ground Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive Expansion of Concrete
Due to the Alkali-Silica Reaction
C452 Test Method for Potential Expansion of Portland-Cement Mortars Exposed to Sulfate
C457 Test Method for Microscopical Determination of Parameters of the Air-Void System in Hardened Concrete
C496/C496M Test Method for Splitting Tensi
...
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