ASTM D1094-99
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels
Standard Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the presence of water-miscible components in aviation gasoline and turbine fuels, and the effect of these components on volume change and on the fuel-water interface.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. This standard involves the use of hazardous chemicals identified in Section 7. Before using this standard, refer to suppliers' safety labels, Material Safety Data Sheets and other technical literature.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: D 1094 – 99 An American National Standard
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Test Method for
Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1094; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3.1.1 film, n—thin, translucent layer that does not adhere to
the wall of the glass cylinder.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the pres-
3.1.2 lace, n—fibers thicker than hairlike shred or of which
ence of water-miscible components in aviation gasoline and
more than 10 % are interlocking, or both.
turbine fuels, and the effect of these components on volume
3.1.3 loose lace or slight scum, or both (Table 2, Rating 3),
change and on the fuel-water interface.
n—an assessment that the fuel/buffer solution interface is
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
covered with more than 10 % but less than 50 % of lace or
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
scum that does not extend into either of the two layers.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.4 scum, n—layer thicker than film or that adheres to the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
wall of the glass cylinder, or both.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. This standard
3.1.5 shred, n—hairlike fibers of which less than 10 % are
involves the use of hazardous chemicals identified in Section 7.
interlocking.
Before using this standard, refer to suppliers’ safety labels,
3.1.6 shred, lace or film or scum at interface (Table 2,
Material Safety Data Sheets and other technical literature.
Rating 2), n—an assessment that fuel/buffer solution interface
2. Referenced Documents
contains more than 50 % clear bubbles or some but less than
10 % shred, lace, film or scum.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.7 tight lace or heavy scum, or both (Table 2, Rating 4),
D 381 Test Method for Existent Gum in Fuels by Jet
n—an assessment that the fuel/buffer solution interface is
Evaporation
covered with more than 50 % of lace or scum, or both, that
D 611 Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline
extends into either of the two layers or forms an emulsion, or
Point of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon Solvents
both.
D 1836 Specification for Commercial Hexanes
3.1.8 water reaction interface conditions rating, n—a quali-
D 2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number of
tative assessment of the tendency of a mixture of water and
Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
aviation turbine fuel to form interface films or precipitates.
D 2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-
3.1.9 water reaction separation rating, n— a qualitative
Ignition Engine Fuel
assessment of the tendency of insufficiently cleaned glassware
D 3948 Test Methods for Determining Water Separation
to produce emulsions or precipitates, or both, in separated fuel
Characteristics of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Portable
and water layers.
Separometer
3.1.10 water reaction volume change, n—a qualitative in-
2.2 IP Standard:
dication of the presence in aviation gasoline of water-soluble
IP Standard Test Methods Vol 2, Appendix B, Specification
components.
for Petroleum Spirits
4. Summary of Test Method
3. Terminology
4.1 A sample of the fuel is shaken, using a standardized
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
technique, at room temperature with a phosphate buffer solu-
tion in scrupulously cleaned glassware. The cleanliness of the
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-2 on
glass cylinder is tested. The change in volume of the aqueous
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
layer and the appearance of the interface are taken as the water
D02.J0.10 on Fuel Cleanliness.
Current edition approved Jan. 10, 1999. Published March 1999. Originally
reaction of the fuel.
published as D1094 – 50. Last previous edition D1094 – 97.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
5. Significance and Use
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.04.
5.1 When applied to aviation gasoline, water reaction vol-
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.04.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
ume change using the technique reveals the presence of
Available from the Institute of Petroleum, 61 New Cavendish St., London,
water–soluble components such as alcohols. When applied to
W1M 8AR.
D 1094
aviation turbine fuels, water reaction interface rating using the Alternately, remove all traces of oil from the graduated
technique reveals the presence of relatively large quantities of cylinder and stopper, using either n-hexane or n-heptane or the
partially soluble contaminants such as surfactants. Contami- IP petroleum solvent 60/80. Rinse with acetone followed by tap
nants that affect the interface are apt to disarm filter-separators water.
quickly and allow free water and particulates to pass. Other 8.1.2 Following the washing described in 8.1.1, immerse the
tests, such as Test Methods D 3948, are capable of detecting cylinder and stopper in either (1) a non-ionic detergent clean-
surfactants in aviation fuels. ing solution, or (2) glass cleaning solution described in 7.4.
The type of non-ionic detergent and conditions for its use need
6. Apparatus
to be established in each laboratory. The criterion for satisfac-
6.1 Graduated Glass Cylinder, glass-stoppered, 100 mL,
tory cleaning shall be a matching of the quality of that obtained
with 1-mL graduations. The distance between the 100-mL with chromic acid cleaning solution. Non-ionic detergent
mark and the top of the shoulder of the cylinder must be within
cleaning avoids the potential hazards and inconveniences
the range from 50 to 60 mm.
related to handling corrosive chromic acid solutions. The latter
remains as the reference cleaning practice and as such may
7. Reagents
function as an alternate to the preferred procedure-cleaning
7.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
with non-ionic detergent solutions. Following cleaning with
used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
non-ionic detergent or glass cleaning solution, rinse with tap
all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-
water, then distilled water, and finally rinse with ph
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