ASTM D8171-18
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Density Determination of Flax Fiber
Standard Test Methods for Density Determination of Flax Fiber
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Fiber density is useful in the evaluation of new materials at the research and development level and is one of the material properties normally given in fiber specifications.
5.2 Fiber density can be used to determine fiber strength and modulus of a single fiber or bundle of fibers. These properties are based on load or modulus slope over an effective area. Fiber density, when used with the lineal mass of the specimen, can calculate an approximate, total effective area for the specimen.
5.3 In composite applications, fiber density is used as constituent property when determining reinforcement volume and void volume based on reinforcement mass and laminate density.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover two procedures for determination of the density of flax fiber and are applicable to fibers of any length.
1.1.1 Test Method A—Gas Pycnometry—This is the more accurate method of density measurement and is preferred in cases in which specimen conditioning (oven drying) can be applied or outgassing effects can be mitigated by purge settings. The level of accuracy for the test methods can be assessed from the precision and bias tables. Outgassing effects can be assessed by performing a purge cycle, pressurization, and pressure stability check on the sample. If the pressure increases in an isolated sample chamber, outgassing may affect the accuracy of results. Oven dry specimens below 55 ºC to equilibrium with a 0 % relative humidity (RH) environment or use longer purge methods, or both, to eliminate outgassing effects.
1.1.2 Test Method B—Buoyancy (Archimedes) Method—This is acceptable as an alternative to Test Method A in applications in which less accurate results are sufficient, as represented in the precision and bias tables. Test Method B is preferred in cases in which outgassing effects in Test Method A cannot be addressed by oven drying or purge settings and prevent Test Method A from producing valid results.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Sections 9 and 17.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D8171 − 18
Standard Test Methods for
1
Density Determination of Flax Fiber
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8171; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 These test methods cover two procedures for determi-
nation of the density of flax fiber and are applicable to fibers of
2. Referenced Documents
any length.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1.1 Test Method A—Gas Pycnometry—This is the more
D1577 Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile Fibers
accurate method of density measurement and is preferred in
D3800 Test Method for Density of High-Modulus Fibers
cases in which specimen conditioning (oven drying) can be
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
applied or outgassing effects can be mitigated by purge
D6798 Terminology Relating to Flax and Linen
settings. The level of accuracy for the test methods can be
E12 Terminology Relating to Density and Specific Gravity
assessed from the precision and bias tables. Outgassing effects
3
of Solids, Liquids, and Gases (Withdrawn 1996)
can be assessed by performing a purge cycle, pressurization,
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
and pressure stability check on the sample. If the pressure
ASTM Test Methods
increases in an isolated sample chamber, outgassing may affect
E1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced
the accuracy of results. Oven dry specimens below 55 ºC to
Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases (With-
equilibrium with a 0 % relative humidity (RH) environment or
3
drawn 2015)
use longer purge methods, or both, to eliminate outgassing
effects.
3. Terminology
1.1.2 Test Method B—Buoyancy (Archimedes) Method—
This is acceptable as an alternative to Test Method A in 3.1 Definitions—Terminology D3878 defines terms relating
applications in which less accurate results are sufficient, as tocompositematerials.TerminologyE12definestermsrelating
represented in the precision and bias tables. Test Method B is to density. Terminology D6798 defines terms relating to flax
preferred in cases in which outgassing effects inTest MethodA and linen. Practice E177 defines terms relating to statistics. In
cannot be addressed by oven drying or purge settings and
theeventofaconflictbetweenterms,TerminologyD3878shall
prevent Test Method A from producing valid results. have precedence over other standards.
3.1.1 impurity, n—any material (such as, but not limited to,
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
water, shive, or dirt) present in the sample that, if not removed
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
or accounted for, would obfuscate the density measurement of
standard.
the targeted material in the sample.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2 Symbols:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
M = weight of suspension wire in air, g.
1
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
M = weight of suspension wire in liquid (to immer-
2
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
sion point), g.
Specific hazard statements are given in Sections 9 and 17.
M = weight of suspension wire plus item whose
3
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
density is to be determined (in air), g.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
M = weight of suspension wire plus item whose
4
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
density is to be determined (in liquid), g.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Textiles and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.17 on Flax and Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Linen. the ASTM website.
3
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2018. Published February 2018. DOI: 10.1520/ The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
D8171-18. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.