ASTM F3654-23

Standard Test Method for Non-Subjective Optical Requirement Testing of Plano Protective Eyewear

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method offers a procedure for evaluation of the refractive components of plano-protective eyewear.  
5.2 This test method has been specifically designed for protective eyewear that will not fit into conventional automatic/digital focimeters.  
5.3 This test method has been designed to provide a determination of the image formation quality of plano-protective eyewear.  
5.4 This test method offers a comprehensive refractive power measurement scanning protocol that measures the refractive power over a total 50 mm2 area in front of each eye. This measurement protocol known as the Multiple Gaze Direction Detailed Scan (MGDDS) measures the refractive powers of the zones of the plano-protective eyewear that are typically used as the wearer performs micro eye movements.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to quantify the amount of refractive power (spherical and cylindrical powers) found in planoprotective eyewear.  
1.2 This test method is used to quantify the optical performance of plano-protective eyewear as identified by the weighted root mean square average wavefront error.  
1.3 This test method may also be used to measure the refractive powers of other plano-protective eyewear or ocular devices, or both.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-May-2023
• ICS: 13.340.20 - Head protective equipment
• Technical Committee: F08 - Sports Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities
• Drafting Committee: F08.57 - Eye Safety for Sports

Overview

ASTM F3654-23: Standard Test Method for Non-Subjective Optical Requirement Testing of Plano Protective Eyewear provides an objective procedure for evaluating the optical performance of plano (non-prescription) protective eyewear. This standard, developed by ASTM International, establishes a consistent, quantitative method for measuring key optical properties, particularly focusing on refractive power and image formation quality. The test is specifically applicable to protective eyewear types that may not fit into conventional focimeters, ensuring a reliable assessment method across diverse eyewear designs.

Key Topics

• Objective Optical Testing: Replaces subjective assessments with a standardized wavefront analysis, eliminating variations due to differences in human interpretation.
• Measurement of Refractive Components: Quantifies the spherical and cylindrical refractive powers of plano-protective eyewear, ensuring no corrective power is present.
• Evaluation of Image Formation Quality: Uses weighted root mean square (WRMS) average wavefront error as a key performance indicator.
• Multiple Gaze Direction Detailed Scan (MGDDS): Provides comprehensive measurements over a 50 mm² area in front of each eye, capturing the optical performance zones used during micro eye movements.
• Wavefront Analysis Optical Tester (WFAOT): Utilizes advanced equipment including Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensors for precise, repeatable optical data collection.
• Reporting Standards: Ensures detailed reporting of all measurement areas, refractive power values, and relevant optical performance indicators such as OPI (Optical Performance Identifier).

Applications

ASTM F3654-23 is vital in a range of safety and occupational contexts where protective eyewear is required but must not interfere with the wearer’s vision through refractive error. Key application areas include:

• Occupational Safety: For industries such as manufacturing, construction, and laboratory environments where non-prescriptive safety glasses are worn to shield eyes from hazards.
• Sports and Recreation: Used to evaluate the optical clarity and safety of eyewear for sports without compromising visual performance.
• Product Development & Compliance: Eyewear manufacturers rely on this standard to ensure their products meet international requirements for optical quality and are fit for global markets.
• Third-Party Testing Laboratories: Independent labs benefit from a reproducible, widely accepted methodology to certify eyewear optical safety.

Related Standards

Adhering to ASTM F3654-23 often requires consideration of related international standards to ensure comprehensive regulatory compliance and interoperability:

• ANSI/ISEA Z87.1: American National Standard for Occupational and Educational Personal Eye and Face Protection Devices-addresses general requirements for protective eyewear.
• ISO 16321-1: Eye and face protection for occupational use-Part 1: General requirements-provides global benchmarks for protective eyewear, ensuring compatibility across regions.
• Other ASTM Eye Safety Standards: Complementary standards for specific industries or testing protocols further support comprehensive eye protection solutions.

Practical Value

Implementing ASTM F3654-23 brings significant benefits:

• Improved Accuracy: Delivers objective, repeatable measurements, enhancing quality assurance for eyewear manufacturers and users.
• Broader Applicability: Accommodates protective eyewear forms that traditional equipment may not support.
• International Recognition: Developed in accordance with WTO TBT guidelines, facilitating global trade and compliance.
• Enhanced Worker Protection: Ensures protective eyewear maintains high visual clarity, minimizing risks associated with optical distortion.

By employing this standard, organizations demonstrate their commitment to both eye safety and optical performance, building trust with end users and ensuring compliance with a leading industry benchmark.

Keywords: ASTM F3654-23, plano protective eyewear, refractive power testing, wavefront analysis, optical performance, occupational safety eyewear, ANSI Z87.1, ISO 16321-1, eye protection standards, non-subjective testing

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F3654 − 23
Standard Test Method for
Non-Subjective Optical Requirement Testing of Plano
Protective Eyewear
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3654; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The optical testing requirements of plano-protective eyewear rely on subjective evaluation methods
that are negatively impacted by factors such as accommodation, depth of focus, field of view and
resolving power differences that exist in the various optical systems that are used. These challenges
lead to significant variation in the testing results. This test method provides an objective means for
testing the optical requirements of plano-protective eyewear using wavefront analysis.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This test method is used to quantify the amount of
2.1 ANSI/IEA Standard:
refractive power (spherical and cylindrical powers) found in
ANSI/ISEA Z87.1 American National Standard for Occupa-
planoprotective eyewear.
tional and Educational Personal Eye and Face Protection
Devices
1.2 This test method is used to quantify the optical perfor-
mance of plano-protective eyewear as identified by the
2.2 ISO Standard:
weighted root mean square average wavefront error.
ISO 16321-1 Eye and face protection for occupational use
— Part 1: General requirements
1.3 This test method may also be used to measure the
refractive powers of other plano-protective eyewear or ocular
3. Terminology
devices, or both.
3.1 Definitions:
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
3.1.1 total peak-to-valley value (PV)—the maximum vari-
as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
ance of the wavefront in the observed area.
standard.
3.1.2 root-mean-square (RMS) wavefront error—extent of
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
image deterioration caused by wavefront deformations due to
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
its deviation from spherical averaged over the entire wavefront.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The RMS wavefront error is calculated
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
as the square root of the difference between the average of
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
squared wavefront deviations minus the square of average
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
wavefront deviation.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1.3 intensity weighted root mean square average value
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- (WRMS)—the weighted average RMS where higher intensity
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical spots in the pupil center have more weight than lower intensity
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. spots away from the center.
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Subcommittee F08.57 on Eye Safety for Sports. Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
Current edition approved June 1, 2023. Published July 2023. DOI: 10.1520/ Central Secretariat, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva,
F3654-23. Switzerland, https://www.iso.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F3654 − 23
3.1.4 plano-protective eyewear—an optical lens which are 4.2.1 The optical arm of the WFAOT consists of a SHWS
designed to protect the eyes from ocular injuries and hazardous and a 542 nm collimated laser setup. SHWS provide accurate
external factors but provide no corrective power and as such
measurements of the wavefront shape and the intensity distri-
should have a refractive power of 0.00D. bution of optical beams. During operation, light is incident on
a microlens array (MLA), which creates a matrix of focal spots
3.1.5 refractive power—(also known as the optical power) is
on a CMOS camera sensor. The centroid locations of the focal
the degree to which a lens or optical system converges or
spots are analyzed and this provides wavefront measurements.
diverges light.
The WFAOT is equipped with programable motion control and
3.1.6 Strehl ratio (SR)—the ratio of the value of intensity of
is compatible with the custom-built Laser Eye software control
central maximum point spread function (PSF) of a real optical
user interface.
system (real lens elements and tolerances) to the value of
intensity of central maximum PSF of an aberration-free sys-
4.3 The WFAOT can move the test head to the predefined
tem.
positions to enable wavefront optical testing of as-worn pro-
3.1.6.1 Discussion—The ratio specifies the level of image
tective eyewear. The WFAOT reads and reports the required
quality in the presence of wavefront aberrations.
values from the SHWS to the computer running the Laser Eye
3.1.7 optical performance identifier (OPI)—a calculated application and gives the user the ability to control the machine
value between 0 and 1 (0 indicating poor optical performance, in manual or automatic predefined testing modes.
1 indicating excellent optical performance) that objectively
4.4 Laser Eye outputs sensor information on beam centroid
determines the image formation quality of plano-protective
and diameter, modal and zonal reconstructed wavefront, max
eyewear lenses.
variance of the wavefront, peak-to-valley (PV), and RMS of
3.1.8 Zernicke polynomials—mathematical descriptions of
Wavefront. It also outputs Zernike representations of tilt,
optical wavefronts propagating through the pupils of optical
defocus, astigmatism, coma, and spherical, aberrations as well
systems.
as Fourier and refractive power parameters.
3.1.8.1 Discussion—In optical tests the type of aberrations
4.5 To acquire refractive power measurements first a laser
that occur can be expressed in the form of Zernike polynomi-
beam is sent through the ocular apertures of the headform to
als.
the wavefront sensor. The wavefront acquired is the planar
4. Summary of Test Method
(baseline/reference) wavefront. The plano-protective eyewear
is then mounted on the headform anterior to the laser (Fig. 1).
4.1 This test method describes a single-pass Shack-
A subsequent laser beam is sent traveling through the protec-
Hartmann test for measuring the wave-front aberration of
tive eyewear and the ocular aperture of the headform towards
plano-protective eyewear lenses and calculating spherical
the SHWS, this is the measurement wavefront. The optical
power, cylindrical power, WRMS, and OPI from the acquired
aberrations that exist are derived from subtracting the planar
wavefront data (Zernicke coefficients).
(reference/baseline) wavefront from the measurement wave-
4.2 The wavefront analysis optical tester (WFAOT) consists
front.
of an optical arm mounted on a tri-axis mechanical platform
with an angular motion mount (Fig. 1). This setup allows the
5. Significance and Use
movement with an accuracy of 1 mm of a headform mounted
on the device in the horizontal and vertical direction. The 5.1 This test method offers a procedure for evaluation of the
device can also rotate the head about an angular motion axis. refractive components of plano-protective eyewear.
FIG. 1 Wavefront Analysis Optical Testing Apparatus
F3654 − 23
5.2 This test method has been specifically designed for 7. Hazards
protective eyewear that will not fit into conventional automatic/
7.1 (Warning—Improperly used laser devices are poten-
digital focimeters.
tially dangerous.) Class 2 lasers, which are limited to 1 mW of
5.3 This test method has been designed to provide a
visible continuous-wave radiation, are safe because the blink
determination of the image formation quality of plano-
reflex will limit the exposure in the eye to 0.25 s. This category
protective eyewear.
only applies to visible radiation (400 to 700 nm).
5.4 This test method offers a comprehensive refractive
8. Eyewear Preparation
power measurement scanning protocol that measures the re-
fractive power over a total 50 mm area in front of each eye.
8.1 Prepare the eyewear by cleaning the lenses with a soft
This measurement protocol known as the Multiple Gaze
lens cleaning cloth or follow manufacturer instructions.
Direction Detailed Scan (MGDDS) measures the refractive
powers of the zones of the plano-protective eyewear that are
9. Procedure
typically used as the wearer performs micro eye movements.
9.1 The wavefront analysis optical testing apparatus is
6. Apparatus and Materials
outlined in Fig. 1.
6.1 Collimated Laser Module—A collimated laser diode
9.2 System Alignment—The head form used shall be an
module that produces an output beam that has a round beam
optical version of the 1S, 1M or 1L headform as described by
shape. The module contains a Diode-Pumped Solid State
ISO 16321-1. Using the translational stage, the headform is
(DPSS) laser, with an internal attenuator used to reduce the
positioned so that the center of the SHWS coincides with the
output power to a Class 2 safety rating. Polarization Extinction
center of the pupil of the selected headform. The collimated
Ratio of 5 dB,
...