ASTM F510-93(2004)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Resistance to Abrasion of Resilient Floor Coverings Using an Abrader with a Grit Feed Method
Standard Test Method for Resistance to Abrasion of Resilient Floor Coverings Using an Abrader with a Grit Feed Method
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
When subjected to normal in-use traffic conditions, a flooring material is exposed to abrasion caused by the destructive action of fine hard particles. This situation occurs whenever a particle-polluted intermediate layer exists between traffic bodies (that is, shoes and a flooring surface). Under continuing exposure to an “abrasive action,” a flooring material may suffer a thickness loss sufficient to reduce its service life.
Abrasion resistance measurements of resilient floor coverings can be complicated since the resistance to abrasion is affected by many factors. One of these is the physical properties of the material in the floor covering surface, particularly its hardness and resilience. The type and degree of added substances, such as fillers and pigments, can also affect abrasion resistance. It can also be affected by conditions of the test (for example, the type and characteristics of the abradant and how it acts on the area of the specimen being abraded, including the development and dissipation of heat during the test cycle). The surface characteristics of the specimen, such as type, depth, and amount of embossing, can likewise affect the abrasion resistance of resilient floorings.
This test method is designed to simulate one kind of abrasive action and abradant that a flooring may encounter in the field. However, results should not be used as an absolute index of ultimate life because, as noted, there are too many factors and interactions to consider. Also involved are the many different types of service locations. Therefore, the data from this test method are of value chiefly in the development of materials and should not be used without qualifications as a basis for commercial comparisons.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory procedure for determining the abrasion resistance of resilient flooring using an abrader with a grit feeder.
1.2 The equipment used in this test method is a modification of the Taber abraser. The regular ceramic wheels are replaced by leather clad brass rollers. A grit-feeding device feeds 240-mesh aluminum oxide grit onto the specimen before it passes under the leather clad rollers. Using the exhaust system incorporated in the apparatus, the used grit and abraded material are continuously removed after passing under both rollers.
1.3 This test method employs a rotary, rubbing action caused by the dual abrading wheels. One wheel rubs the specimen from the center outward and the other from the outside toward the center. The wheels traverse a complete circle and have an abrasive action on the rotating specimen at all angles. It is felt that this action approaches the twisting action between shoe and floor that occurs when a person turns. The use of loose grit serves the function of an abradant and also aids in the rolling action felt to be characteristic of normal walking.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: F 510 – 93 (Reapproved 2004)
Standard Test Method for
Resistance to Abrasion of Resilient Floor Coverings Using
an Abrader with a Grit Feed Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 510; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2 4
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory procedure for 2.1 ASTM Standards:
determining the abrasion resistance of resilient flooring using D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
an abrader with a grit feeder. D 792 TestMethodsforDensityandSpecificGravity(Rela-
1.2 Theequipmentusedinthistestmethodisamodification tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
of the Taber abraser. The regular ceramic wheels are replaced E 122 Practice for Choice of Sample Size to Estimate a
by leather clad brass rollers. A grit-feeding device feeds Measure of Quality for a Lot or Process
240-mesh aluminum oxide grit onto the specimen before it E 171 Specification for Standard Atmospheres for Condi-
passes under the leather clad rollers. Using the exhaust system tioning and Testing Flexible Barrier Materials
incorporated in the apparatus, the used grit and abraded 2.2 ANSI Standard:
material are continuously removed after passing under both B74.12 Checking the Size of Abrasive Grain for Grinding
rollers. Wheels, Polishing, and General Industrial Uses
1.3 This test method employs a rotary, rubbing action
3. Terminology
caused by the dual abrading wheels. One wheel rubs the
3.1 Definitions:
specimen from the center outward and the other from the
outside toward the center. The wheels traverse a complete 3.1.1 abrasion—of resilient floor coverings, a form of wear,
in which a gradual removing of a flooring surface is caused by
circle and have an abrasive action on the rotating specimen at
all angles. It is felt that this action approaches the twisting the frictional action of relatively fine hard particles.
action between shoe and floor that occurs when a person turns. 3.1.2 resistance to abrasion—of resilient floor coverings,
the ability of a material to withstand mechanical actions of
Theuseofloosegritservesthefunctionofanabradantandalso
aids in the rolling action felt to be characteristic of normal relatively fine hard particles, which by rubbing, scraping, and
eroding remove material from a floor covering surface.
walking.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4. Significance and Use
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.1 When subjected to normal in-use traffic conditions, a
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
flooring material is exposed to abrasion caused by the destruc-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
tive action of fine hard particles. This situation occurs when-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ever a particle-polluted intermediate layer exists between
traffic bodies (that is, shoes and a flooring surface). Under
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeF06onResilient
continuingexposuretoan“abrasiveaction,”aflooringmaterial
Floor Coverings, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F06.30 on Test
may suffer a thickness loss sufficient to reduce its service life.
Methods—Performance.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2004. Published November 2004. Originally
approved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as F 510–93(1999).
2 4
This test method is described by W. E. Irwin in “Development of a Method to For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
MeasureWear on Resilient Flooring,” Journal of Testing and Evaluation,Vol4,No. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
1, January 1976, pp. 15–20. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
This grit feed method is frequently referred to as the “Frick Grit Feed Method” the ASTM website.
becauseitisbasedonworkdonebyOttoF.V.Frickasdescribedin“StudiesofWear Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd St., 4th
on Flooring Materials,” Wear, Vol 14, 1969, pp. 119–131. Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F 510 – 93 (2004)
5.1.2 Feeder attachment, for the abraser.
5.1.3 Leather-covered brass wheels shall have a diameter
of 1.75 in. (4.44 cm), and the width shall be 0.50 in. (1.27 cm);
weightofthebrasswheelshallbe5.11oz(145g).Widthofthe
leather covering shall be 0.50 in. (1.27 cm), and the weight of
the leather strip shall be 0.202 oz (5 g).
5.1.4 Vacuum unit, or equivalent, and a water trap as
shown in Fig. 2. The purpose of the water trap is to protect the
vacuum equipment motor, reduce the need to empty the
vacuum bag frequently, and minimize readjustment of speed.
Theinletpipetothewatertrapshouldbefarenoughawayfrom
thewatersurfacesothatundueturbulenceisavoidedandwater
does not enter the exhaust line.
5.1.5 Speed control, or equivalent, for adjusting grit feed
rate.
5.2 Aluminum Oxide Grit 240 grit, ANSI B74.12.
5.3 Conditioning Room, providing the standard laboratory
atmosphere of 50 6 5 % relative humidity at a temperature of
73.4 6 3.6°F (23 6 2°C) in accordance with Specification
E 171.
5.4 Equipment, for determining specific gravity.
5.5 Analytical Balance, for weighing specimens to a preci-
FIG. 1 Taber Abraser with Grit Feeder
sion of 0.001 g.
5.6 Die or Knife, for cutting specimens to designated size.
4.2 Abrasion resistance measurements of resilient floor 5.7 Sieve, No. 80 (180 µm).
coveringscanbecomplicatedsincetheresistancetoabrasionis 5.8 Oven, to dry grit by heating at 180°F (82°C).
affected by many factors. One of these is the physical proper- 5.9 Static Eliminator Brush.
ties of the material in the floor covering surface, particularly its
hardness and resilience. The type and degree of added sub-
6. Test Specimens
stances, such as fillers and pigments, can also affect abrasion
1 1
6.1 The test specimen shall measure 4 6 ⁄32 by 4 6 ⁄32 in.
resistance. It can also be affected by conditions of the test (for
1 1
(101.60 6 0.8 by 101.60 6 0.8 mm). A ⁄4 6 ⁄64-in. (6.25 6
example, the type and characteristics of the abradant and how
0.4-mm) diameter hole is drilled through the precise center of
it acts on the area of the specimen being abraded, including the
the specimen to allow fastening to the specimen holder.
development and dissipation of heat during the test cycle).The
6.2 The required number of specimens for each test shall be
surface characteristics of the specimen, such as type, depth,
indicated in the material specification. If no number is given,
and amount of embossing, can likewise affect the abrasion
four samples shall be taken from the material and one
resistance of resilient floorings.
determination made on each. The average of the four or
4.3 This test method is designed to simulate one kind of
otherwise specified measurements shall be taken as the abra-
abrasive action and abradant that a flooring may encounter in
sion loss for the material.
the field. However, results should not be used as an absolute
index of ultimate life because, as noted, there are too many
7. Calibration and Standardization
factorsandinteractionstoconsider.Alsoinvolvedarethemany
7.1 Adjust the abrader with the grit feeder for proper
different types of service locations. Therefore, the data from
operationusingcastacrylicsheet asthestandardmaterial.The
this test method are of value chiefly in the development of
equipment, when running properly, shall produce an average
materials and should not be used without qualifications as a
weight loss of 127.5 6 10 mg for four specimens and 127.5 6
basis for commercial comparisons.
18 mg for an individual test at 2000 revolutions (Note 1).
Operationoftheequipmentforcalibrationshallbeasdescribed
5. Apparatus
6 in Section 9, except that specific gravity will not need to be
5.1 Apparatus, as shown in Fig. 1, shall consist of the
determined.
following:
5.1.1 Abraser,
NOTE 1—If the desired weight loss is not obtained, check on the
following: grit feed rate, path of the grit, removal of the grit, condition of
the leather on the wheels, free rotation of wheel bearings, specimen
6 slippage, static charge effects, humidity control, faulty revolution counter,
The sole source of supply of the Part No. S-38, Taber model 530 or 5130
and weighing errors.
abraser, and Model 155 grit feeder attachment (Part No. 0503-00-0155), and
top-grade belt leather (Part No. S-39) known to the committee at this time is
Teledyne Taber Corp., 455 Bryant St., North Tonawanda, NY 14120. If you are
8. Conditioning
aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM Headquar-
8.1 For those tests where conditioning is required, condition
ters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. the specimens at 73.4 6 3.6°F (23 6 2°C) and 50 6 5%
F 510 – 93 (2004)
relative humidity for not less than 40 h prior to test in the table. This will prevent slippage of the sample and ensure
accordance with Practice D 618. that the sample and table make the same number of revolu-
8.2 Test Conditions—Conduct tests in the standard labora- tions. The circular clamp may be used, if needed, to keep the
tory atmosphere of 73.4 6 3.6°F (23 6 2°C) and 50 6 5% specimen from lifting.
relative humidity unless otherwise specified in the test method. 9.6 Adjustthefeedernozzlesothatitisnohigherthan ⁄4in.
(6.3 mm) above the specimen and so that the stream of grit
9. Procedure
NOTE 1—A vacuum-tight seal between the cover and jar is not required.
FIG. 2 Water Trap
9.1 Determine the specific gravity of the material to be delivered will evenly cover the path covered by the rollers.
tested in accordance with standard analytical procedures, such Thismaybedonebyadjustingtheset-screwlocatedatthebase
as MethodA-1 orA-2 in Test Methods D 792. If the specimen of the feeder and should be done prior to the start of the test.
as received is not homogeneous but possesses a surface that 9.7 It is essential that the grit feed fall into the path of the
differs from the body or core, determine the specific gravity of wheels. The screws holding the grit feeder to the frame can be
the surface alone. If abrasion is to be carried beyond the adjusted to move the feeder a small distance toward the front
surface of the body, also determine the specific gravity of the or back of the abrader. This results in a small radial movement
latterandcalculateandreporttheabrasionresistanceofthetwo of the point of grit feed. The correct location of the feeder can
components separately. becheckedbycollectinggritforonerevolutiononacalibration
plate containing concentric circles of various radii. The loca-
9.2 Screen the grit through a U.S. Standard Sieve No. 80
tionofthegritpatterncanthenbecomparedwiththewearpath
(180 µm) and dry for1hat 180°F.
recorded on a poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA) or other
9.3 Fill the grit reservoir with grit and swing the feeder out
transparent plate.
awayfromtheabrader.Allowthefeedertorunfor15to20min
9.8 Placethe1000-gweightsprovidedwiththeapparatuson
so that the apparatus comes to running temperature.Adjust the
each of the roller arms. Fasten the leather-covered rollers to
rate of feed to 3506 50 mg per specimen revolution. The feed
eacharmandlowertothespecimensurface.Theleatherrollers
rate may be measured by holding a tared petri dish under the
should be replaced when one third of the original thickness of
nozzle of the grit feeder for 100 or more specimen revolutions
the leather clad is reached. This will occur in approximately
and weighing the amount of grit delivered. The feed rate may
45 000 specimen revolutions.
be controlled by adjusting the motor speed. Shutdown time
9.9 Position the grit removal exhaust nozzle and adjust the
should be no more than 1 min to minimize the effects of
settings of the adjustable-ratio transformer so that all grit will
cooling. If a shutdown in excess of 1 min occurs, allow the
be removed after passing under the rollers.
feeder to run for 5 min and recheck the grit feed rate. It is
9.10 Adjust the counter to zero and start the machine.
suggestedthatthegritfeedratecheckbemadeaftereverythird
9.11 When the prescribed number of specimen revolutions
run.
have been reached, stop the machine, remove the specimen,
9.4 When the specimens have been prepared and condi-
clean with a filtered dry air blast, brush with the static
tioned, brush with the static eliminator and record the initial
eliminator, and reweigh.
values for weight to the nearest 0.001 g. Handle samples with
care to eliminate contact with moisture from the hands or other
10. Calculation and Report
environmental contact.
10.1 Report the resistance to abrasion for the number of
9.5 Secure the specimen to the specimen disk. Some
revolutions employed using one or more of the following
samples,particularlythosecontainingafoamlayer,tendtoslip
equations:
on the rotating table. Such slippage can be prevented by
drilling a hole through the washer under the holding screw into W 2 W
1 2
Volume loss, cm 5 (1)
the table and inserting a pin through a hole in the sample into S
F 510 – 93 (2004)
11.1 Precision:
where:
W = initial weight, g,
11.1.1 The repeatability for smooth surfaces is 10 % for this
W = weight after abrasion g, and
2 test.
S = density of the material being abraded, g/cm .
11.1.2 The reproducibility for smooth surfaces is 20 % for
or:
this test.
cm 3 1000
11.1.3 The repeatability and reproducibility for embossed
Volume loss, mm /100 revolutions 5 3 100 (2)
total revolutions
surfaces has not been established.
10.2 The average loss in thickness can be calculated by
11.2 Bias—Thisprocedureformeasuringresistancetoabra-
dividing the loss in volume by the abraded area of the
sion of resilient floor covering using an abrader with a grit feed
specimen.
hasnobiasbecausethevalueofabrasionresistancecanonlybe
defined in terms of a test method.
11. Precision and Bias
NOTE 2—Forfurtherinformationontheuseofstatisticalmethods,refer
12. Keywords
to the appendix.
12.1 abrasion resistance; aluminum oxide; grit feed; resil-
7 ient flooring; Taber abraser
The method of calculating the coefficient of variation may be found in M
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