ASTM E1056-85(2001)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Installation and Service of Solar Domestic Water Heating Systems for One- and Two-Family Dwellings
Standard Practice for Installation and Service of Solar Domestic Water Heating Systems for One- and Two-Family Dwellings
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides descriptions of solar domestic water heating systems and sets forth installation and service practices in new and existing one- and two-family dwellings to help ensure adequate operation and safety.2,3
1.2 This practice applies regardless of the fraction of heating requirement supplied by solar energy, the type of conventional fuel used in conjunction with solar, or the heat transfer fluid (or fluids) used as the energy transport medium. However, where more stringent requirements are recommended by the manufacturer, these manufacturer requirements shall prevail.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Sections 6 and 7.
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Designation:E1056–85 (Reapproved 2001)
Standard Practice for
Installation and Service of Solar Domestic Water
Heating Systems for One- and Two-Family Dwellings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1056; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope NFPA321 BasicClassificationsofFlammableandCombus-
tible Liquids
1.1 This practice provides descriptions of solar domestic
2.4 ANSI Standard:
water heating systems and sets forth installation and service
Z 21.22 Relief Valves andAutomatic Gas Shut Off Devices
practices in new and existing one- and two-family dwellings to
2,3
for Hot Water Supply Systems
help ensure adequate operation and safety.
1.2 This practice applies regardless of the fraction of heat-
3. Terminology
ing requirement supplied by solar energy, the type of conven-
3.1 Definitions:
tional fuel used in conjunction with solar, or the heat transfer
3.1.1 auxiliary energy subsystem, n—in solar energy appli-
fluid(orfluids)usedastheenergytransportmedium.However,
cation,equipmentusingnonsolarenergysourcestosupplement
where more stringent requirements are recommended by the
or backup the output provided by a solar energy system.
manufacturer, these manufacturer requirements shall prevail.
(E 772)
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
3.1.2 flash point, n—of a liquid, the minimum temperature
as the standard.
atwhichitgivesoffvaporinsufficientconcentrationtoforman
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid within
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
the vessel as specified by appropriate test procedure and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
apparatus. (See Terminology E 772 and NFPA 321.)
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.3 heat transfer fluid, n—(1) in solar energy systems, a
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
liquid or gas that passes through the solar collector and carries
precautionary statements, see Sections 6 and 7.
the absorbed thermal energy away from the collector. (2) any
2. Referenced Documents fluid that is used to transfer thermal energy between sub-
systems in solar energy systems. (E 772)
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.4 operating conditions, extreme, n—unusual physical
E 772 Terminology Relating to Solar Energy Conversion
conditions to which a component or system may be exposed
2.2 SMACNA Standards:
and for which it is not designed or intended to withstand, nor
Medium Pressure Duct Construction Standards
5 is it required to withstand by a local regulatory agency.
Fibrous Glass Duct Construction Standards
(E 772)
Flexible Duct Performance and Installation Standards
3.1.5 operating conditions, normal, n—the usual range of
2.3 NFPA Standard:
physical conditions (for example, temperature, pressure, wear
and tear, weather) for which the component or system was
1 designed. (E 772)
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E44 on Solar,
3.1.6 solar energy system, active, n—a solar energy system
Geothermal,andOtherAlternativeEnergySourcesandisthedirectresponsibilityof
Subcommittee E44.05 on Solar Heating and Cooling Subsystems and Systems.
that uses mechanical equipment (pumps, fans), that is not an
Current edition approved Feb. 22, 1985. Published May 1985.
integral part of a structure, to collect and transfer thermal
Dikkers, R., “Performance Criteria for Solar Heating and Cooling Systems in
energy, either to the point of use or to be stored for later use.
Residential Buildings,” Department of Housing and Urban Development and
National Bureau of Standards, September, 1982. (E 772)
Hollander, P. E., “Installation Guidelines for Solar DHW Systems in One- and
Two-Family Dwellings,” Franklin Research Center, U. S. Goverment Printing
Office, April 1979. Available from National Fire Protection Assoc., Batterymach Park, Quincy,
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 12.02. MA 02269.
5 7
Available from Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National Assoc. Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13th
(SMACNA), 8224 Old Courthouse Rd., Tysons Center, VA 22180. Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E1056
3.1.7 solar water heating systems, direct, n—a solar water dose in half (LD50) of white rats when ingested as a single
heating system in which the potable water passes directly from dose of less than 10 g/kg of body mass.
the water supply, through the collectors and storage, to the
residential hot water supply. (E 772) 4. Significance and Use
3.1.8 solar energy system, drainback, n—a solar energy
4.1 This practice is intended to serve as a guide to manu-
system in which the heat transfer fluid is drained out of the
facturers, distributors, installers, contractors, regulatory offi-
collector and exposed piping, and into a storage tank, a holding
cials,andowners.Itisnotintendedtospecifydetailedmethods
tank, or expansion tank in order to protect the collector and
of testing, installation, or servicing for the system or any of its
piping from damage due to freezing. (E 772)
components.
3.1.9 solar energy system, draindown, n—a solar energy
4.2 This practice sets forth those methods and components
system in which the heat transfer fluid is drained out of the necessary for minimum operation and safety. It also suggests
collector and exposed piping to an external drain in order to
methods for improved operation and effectiveness.
protect the collector and piping from damage due to freezing.
(E 772)
5. System Components and Control Functions
3.1.10 solar water heating system, indirect, n—asolarwater
5.1 This section covers the system components and related
heating system in which a closed circulation loop isolates one
control functions that are required to collect, transport, store,
fluid from contact with others in the system. This closed loop
and convert the solar energy for typical domestic hot water
may contain a nonpotable fluid. (E 772)
systems.
3.1.11 solar energy system, thermosiphon, n—a solar en-
5.2 Table 1 shows the recommended system components
ergy system in which the heat transfer fluid circulates by
and related control functions that are required for solar
convection as the less dense, warm fluid rises and is displayed
domestic hot water systems. Numbers in Figs. 1-7 refer to
by the denser, cooler fluid. (E 772)
components in Table 1.
3.1.12 solar water heating system, tank absorber, n—Solar 5.3 Freeze protection is a necessary subsystem for most
Domestic Hot Water (SDHW) system in which solar radiation SDHW systems. Each type of system in Figs. 1-7 provide
is absorbed by the surface of the storage tank, which is usually freeze protection by the use of specific components or the
installed in an insulated housing whose sunward side is glazed. nature of the system operation. One option for providing freeze
Such systems are also referred to as “batch” or “breadbox” protection for each system is illustrated in Figs. 1-7 (see 6.2 for
heaters. other acceptable options). Options may be combined.
3.1.13 weather conditions, extreme, n—environmental con-
6. Installation and Servicing
ditions that are rare in a local climatic region (which have
occurred no more than once during the past 30 years).
6.1 This section outlines recommended installation and
3.1.14 weather conditions, normal, n—the (actual or antici-
servicing minimum practices needed to provide an effective
pated) range of environmental conditions (rain, snow, hail, SDHW system operation.
wind, temperature, pollution) that typically occur in a local
6.2 Freeze Protection:
climatic region over several years. (E 772) 6.2.1 SDHW systems installed in climates where freezing
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: can occur shall be protected.
6.2.1.1 Antifreeze Chemicals—Freeze protection may be
3.2.1 accessible, adj—permitting close approach that may
accomplished through the use of chemicals either as or in the
require removal or opening of an access panel, door, or similar
heat transfer fluid.
obstruction.
6.2.1.2 Automatic Draining—Freeze protection may be ac-
3.2.2 durability, n—the ability (of a system or component)
complishedthroughtheuseofsystemcontrolswhichautomati-
to operate properly as long as intended.
callyallowheattransferfluidstodrainfrompartsofthesystem
3.2.3 potable water, n—water that is free of impurities in
exposed to freezing temperatures, as in the draindown or
amounts sufficient to cause disease or harmful physiological
drainback systems. Electrically operated valves shall drain the
effects and conforming in its bacteriological and chemical
system when there is a power outage (that is, fail safe).
quality to the regulations of the public health authority having
6.2.1.3 Automatic Recirculation—Freeze protection may be
jurisdiction.
accomplished through the use of system controls which auto-
3.2.4 reliability, n—the ability (of a system or component)
matically circulates heat transfer fluids through the system
to operate properly when required.
when outdoor temperatures reach predetermined levels. This
3.2.5 SDHW, n—solar domestic hot water.
freeze protection does not operate during periods of power
3.2.6 shall, vi—a mandatory requirement necessary to pro-
outage unless an auxiliary source of power is provided. This
vide minimum operation and safety.
freeze protection system is not recommended for use in areas
3.2.7 should, vi—a recommended method or component to
with frequent or severe freeze conditions, and may increase the
provide improved performance and effectiveness.
heat loss of the system during off periods.
3.2.8 toxic, adj—any substance (other than a radioactive 6.2.1.4 Manual Draining—Freeze protection may be ac-
substance) that has the capacity to produce personal injury or complished through the use of system controls which allow an
illness to man through ingestion, inhalation, or absorption operator to manually drain the system of heat transfer fluids.
through any body surface, or any substance producing a lethal Cautionshouldbeexercisedwhendependingonthismethodof
E1056
TABLE 1 Solar Domestic Water Heating System Components
Schematic Component Function Text Reference
I.D. No.
1 Solar Collector convert radiant energy into thermal energy 6.3, 7.6.1
2 Solar Storage Tank accumulate thermal energy in the form of solar heated water to 6.4
supply domestic needs
3 Insulation minimize thermal losses from components 6.4.2, 7.6.3, 6.7.3,
6.7.11
4 Piping Fittings interconnect components and convey heat transfer fluid 6.7
5 Mixing Valve limit temperature of domestic hot water delivered for personal use 7.2.10
6 Temperature and Pressure Relief Valve automatically relieves pressure if temperature and/or pressure 6.6.3, 7.2.1-7.2.7
maxima are exceeded
7 Auxiliary Heat Source supplements solar energy to provide adequate hot water 6.7.17
8 Pump circulate liquid 6.8
9 Controller controls the collection and distribution of thermal energy within the 6.6
solar domestic hot water system and may provide limited safety
functions
10 Auxiliary Storage Tank and Heat Source supplements solar energy to provide hot water and storage 6.7.17
11 Heat Exchanger (internal or external) transfer thermal energy between physically separated fluids 6.8.4–6.8.46, 6.5.2,
7.3.1
12 Air Duct interconnect collectors and heat exchanger in system employing air 6.7
as transfer medium
13 Blower circulate air 6.8
14 Expansion Tank protect system from pressure damage created by expansion of heat 6.6.5
transfer liquid
15 Heat Transfer Fluid Transports thermal energy 6.5, 7.6.2
16 Pressure Relief Valve automatically relieves pressure if maximum is exceeded 6.6.3, 7.2.1-7.2.7
17 Check Valve prevent reverse liquid flow 6.6.8
18 Vent Valve release trapped air 6.7.10, 6.7.18
19 Drain Valve to drain fluid passages of liquid; manual or automatic 6.7.9, 6.6.2
20 Backflow Preventer to prevent backflow of nonpotable fluid into potable water supply 7.2.2, 7.3.3
21 Vacuum Breaker to relieve a vacuum by permitting air into a system 6.7.18
22 Air Damper control air flow 6.6.4, 6.6.9
23 Shutoff Valves to isolate components; manual or automatic 6.6.3, 6.6.7
24 Temperature Sensor senses fluid temperature to operate controller 6.6.9
freeze protection since it requires human attention for proper tions and to withstand local conditions and anticipated loads,
operation. Failure to operate the system properly may result in such as wind, seismic, rain, snow, and ice so that the solar
considerable damage. system does not impair the resistance to damage of the
6.2.1.5 Low Wattage Electric Resistance Heating—Freeze building. Neither wind loading nor the additional mass of filled
protection for tank absorber systems may be accomplished collectors shall exceed the live and dead load ratings of the
through the use of low wattage (less than 300 W) electrical building, roof, foundation, or soil.
resistance heaters and system controls that supply heat to the
6.3.3 Structural supports shall be constructed to maintain
tankandadjacentpiping/fittingsonlywhentemperaturesinside
collector tilt and orientation within design conditions through-
the system reach 35 + 2°F (2 + 1°C). This freeze protection
out the life of the SDHW system.
system does not operate during periods of power outage unless
6.3.4 Joints between support structures and the building
an auxiliary source power is provided.
shall be caulked or flashed, or both, to prevent water leakage.
6.2.1.6 Freeze Tolerant Materials—Freeze protection may
Access should be provided to permit minor repairs to flashing
be accomplished through the use of materials which are not
and caulking without disturbing roof, collector supports, or
damaged by repeated cycles of freezing and thawing while
collector panels.
filled with potable water, provided evidence that the material
6.3.5 Collectors shall be installed so as not to contribute to
can withstand such cycling is supplied. (See proposed Speci-
moisture buildup, rotting, or other accelerated deterioration of
fication for Polybutylene Plastic Hot and Cold Water Distribu-
roofing materials.
tion Assemblies in Solar Energy Systems. )
6.3.6 Collectors and supports shall be installed in a manner
6.3 Collector Subsystems:
that water flowing off the collector surface will not increase the
6.3.1 Collectors shall be installed in acc
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