ASTM E1056-85(1995)e1
(Practice)Standard Practice for Installation and Service of Solar Domestic Water Heating Systems for One- and Two-Family Dwellings
Standard Practice for Installation and Service of Solar Domestic Water Heating Systems for One- and Two-Family Dwellings
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides descriptions of solar domestic water heating systems and sets forth installation and service practices in new and existing one- and two-family dwellings to help ensure adequate operation and safety.2,3
1.2 This practice applies regardless of the fraction of heating requirement supplied by solar energy, the type of conventional fuel used in conjunction with solar, or the heat transfer fluid (or fluids) used as the energy transport medium. However, where more stringent requirements are recommended by the manufacturer, these manufacturer requirements shall prevail.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Sections 6 and 7.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or
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e1
Designation: E 1056 – 85 (Reapproved 1995) An American National Standard
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Practice for
Installation and Service of Solar Domestic Water
Heating Systems for One- and Two-Family Dwellings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1056; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Keywords were added editorially in October 1995.
1. Scope NFPA 321 Basic Classifications of Flammable and Combus-
tible Liquids
1.1 This practice provides descriptions of solar domestic
2.4 ANSI Standard:
water heating systems and sets forth installation and service
Z 21.22 Relief Valves and Automatic Gas Shut Off Devices
practices in new and existing one- and two-family dwellings to
2,3
for Hot Water Supply Systems
help ensure adequate operation and safety.
1.2 This practice applies regardless of the fraction of heat-
3. Terminology
ing requirement supplied by solar energy, the type of conven-
3.1 Definitions:
tional fuel used in conjunction with solar, or the heat transfer
3.1.1 auxiliary energy subsystem, n—in solar energy appli-
fluid (or fluids) used as the energy transport medium. However,
cation, equipment using nonsolar energy sources to supplement
where more stringent requirements are recommended by the
or backup the output provided by a solar energy system.
manufacturer, these manufacturer requirements shall prevail.
(E 772)
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
3.1.2 flash point, n—of a liquid, the minimum temperature
as the standard.
at which it gives off vapor in sufficient concentration to form an
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid within
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
the vessel as specified by appropriate test procedure and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
apparatus. (See Terminology E 772 and NFPA 321.)
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.3 heat transfer fluid, n—(1) in solar energy systems, a
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
liquid or gas that passes through the solar collector and carries
precautionary statements, see Sections 6 and 7.
the absorbed thermal energy away from the collector. (2) any
2. Referenced Documents fluid that is used to transfer thermal energy between sub-
systems in solar energy systems. (E 772)
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.4 operating conditions, extreme, n—unusual physical
E 772 Terminology Relating to Solar Energy Conversion
conditions to which a component or system may be exposed
2.2 SMACNA Standards:
and for which it is not designed or intended to withstand, nor
Medium Pressure Duct Construction Standards
is it required to withstand by a local regulatory agency.
Fibrous Glass Duct Construction Standards
(E 772)
Flexible Duct Performance and Installation Standards
3.1.5 operating conditions, normal, n—the usual range of
2.3 NFPA Standard:
physical conditions (for example, temperature, pressure, wear
and tear, weather) for which the component or system was
designed. (E 772)
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-44 on Solar, 3.1.6 solar energy system, active, n—a solar energy system
Geothermal, and Other Alternative Energy Sources and is the direct responsibility of
that uses mechanical equipment (pumps, fans), that is not an
Subcommittee E44.05 on Solar Heating and Cooling Subsystems and Systems.
integral part of a structure, to collect and transfer thermal
Current edition approved Feb. 22, 1985. Published May 1985.
energy, either to the point of use or to be stored for later use.
Dikkers, R., “Performance Criteria for Solar Heating and Cooling Systems in
Residential Buildings,” Department of Housing and Urban Development and
(E 772)
National Bureau of Standards, September, 1982.
3.1.7 solar water heating systems, direct, n—a solar water
Hollander, P. E., “Installation Guidelines for Solar DHW Systems in One- and
heating system in which the potable water passes directly from
Two-Family Dwellings,” Franklin Research Center, U. S. Goverment Printing
Office, April 1979.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 12.02.
Available from National Fire Protection Assoc., Batterymach Park, Quincy, MA
Available from Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National Assoc.
02269.
(SMACNA), 8224 Old Courthouse Rd., Tysons Center, VA 22180.
Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13th
Floor, New York, NY 10036.
E 1056
the water supply, through the collectors and storage, to the 4. Significance and Use
residential hot water supply. (E 772)
4.1 This practice is intended to serve as a guide to manu-
3.1.8 solar energy system, drainback, n—a solar energy
facturers, distributors, installers, contractors, regulatory offi-
system in which the heat transfer fluid is drained out of the
cials, and owners. It is not intended to specify detailed methods
collector and exposed piping, and into a storage tank, a holding
of testing, installation, or servicing for the system or any of its
tank, or expansion tank in order to protect the collector and
components.
piping from damage due to freezing. (E 772)
4.2 This practice sets forth those methods and components
3.1.9 solar energy system, draindown, n—a solar energy
necessary for minimum operation and safety. It also suggests
system in which the heat transfer fluid is drained out of the methods for improved operation and effectiveness.
collector and exposed piping to an external drain in order to
5. System Components and Control Functions
protect the collector and piping from damage due to freezing.
5.1 This section covers the system components and related
(E 772)
control functions that are required to collect, transport, store,
3.1.10 solar water heating system, indirect, n—a solar water
and convert the solar energy for typical domestic hot water
heating system in which a closed circulation loop isolates one
systems.
fluid from contact with others in the system. This closed loop
5.2 Table 1 shows the recommended system components
may contain a nonpotable fluid. (E 772)
and related control functions that are required for solar
3.1.11 solar energy system, thermosiphon, n—a solar en-
domestic hot water systems. Numbers in Figs. 1-7 refer to
ergy system in which the heat transfer fluid circulates by
components in Table 1.
convection as the less dense, warm fluid rises and is displayed
5.3 Freeze protection is a necessary subsystem for most
by the denser, cooler fluid. (E 772)
SDHW systems. Each type of system in Figs. 1-7 provide
3.1.12 solar water heating system, tank absorber, n—Solar
freeze protection by the use of specific components or the
Domestic Hot Water (SDHW) system in which solar radiation
nature of the system operation. One option for providing freeze
is absorbed by the surface of the storage tank, which is usually
protection for each system is illustrated in Figs. 1-7 (see 6.2 for
installed in an insulated housing whose sunward side is glazed.
other acceptable options). Options may be combined.
Such systems are also referred to as “batch” or “breadbox”
heaters. 6. Installation and Servicing
3.1.13 weather conditions, extreme, n—environmental con-
6.1 This section outlines recommended installation and
ditions that are rare in a local climatic region (which have
servicing minimum practices needed to provide an effective
occurred no more than once during the past 30 years).
SDHW system operation.
3.1.14 weather conditions, normal, n—the (actual or antici-
6.2 Freeze Protection:
pated) range of environmental conditions (rain, snow, hail,
6.2.1 SDHW systems installed in climates where freezing
wind, temperature, pollution) that typically occur in a local
can occur shall be protected.
climatic region over several years. (E 772) 6.2.1.1 Antifreeze Chemicals—Freeze protection may be
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: accomplished through the use of chemicals either as or in the
heat transfer fluid.
3.2.1 accessible, adj—permitting close approach that may
6.2.1.2 Automatic Draining—Freeze protection may be ac-
require removal or opening of an access panel, door, or similar
complished through the use of system controls which automati-
obstruction.
cally allow heat transfer fluids to drain from parts of the system
3.2.2 durability, n—the ability (of a system or component)
exposed to freezing temperatures, as in the draindown or
to operate properly as long as intended.
drainback systems. Electrically operated valves shall drain the
3.2.3 potable water, n—water that is free of impurities in
system when there is a power outage (that is, fail safe).
amounts sufficient to cause disease or harmful physiological
6.2.1.3 Automatic Recirculation—Freeze protection may be
effects and conforming in its bacteriological and chemical
accomplished through the use of system controls which auto-
quality to the regulations of the public health authority having
matically circulates heat transfer fluids through the system
jurisdiction.
when outdoor temperatures reach predetermined levels. This
3.2.4 reliability, n—the ability (of a system or component)
freeze protection does not operate during periods of power
to operate properly when required.
outage unless an auxiliary source of power is provided. This
3.2.5 SDHW, n—solar domestic hot water.
freeze protection system is not recommended for use in areas
3.2.6 shall, vi—a mandatory requirement necessary to pro-
with frequent or severe freeze conditions, and may increase the
vide minimum operation and safety.
heat loss of the system during off periods.
3.2.7 should, vi—a recommended method or component to
6.2.1.4 Manual Draining—Freeze protection may be ac-
provide improved performance and effectiveness.
complished through the use of system controls which allow an
3.2.8 toxic, adj—any substance (other than a radioactive operator to manually drain the system of heat transfer fluids.
substance) that has the capacity to produce personal injury or Caution should be exercised when depending on this method of
illness to man through ingestion, inhalation, or absorption freeze protection since it requires human attention for proper
through any body surface, or any substance producing a lethal operation. Failure to operate the system properly may result in
dose in half (LD50) of white rats when ingested as a single considerable damage.
dose of less than 10 g/kg of body mass. 6.2.1.5 Low Wattage Electric Resistance Heating—Freeze
E 1056
TABLE 1 Solar Domestic Water Heating System Components
Schematic Component Function Text Reference
I.D. No.
1 Solar Collector convert radiant energy into thermal energy 6.3, 7.6.1
2 Solar Storage Tank accumulate thermal energy in the form of solar heated water to 6.4
supply domestic needs
3 Insulation minimize thermal losses from components 6.4.2, 7.6.3, 6.7.3,
6.7.11
4 Piping Fittings interconnect components and convey heat transfer fluid 6.7
5 Mixing Valve limit temperature of domestic hot water delivered for personal use 7.2.10
6 Temperature and Pressure Relief Valve automatically relieves pressure if temperature and/or pressure 6.6.3, 7.2.1-7.2.7
maxima are exceeded
7 Auxiliary Heat Source supplements solar energy to provide adequate hot water 6.7.17
8 Pump circulate liquid 6.8
9 Controller controls the collection and distribution of thermal energy within the 6.6
solar domestic hot water system and may provide limited safety
functions
10 Auxiliary Storage Tank and Heat Source supplements solar energy to provide hot water and storage 6.7.17
11 Heat Exchanger (internal or external) transfer thermal energy between physically separated fluids 6.8.4–6.8.46, 6.5.2,
7.3.1
12 Air Duct interconnect collectors and heat exchanger in system employing air 6.7
as transfer medium
13 Blower circulate air 6.8
14 Expansion Tank protect system from pressure damage created by expansion of heat 6.6.5
transfer liquid
15 Heat Transfer Fluid Transports thermal energy 6.5, 7.6.2
16 Pressure Relief Valve automatically relieves pressure if maximum is exceeded 6.6.3, 7.2.1-7.2.7
17 Check Valve prevent reverse liquid flow 6.6.8
18 Vent Valve release trapped air 6.7.10, 6.7.18
19 Drain Valve to drain fluid passages of liquid; manual or automatic 6.7.9, 6.6.2
20 Backflow Preventer to prevent backflow of nonpotable fluid into potable water supply 7.2.2, 7.3.3
21 Vacuum Breaker to relieve a vacuum by permitting air into a system 6.7.18
22 Air Damper control air flow 6.6.4, 6.6.9
23 Shutoff Valves to isolate components; manual or automatic 6.6.3, 6.6.7
24 Temperature Sensor senses fluid temperature to operate controller 6.6.9
protection for tank absorber systems may be accomplished collectors shall exceed the live and dead load ratings of the
through the use of low wattage (less than 300 W) electrical building, roof, foundation, or soil.
resistance heaters and system controls that supply heat to the 6.3.3 Structural supports shall be constructed to maintain
tank and adjacent piping/fittings only when temperatures inside
collector tilt and orientation within design conditions through-
the system reach 35 + 2°F (2 + 1°C). This freeze protection out the life of the SDHW system.
system does not operate during periods of power outage unless
6.3.4 Joints between support structures and the building
an auxiliary source power is provided.
shall be caulked or flashed, or both, to prevent water leakage.
6.2.1.6 Freeze Tolerant Materials—Freeze protection may
Access should be provided to permit minor repairs to flashing
be accomplished through the use of materials which are not
and caulking without disturbing roof, collector supports, or
damaged by repeated cycles of freezing and thawing while
collector panels.
filled with potable water, provided evidence that the material
6.3.5 Collectors shall be installed so as not to contribute to
can withstand such cycling is supplied. (See proposed Speci-
moisture buildup, rotting, or other accelerated deterioration of
fication for Polybutylene Plastic Hot and Cold Water Distribu-
roofing materials.
tion Assemblies in Solar Energy Systems. )
6.3.6 Collectors and supports shall be installed in a manner
6.3 Collector Subsystems:
that water flowing off the collector surface will not increase the
6.3.1 Collectors shall be installed in accordance wit
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