ASTM E1233-00
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors by Cyclic Static Air Pressure Differential
Standard Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors by Cyclic Static Air Pressure Differential
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the determination of the structural performance of exterior windows, curtain walls, and doors under cyclic static air pressure differential, using a test chamber. This test method is applicable to all curtain wall assemblies, including, but not limited to, metal, glass, masonry, and stone components.
1.2 This test method is intended only for evaluating the structural performance associated with the specified test specimen, and not the structural performance of adjacent construction.
1.3 Procedure A shall be used when a load-deflection curve is not required for the maximum test loads.
1.4 Procedure B shall be used when a load-deflection curve is required for the maximum test loads.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7.
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Designation:E1233–00
Standard Test Method for
Structural Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls,
and Doors by Cyclic Air Pressure Differential
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1233; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Glass in Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors Under the
Influence of Uniform Static Loads by Nondestructive
1.1 This test method describes the determination of the
Method
structural performance of exterior windows, curtain walls, and
E 1886 Standard Test Method for Performance of Exterior
doors under cyclic air pressure differential, using a test
Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors and Storm Shutters Im-
chamber. This test method is applicable to all curtain wall
pacted by Missile(s) and Exposed to Cyclic Pressure
assemblies,including,butnotlimitedto,metal,glass,masonry,
Differentials
and stone components.
E 1996 Standard Specification for Performance of Exterior
1.2 This test method is intended only for evaluating the
Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors and Storm Shutters Im-
structural performance associated with the specified test speci-
pacted by Wind Borne Debris in Hurricanes
men, and not the structural performance of adjacent construc-
2.2 ASCE Standard:
tion.
ASCE 7 (formerly ANSI A58.1) Minimum Design Loads
1.3 Procedure A shall be used for life cycle test loads.
for Buildings and Other Structures
1.4 Procedure B shall be used for wind event test loads.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3. Terminology
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
3.1 Definitions—Definitions are in accordance with Termi-
only.
nology E 631, unless otherwise indicated.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.1 design wind load, n—the uniform static air pressure
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
difference, inward or outward, for which the specimen would
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
be designed under service load conditions using conventional
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard
wind engineering specifications and concepts, expressed in
statements are given in Section 7.
pascals (or pounds-force per square foot). This pressure is
2. Referenced Documents determined by either analytical or wind-tunnel procedures
(such as are specified in ASCE 7).
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2.2 one cycle, n—beginning at a specified air pressure
E 330 Standard Test Method for Structural Performance of
differential, the application of positive (negative) pressure to
Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors by Uniform
3 achieve another specified air pressure differential and returning
Static Air Pressure Difference
to the initial specified air pressure differential.
E 631 Terminology of Building Constructions
3.2.3 permanent deformation, n—displacementorchangein
E 997 Standard Test Method for Structural Performance of
dimension of the specimen after the applied load has been
Glass in Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors
removed and the specimen has relaxed for the specified period
Under the Influence of Uniform Static Loads by Destruc-
of time.
tive Method
3.2.4 positive (negative) cyclic test load, n—the specified
E 998 Standard Test Method for Structural Performance of
differential in static air pressure, creating an inward (outward)
loading, for which the specimen is to be tested under repeated
conditions, expressed in pascals (or pounds-force per square
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on
foot).
Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.51
on Component Performance of Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors.
3.2.5 positive (negative) maximum test load, n—the speci-
Current edition approved June 10, 2000. Published August 2000. Originally
fied differential in static air pressure, creating an inward
published as E 1233 – 88. Last previous edition E 1233 – 97.
Additional information on curtain wall assemblies can be obtained from the
American Architectural Manufacturers’ Association, 1827 Walden Office Square,
Suite 104, Schaumburg, IL 60173. Available from the American Society of Civil Engineers, 1801 Alexander Bell
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.11. Drive, Reston, VA 20191.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E1233
(outward) load, for which the specimen is to be tested for on the complete history of load magnitude, duration, and
required minimum ultimate strength, expressed in pascals (or repetition. These factors are discussed in ASCE 7 and in the
pounds-force per square foot). literature (1-12) .
5.2 Thistestmethodisnotintendedforuseinevaluatingthe
3.2.6 stick system, n—a curtain wall assembly composed of
adequacy of glass for a particular application. When the
individually framed continuous members, vertical mullions,
structural performance of glass is to be evaluated, the proce-
and horizontal rails that are installed in a sequential, piece-by-
dure described in Standard Test Method E 997 or E 998 shall
piece process. The completed system is assembled entirely in
be used.
the field.
5.3 The proper use of this test method requires knowledge
3.2.7 structural distress, n—a change in condition of the
of the principles of pressure and deflection measurement.
specimen indicative of deterioration under repeated load or
5.4 Twotypesofcyclicairpressuredifferentialsaredefined:
incipient failure, such as cracking, fastener loosening, local
(Procedure A) Life cycle load (X1.1) and (Procedure B) Wind
yielding, or loss of adhesive bond.
event load (X1.2). When testing under uniform static air
3.2.8 test specimen, n—the entire assembled unit submitted
pressure to establish structural performance, including perfor-
for test (as described in Section 8).
mance under proof load, Standard Test Method E 330 applies.
3.2.9 unit/panel system, n—a curtain wall assembly com-
Consideration of windborne debris in combination with cyclic
posedofpre-assembledgroupsofindividualframingmembers.
air pressure differential representing extreme wind events is
The completed system is designed to be modular, transport-
addressed in Standard Test Method E 1886 and Standard
able, and installed as a finished assembly.
Specification E 1996.
5.5 Typical practice in the United States for the design and
4. Summary of Test Method
testing of exterior windows, curtain walls, and doors has been
4.1 This test method consists of sealing the test specimen
to consider only a one-time application of design wind load,
into or against one face of a test chamber, supplying air to or
increased by an appropriate factor of safety. This design wind
exhausting air from the chamber in accordance with a specific
load is based on wind velocities with actual average probabili-
test loading program at the rate required to maintain the test
ties of occurrence of once in the design life of the structure.
pressure differential across the specimen, and observing, mea-
The actual in-field performance of such assemblies, however,
suring, and recording the deflection, deformations, and nature
is dependent on many complex factors, and there exists
of any structural distress or failures of the specimen.
significant classes of applications where the effects of repeated
4.2 The test loading program calls for the application of a or cyclic wind loading will be the dominating factor in the
specified spectrum of pressure cycles followed by the applica-
actual structural performance, even though the magnitudes of
tion of positive and then negative maximum test loads. The suchcyclicloadsmaybesubstantiallylowerthanthepeakload
specifier must provide the information required in Section 10.
to which the assembly will be subjected during its design life.
Examples of assemblies for which the effects of cyclic loading
5. Significance and Use may be significant are included in Appendix X2.
5.5.1 When cyclic load effects are significant, the actual
5.1 Thistestmethodisastandardprocedurefordetermining
in-field performance of the assembly will depend on the
structural performance under cyclic air pressure differential.
complete load history to which the assembly is subjected. The
This typically is intended to represent the long-term effects of
history includes variable sustained loads as well as gusts,
repeated applications of wind load on exterior building surface
which occur at varying frequencies and durations. Such load
elements or those loads that may be experienced during a
histories are not deterministic, requiring the specifier to resort
hurricane or other extreme wind event. This test method is
to a probabilistic approach for test parameters. The resistance
intended to be used for installations of window, curtain wall,
of an assembly to cyclic loading is similarly complex. When
and door assemblies for which the effects of cyclic or repeated
available, endurance curves (stress/number (S/N) curves) can
loads may be significant factors in the in-service structural
be used to estimate the fatigue resistance of a particular
performanceofthesystemandforwhichsucheffectscannotbe
material.Amajor uncertainty in applying these data, however,
determined by testing under a single application of uniform
is that the stress in an element induced by a unit pressure load
static air pressure. This standard is not intended to account for
is usually not known a priori. The problem is further compli-
the effect of windborne debris. This test method is considered
cated by the fact that the load to which the in situ assembly is
appropriate for testing unique constructions or for testing
subjected is not a repetitive load of given magnitude but one
systems that have insufficient in-service records to establish
that varies in frequency, duration, and magnitude such as loads
their performance under cyclic loading.
associated with a wind event.
5.1.1 The actual loading on building surfaces is quite
complex, varying with wind direction, time, height above
ground, building shape, terrain, surrounding structures, and
otherfactors.Theresistanceofmanywindow,curtainwall,and 5
The boldface numbers in parentheses refers to the list of references at the end
door assemblies to wind loading is also complex and depends of this test method.
E1233
5.5.2 To establish practical test parameters, the consider- times the design pressure, unless otherwise specified. Thus a
ations in 5.1-5.5.1 must be modeled by a simple loading safety factor was incorporated in the testing. With higher test
programthatapproximatestheactualloadingwithrespecttoits loads and longer time durations, the designer must also
damage potential. For the case of life cycle loads, the antici- consider what safety factors are essential, particularly with
pated actual loading may include critical pressures that will regard to gust wind loads. Gust wind loads are of relatively
occur with greater frequency during the design life of the short duration, so that care shall be exercised not to specify or
structure than is practical to use for testing. In such cases, the allow unnecessarily long duration loads for purposes of testing
actual load magnitude and number of repetitions must be the adequacy of the structure to withstand wind gusts.
represented in the test by an equivalent load of larger magni-
NOTE 1—In applying the results of tests by this test method, note that
tude and fewer repetitions. For the case of specific wind event
the performance of a wall or its components, or both, may be a function
loads, the entire test loading program may be developed from
of fabrication, installation, and adjustment. The specimen may or may not
wind tunnel testing or by using methods defined in the truly represent every aspect of the actual structure. In service, the
performance will also depend on the rigidity of the supporting construc-
literature.
tion and on the resistance of components to deterioration by various other
5.5.3 In this test method, the test assembly is first subjected
causes, including vibration, thermal expansion, contraction, etc.
to pressure cycles. The assembly is expected to survive this
loadingwithoutapparentstructuraldistress.Followingthis,the
6. Apparatus
assembly is subjected to positive and negative maximum test
6.1 The description of the apparatus is general in nature.
loads. The maximum test loads may represent sustained loads
Any equipment capable of performing the test procedure
or gust loads, or both.
within the allowable tolerances is permitted.
5.6 Design wind velocities may be selected for particular
6.2 Major Components (see Fig. 1):
geographic locations and probabilities of occurrence based on
6.2.1 Test Chamber—A test chamber or box with an open-
data from wind velocity maps such as provided in ASCE 7.
ing, a removable mounting panel, or one open side in which or
5.7 The person specifying the test must translate the antici- against which the specimen is installed. Static pressure taps
pated wind velocities and durations into static air pressure
shall be provided to measure the pressure difference across the
differences and durations. Complexities of wind pressures as
test specimen and shall be so located that the reading is
related to building design, wind intensity versus duration,
unaffected by the velocity of air supplied to or from the
frequency of occurrence, and other factors must be considered.
chamber or from any other air movements. A means shall be
Superimposed on sustained winds are gusting winds which, for
provided to facilitate test specimen adjustments and observa-
short periods of time, from fractions of seconds to a few
tions. Neither the test chamber nor the specimen mounting
seconds, may move at considerably higher velocities than the
frame shall deflect under the test load in such a manner that the
sustained winds. Wind tunnel studies, computer simulations,
performance of the specimen will be affected.
and model analyses are helpful in determining the appropriate
6.2.2 Air System—A controllable blower, a compressed-air
wind pressures for buildings by showing how a particular
supply, an exhaust system, or reversible controllable blower
building acts under wind velocities established by others. designed to provide the required maximum air-pressure differ-
(1-6) .
ence across the spec
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