ASTM C1197-14a

Standard Test Method for In Situ Measurement of Masonry Deformability Properties Using the Flatjack Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Deformation and strength properties are measured only on the masonry between flatjacks. Boundary effects of the collar joint behind the wythe tested and adjacent masonry are neglected. In the case of multi-wythe masonry, deformability is estimated only in the wythe in which the flatjack is inserted. Deformability of other wythes may be different.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes an in situ method for determining the deformation properties of existing unreinforced solid-unit masonry. (See Note 1.) This test method concerns the measurement of in-situ masonry deformability properties in existing masonry by use of thin, bladder-like flatjack devices that are installed in cut mortar joints in the masonry wall. This test method provides a relatively non-destructive means of determining masonry properties.
Note 1: Solid-unit masonry is that built with stone, concrete, or clay units whose net area is equal to or greater than 75 % of the gross area.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Nov-2014
• ICS: 91.060.10 - Walls. Partitions. Facades
• Technical Committee: C15 - Manufactured Masonry Units
• Drafting Committee: C15.04 - Research

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:C1197 −14a
Standard Test Method for
In Situ Measurement of Masonry Deformability Properties
1
Using the Flatjack Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1197; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 3.1.1.1 Discussion—The use of shims may be necessary
during testing to achieve a tight fit of the flatjack in the slot and
1.1 This test method describes an in situ method for
to ensure uniform transfer of pressure (stress) to the masonry
determining the deformation properties of existing unrein-
overthecompleteareaoftheflatjack.SeeAnnexA1forfurther
forced solid-unit masonry. (See Note 1.) This test method
discussion on allowable types of shims.
concerns the measurement of in-situ masonry deformability
3.1.2 spacer, n—metal plate used in the calibration process
properties in existing masonry by use of thin, bladder-like
to control flatjack thickness.
flatjack devices that are installed in cut mortar joints in the
masonry wall. This test method provides a relatively non-
3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this test method
destructive means of determining masonry properties.
refer to Terminology C1180 for mortar and grout and Termi-
NOTE 1—Solid-unit masonry is that built with stone, concrete, or clay
nology C1232 for masonry.
units whose net area is equal to or greater than 75 % of the gross area.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded 4. Summary of Test Method
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
4.1 Two flatjacks inserted into parallel slots, one above the
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
other, in a solid-unit masonry wall are pressurized thus
and are not considered standard.
inducing compressive stress on the masonry between them.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
The installation is shown in Fig. 1. By gradually increasing the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
flatjack pressure and measuring the deformation of the ma-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
sonry between the flatjacks, load-deformation (stress-strain)
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
properties may be obtained. Maximum compressive strengths
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
may be measured in certain cases.
2. Referenced Documents 5. Significance and Use
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: 5.1 Deformation and strength properties are measured only
C1180 Terminology of Mortar and Grout for Unit Masonry on the masonry between flatjacks. Boundary effects of the
C1232 Terminology of Masonry collar joint behind the wythe tested and adjacent masonry are
E74 Practice of Calibration of Force-Measuring Instruments neglected.Inthecaseofmulti-wythemasonry,deformabilityis
for Verifying the Force Indication of Testing Machines estimated only in the wythe in which the flatjack is inserted.
Deformability of other wythes may be different.
3. Terminology
6. Apparatus
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
6.1 Flatjack:
3.1.1 shim, n—item inserted into a flatjack slot prior to
6.1.1 Aflatjackisathinenvelope-likebladderwithinletand
testing to minimize the inflation of the test flatjack.
outlet ports which may be pressurized with hydraulic fluid.
Flatjacks may be of any shape in plan, and are designed to be
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on
compatible with the masonry being tested. For determining
Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
load-deformation properties of masonry, flatjacks are typically
C15.04 on Research.
rectangular or semi-rectangular as shown in Fig. 2.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published December 2014. Originally
6.1.2 For determination of the state of compressive stress,
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as C1197 – 14. DOI:
10.1520/C1197-14A.
dimension A should be equal to or greater than the length of a
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
single masonry unit, but not less than 8 in. (200 mm).
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Dimension B should be equal to or greater than the thickness
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. ofonewytheandnotlessthan3in.(75mm).Theradius, R,for
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1197 − 14 C1197 − 14a
Standard Test Method for
In Situ Measurement of Masonry Deformability Properties
1
Using the Flatjack Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1197; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method describes an in situ method for determining the deformation properties of existing unreinforced solid-unit
masonry. (See Note 1.) This test method concerns the measurement of in-situ masonry deformability properties in existing masonry
by use of thin, bladder-like flatjack devices that are installed in cut mortar joints in the masonry wall. This test method provides
a relatively non-destructive means of determining masonry properties.
NOTE 1—Solid-unit masonry is that built with stone, concrete, or clay units whose net area is equal to or greater than 75 % of the gross area.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C1180 Terminology of Mortar and Grout for Unit Masonry
C1232 Terminology of Masonry
E74 Practice of Calibration of Force-Measuring Instruments for Verifying the Force Indication of Testing Machines
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 shim, n—item inserted into a flatjack slot prior to testing to minimize the inflation of the test flatjack.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.04 on Research.
Current edition approved July 1, 2014Dec. 1, 2014. Published August 2014December 2014. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 20092014 as
C1197 – 09.C1197 – 14. DOI: 10.1520/C1197-14.10.1520/C1197-14A.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
The use of shims may be necessary during testing to achieve a tight fit of the flatjack in the slot and to ensure uniform transfer
of pressure (stress) to the masonry over the complete area of the flatjack. See Annex A1 for further discussion on allowable types
of shims.
3.1.2 spacer, n—metal plate used in the calibration process to control flatjack thickness.
3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this test method refer to Terminology C1180 for mortar and grout and Terminology
C1232 for masonry.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Two flatjacks inserted into parallel slots, one above the other, in a solid-unit masonry wall are pressurized thus inducing
compressive stress on the masonry between them. The installation is shown in Fig. 1. By gradually increasing the flatjack pressure
and measuring the deformation of the masonry between the flatjacks, load-deformation (stress-strain) properties may be obtained.
Maximum compressive strengths may be measured in certain cases.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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C1197 − 14a
FIG. 1 Deformation Properties Using Two Flatjacks
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Deformation and strength properties are measured only on the masonry between flatjacks. Boundary effects of the collar
joint behind the wythe tested and adjacent masonry are neglected. In the case of multi-wythe masonry, deformability is estimated
only in the wythe in which the flatjack is inserted. Deformability of other wythes may be different.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Flatjack:
6.1.1 A flatjack is a thin envelope-like bladder with inlet and outlet ports which may be pressurized with hydraulic fluid.
Flatjacks may be of any shape in plan, and are designe
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