ASTM C1197-14
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for In Situ Measurement of Masonry Deformability Properties Using the Flatjack Method
Standard Test Method for In Situ Measurement of Masonry Deformability Properties Using the Flatjack Method
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Deformation and strength properties are measured only on the masonry between flatjacks. Boundary effects of the collar joint behind the wythe tested and adjacent masonry are neglected. In the case of multi-wythe masonry, deformability is estimated only in the wythe in which the flatjack is inserted. Deformability of other wythes may be different.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes an in situ method for determining the deformation properties of existing unreinforced solid-unit masonry. (See Note 1.) This test method concerns the measurement of in-situ masonry deformability properties in existing masonry by use of thin, bladder-like flatjack devices that are installed in cut mortar joints in the masonry wall. This test method provides a relatively non-destructive means of determining masonry properties.
Note 1: Solid-unit masonry is that built with stone, concrete, or clay units whose net area is equal to or greater than 75 % of the gross area.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:C1197 −14
StandardTest Method for
In Situ Measurement of Masonry Deformability Properties
1
Using the Flatjack Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1197; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* sonry between the flatjacks, load-deformation (stress-strain)
properties may be obtained. Maximum compressive strengths
1.1 This test method describes an in situ method for
may be measured in certain cases.
determining the deformation properties of existing unrein-
forced solid-unit masonry. (See Note 1.) This test method
4. Significance and Use
concerns the measurement of in-situ masonry deformability
4.1 Deformation and strength properties are measured only
properties in existing masonry by use of thin, bladder-like
on the masonry between flatjacks. Boundary effects of the
flatjack devices that are installed in cut mortar joints in the
collar joint behind the wythe tested and adjacent masonry are
masonry wall. This test method provides a relatively non-
neglected.Inthecaseofmulti-wythemasonry,deformabilityis
destructive means of determining masonry properties.
estimated only in the wythe in which the flatjack is inserted.
NOTE 1—Solid-unit masonry is that built with stone, concrete, or clay
Deformability of other wythes may be different.
units whose net area is equal to or greater than 75 % of the gross area.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
5. Apparatus
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
5.1 Flatjack:
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
5.1.1 Aflatjackisathinenvelope-likebladderwithinletand
and are not considered standard.
outlet ports which may be pressurized with hydraulic fluid.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Flatjacks may be of any shape in plan, and are designed to be
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
compatible with the masonry being tested. For determining
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
load-deformation properties of masonry, flatjacks are typically
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
rectangular or semi-rectangular as shown in Fig. 2.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.1.2 For determination of the state of compressive stress,
dimension A should be equal to or greater than the length of a
2. Referenced Documents
single masonry unit, but not less than 8 in. (200 mm).
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Dimension B should be equal to or greater than the thickness
E74 Practice of Calibration of Force-Measuring Instruments
ofonewytheandnotlessthan3in.(75mm).Theradius, R,for
for Verifying the Force Indication of Testing Machines
circular and semi-rectangular flatjacks shall be equal to the
radius of the circular saw blade used to cut the slot.
3. Summary of Test Method
5.1.3 Flatjacksshallbemadeofmetalorothermaterialsuch
3.1 Two flatjacks inserted into parallel slots, one above the
thattheflatjackinaslotinmasonrywillbecapableofapplying
other, in a solid-unit masonry wall are pressurized thus
operating pressures up to the expected maximum flatjack
inducing compressive stress on the masonry between them. pressure. See Note 2. Metal flatjacks suitable for this purpose
The installation is shown in Fig. 1. By gradually increasing the
shall be made of type 304 stainless steel sheet of 0.024
flatjack pressure and measuring the deformation of the ma-
(0.6 mm)to0.048in.(1.2mm)inthicknesswithweldedseams
along the edges, and incorporating hydraulic inlet or outlet
ports.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on
NOTE 2—A maximum operating pressure of 1000 psi (6.9 MPa) is
Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
adequate for older existing masonry, but flatjacks with higher operating
C15.04 on Research.
Current edition approved July 1, 2014. Published August 2014. Originally pressures may be required for more recently constructed buildings.
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C1197 – 09. DOI: Flatjacks manufactured with flexible polymers that have operating pres-
10.1520/C1197-14.
sure ranges of less than 1000 psi (6.9 MPa) may be useful for stress
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
measurements in some historic masonry.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.1.4 Calibrate all flatjacks as described in Section 7 to
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. determine their pr
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1197 − 09 C1197 − 14
Standard Test Method for
In Situ Measurement of Masonry Deformability Properties
1
Using the Flatjack Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1197; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method describes an in situ method for determining the deformation properties of existing unreinforced solid-unit
masonry. (See Note 1.) This test method concerns the measurement of in-situ masonry deformability properties in existing masonry
by use of thin, bladder-like flatjack devices that are installed in saw cut mortar joints in the masonry wall. This test method provides
a relatively non-destructive means of determining masonry properties.
NOTE 1—Solid-unit masonry is that built with stone, concrete, or clay units whose net area is equal to or greater than 75 % of the gross area.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E74 Practice of Calibration of Force-Measuring Instruments for Verifying the Force Indication of Testing Machines
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 Two flatjacks inserted into parallel slots, one above the other, in a solid-unit masonry wall are pressurized thus inducing
compressive stress on the masonry between them. The installation is shown in Fig. 1. By gradually increasing the flatjack pressure
and measuring the deformation of the masonry between the flatjacks, load-deformation (stress-strain) properties may be obtained.
Maximum compressive strengths may be measured in certain cases.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Deformation and strength properties are measured only on the masonry between flatjacks. Boundary effects of the collar
joint behind the wythe tested and adjacent masonry are neglected. In the case of multi-wythe masonry, deformability is estimated
only in the wythe in which the flatjack is inserted. Deformability of other wythes may be different.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Flatjack:
5.1.1 A flatjack is a thin envelope-like bladder with inlet and outlet ports which may be pressurized with hydraulic oil.fluid.
Flatjacks may be of any shape in plan, and are designed to be compatible with the masonry being tested. For determining
load-deformation properties of masonry, flatjacks are typically rectangular or semi-rectangular as shown in Fig. 2.
5.1.2 For determination of the state of compressive stress, dimension A should be equal to or greater than the length of a single
masonry unit, but not less than 8 in. (200 mm). Dimension B should be equal to or greater than the thickness of one wythe and
not less than 3 in. (75 mm). The radius, R, for circular and semi-rectangular flatjacks shall be equal to the radius of the circular
saw blade used to cut the slot.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.04 on Research.
Current edition approved June 1, 2009July 1, 2014. Published July 2009August 2014. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 20042009 as
C1197 – 04.C1197 – 09. DOI: 10.1520/C1197-09.10.1520/C1197-14.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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C1197 − 14
FIG. 1 Deformation Properties Using Two Flatjacks
FIG. 2 Flatjack Flatjack Configurations (Plan View)
5.1.3 Flatjacks shall be made of metal or other material such that the flatjack in a slot in masonry will be capable of applying
...
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