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ASTM C1721-15

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Petrographic Examination of Dimension Stone

Standard Guide for Petrographic Examination of Dimension Stone

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Petrographic examinations are made for the following purposes:  
4.1.1 Determine the physical and chemical characteristics (mineralogy, texture, and composition) of the stone specimen that may be observed by petrographic methods and that have a bearing on the performance of the material in its intended use.  
4.1.2 Describe and classify the minerals of the specimen.  
4.1.3 Classify the stone both commercially and geologically based on Terminology C119, recognizing the differences in nomenclature; and based on the following standards, as appropriate:
Specification C406
Specification C503
Specification C568
Specification C615
Specification C616
Specification C629
Specification C1526
Specification C1527  
4.1.4 Determine the relative amounts of the minerals of the specimen and constituents that have a bearing on the performance of the material in its intended use.  
4.1.5 Compare characteristics of the stone with specimens from one or more sources, for which test data or performance records are available.  
4.2 The petrographer should be told in as much detail as necessary, the purposes and objectives of the examination, the kind of information needed, and the extent of examination desired.  
4.2.1 Pertinent background information, including results of prior testing, such as physical and mechanical testing, should be made available. The petrographer’s advice and judgment should be sought regarding the extent of the examination. Available physical and mechanical testing may include the following:
Test Methods C97
Test Method C99
Test Method C170
Test Method C880
Test Methods C120
Test Method C121
Test Method C241
Test Method C1353  
Test Method C217  
4.3 This guide may form the basis for establishing arrangements between a purchaser of consulting petrographic service and the petrographer. In such a case, the purchaser and the consultant should together determine the kind, extent, and objectives of the examination and analy...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide outlines procedures for the petrographic examination of stone specimen material proposed for use as dimension stone used in construction.  
1.2 This guide outlines the extent to which petrographic techniques should be used, the selection of petrographic related properties that should be looked for, and the manner in which such techniques may be employed in the examination of dimension stone.  
1.3 The rock and mineral names given in Terminology C119 should be used, insofar as they are appropriate, in reports prepared in accordance with this guide.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2015
ICS
07.060 - Geology. Meteorology. Hydrology
Technical Committee
C18 - Dimension Stone
Drafting Committee
C18.01 - Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C1721 − 15
Standard Guide for
1
Petrographic Examination of Dimension Stone
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1721; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope C120 Test Methods of Flexure Testing of Slate (Breaking
Load, Modulus of Rupture, Modulus of Elasticity)
1.1 This guide outlines procedures for the petrographic
C121 Test Method for Water Absorption of Slate
examination of stone specimen material proposed for use as
C170 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Dimension
dimension stone used in construction.
Stone
1.2 This guide outlines the extent to which petrographic
C217 Test Method for Weather Resistance of Slate
techniquesshouldbeused,theselectionofpetrographicrelated
C241 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Stone Sub-
properties that should be looked for, and the manner in which
jected to Foot Traffic
such techniques may be employed in the examination of
C406 Specification for Roofing Slate
dimension stone.
C503 Specification for Marble Dimension Stone
1.3 TherockandmineralnamesgiveninTerminologyC119 C568 Specification for Limestone Dimension Stone
C615 Specification for Granite Dimension Stone
should be used, insofar as they are appropriate, in reports
prepared in accordance with this guide. C616 Specification for Quartz-Based Dimension Stone
C629 Specification for Slate Dimension Stone
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
C880 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Dimension Stone
standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for
C1353 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Dimension
information purposes only.
Stone Subjected to Foot Traffic Using a Rotary Platform
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Abraser
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
C1526 Specification for Serpentine Dimension Stone
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
C1527 Specification for Travertine Dimension Stone
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
C1528 Guide for Selection of Dimension Stone
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
C1799 Guide to Dimension Stone Test Specimen Sampling
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
and Preparation
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
E883 Guide for Reflected–Light Photomicrography
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- 3. Summary of Guide
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.1 The specific procedures employed in the petrographic
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
examination of any specimen will depend to a large extent on
the purpose of the examination and the nature of the specimen.
2. Referenced Documents
In most cases the examination will require the use of optical
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
microscopy. Complete petrographic examinations for particu-
C97 Test Methods forAbsorption and Bulk Specific Gravity
lar purposes and to investigate particular problems may require
of Dimension Stone
examination of selected constituents by means of additional
C99 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Dimension
procedures, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis for
Stone
crystalline structure, differential thermal analysis (DTA) for
C119 Terminology Relating to Dimension Stone
chemically and physically unstable minerals, infrared
spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) energy
1
dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), or other procedures. Al-
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 on Dimension
Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.01 on Test Methods.
though these procedures are beyond the scope of this standard,
Current edition approved May 1, 2015. Published July 2015. Originally
these additional procedures may be more definitive than visual
published as C1721-09. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C1721-09. DOI:
microscopic methods.
10.1520/C1721-15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.2 Identification of the minerals, composition, fabric, and
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
structure of a specimen is a necessary step towards recognition
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. ofthepropertiesthatmaybeexpectedtoinfluencethebehavior
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ---------------
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1721 − 09 C1721 − 15
Standard Guide for
1
Petrographic Examination of Dimension Stone
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1721; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide outlines procedures for the petrographic examination of stone specimen material proposed for use as dimension
stone used in construction.
1.2 This guide outlines the extent to which petrographic techniques should be used, the selection of petrographic related
properties that should be looked for, and the manner in which such techniques may be employed in the examination of dimension
stone.
1.3 The rock and mineral names given in Terminology C119 should be used, insofar as they are appropriate, in reports prepared
in accordance with this guide.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information
purposes only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C97 Test Methods for Absorption and Bulk Specific Gravity of Dimension Stone
C99 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Dimension Stone
C119 Terminology Relating to Dimension Stone
C120 Test Methods of Flexure Testing of Slate (Breaking Load, Modulus of Rupture, Modulus of Elasticity)
C121 Test Method for Water Absorption of Slate
C170 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Dimension Stone
C217 Test Method for Weather Resistance of Slate
C241 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Stone Subjected to Foot Traffic
C406 Specification for Roofing Slate
C503 Specification for Marble Dimension Stone
C568 Specification for Limestone Dimension Stone
C615 Specification for Granite Dimension Stone
C616 Specification for Quartz-Based Dimension Stone
C629 Specification for Slate Dimension Stone
C880 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Dimension Stone
C1353 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Dimension Stone Subjected to Foot Traffic Using a Rotary Platform Abraser
C1526 Specification for Serpentine Dimension Stone
C1527 Specification for Travertine Dimension Stone
C1528 Guide for Selection of Dimension Stone
C1799 Guide to Dimension Stone Test Specimen Sampling and Preparation
E883 Guide for Reflected–Light Photomicrography
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 on Dimension Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.01 on Test Methods.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2009May 1, 2015. Published September 2009July 2015. Originally published as C1721-09. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as
C1721-09. DOI: 10.1520/C1721-09.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1721 − 15
3. Summary of Guide
3.1 The specific procedures employed in the petrographic examination of any specimen will depend to a large extent on the
purpose of the examination and the nature of the specimen. In most cases the examination will require the use of optical
microscopy. Complete petrographic examinations for particular purposes and to investigate particular problems may require
examination of selected constituents by means of additional procedures, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis for crystalline
structure, differential thermal analysis (DTA) for chemically and physically unstable minerals, infrared spectroscopy, scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), or other procedures. Although these procedures are beyond
the scope of this standard, these additional procedures may be more definitive than visual microscopic methods.
3.2 Identification of the minerals, composition, fabric, and structure of a specimen is a necessary step towards recognition of
the properties that may be expected t
...

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Standard Guide for Petrographic Examination of Dimension Stone

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Petrographic examinations are made for the following purposes:  
4.1.1 Determine the physical and chemical characteristics (mineralogy, texture, and composition) of the stone specimen that may be observed by petrographic methods and that have a bearing on the performance of the material in its intended use.  
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1.1 This guide outlines procedures for the petrographic examination of stone specimen material proposed for use as dimension stone used in construction.  
1.2 This guide outlines the extent to which petrographic techniques should be used, the selection of petrographic related properties that should be looked for, and the manner in which such techniques may be employed in the examination of dimension stone.  
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5.1 General:  
5.1.1 Sediment provides habitat for many aquatic organisms and is a major repository for many of the more persistent chemicals that are introduced into surface waters. In the aquatic environment, most anthropogenic chemicals and waste materials including toxic organic and inorganic chemicals eventually accumulate in sediment. Mounting evidences exists of environmental degradation in areas where USEPA Water Quality Criteria (WQC; Stephan et al.(66)) are not exceeded, yet organisms in or near sediments are adversely affected Chapman, 1989  (67). The WQC were developed to protect organisms in the water column and were not directed toward protecting organisms in sediment. Concentrations of contaminants in sediment may be several orders of magnitude higher than in the overlying water; however, whole sediment concentrations have not been strongly correlated to bioavailability Burton, 1991 (68). Partitioning or sorption of a compound between water and sediment may depend on many factors including: aqueous solubility, pH, redox, affinity for sediment organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon, grain size of the sediment, sediment mineral constituents (oxides of iron, manganese, and aluminum), and the quantity of acid volatile sulfides in sediment Di Toro et al. 1991(69) Giesy et al. 1988 (70). Although certain chemicals are highly sorbed to sediment, these compounds may still be available to the biota. Chemicals in sediments may be directly toxic to aquatic life or can be a source of chemicals for bioaccumulation in the food chain.  
5.1.2 The objective of a sediment test is to determine whether chemicals in sediment are harmful to or are bioaccumulated by benthic organisms. The tests can be used to measure interactive toxic effects of complex chemical mixtures in sediment. Furthermore, knowledge of specific pathways of interactions among sediments and test organisms is not necessary to conduct the tests Kemp et al. 1988, (71). Sediment tests can be used ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for testing estuarine or marine organisms in the laboratory to evaluate the toxicity of contaminants associated with whole sediments. Sediments may be collected from the field or spiked with compounds in the laboratory. General guidance is presented in Sections 1 – 15 for conducting sediment toxicity tests with estuarine or marine amphipods. Specific guidance for conducting 10-d sediment toxicity tests with estuarine or marine amphipods is outlined in Annex A1 and specific guidance for conducting 28-d sediment toxicity tests with  Leptocheirus plumulosus is outlined in Annex A2.  
1.2 Procedures are described for testing estuarine or marine amphipod crustaceans in 10-d laboratory exposures to evaluate the toxicity of contaminants associated with whole sediments (Annex A1; USEPA 1994a (1)). Sediments may be collected from the field or spiked with compounds in the laboratory. A toxicity method is outlined for four species of estuarine or marine sediment-burrowing amphipods found within United States coastal waters. The species are Ampelisca abdita, a marine species that inhabits marine and mesohaline portions of the Atlantic coast, the Gulf of Mexico, and San Francisco Bay; Eohaustorius estuarius, a Pacific coast estuarine species; Leptocheirus plumulosus, an Atlantic coast estuarine species; and Rhepoxynius abronius , a Pacific coast marine species. Generally, the method described may be applied to all four species, although acclimation procedures and some test conditions (that is, temperature and salinity) will be species-specific (Sections 12 and Annex A1). The toxicity test is conducted in 1-L glass chambers containing 175 mL of sediment and 775 mL of overlying seawater. Exposure is static (that is, water is not renewed), and the animals are not fed over the 10-d exposure period. The endpoint in the toxicity test is survival with reburial of surviving amphipods as an additional m...

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ASTM E337-15(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psychrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Temperatures)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The object of this test method is to provide guidelines for the construction of a psychrometer and the techniques required for accurately measuring the humidity in the atmosphere. Only the essential features of the psychrometer are specified.
SCOPE
1.1 General:  
1.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the humidity of atmospheric air by means of wet- and dry-bulb temperature readings.  
1.1.2 This test method is applicable for meteorological measurements at the earth's surface, for the purpose of the testing of materials, and for the determination of the relative humidity of most standard atmospheres and test atmospheres.  
1.1.3 This test method is also applicable when the temperature of the wet bulb only is required. In this case, the instrument comprises a wet-bulb thermometer only.  
1.1.4 Relative humidity (RH) does not denote a unit. Uncertainties in the relative humidity are expressed in the form RH ± rh %, which means that the relative humidity is expected to lie in the range (RH − rh) % to (RH  + rh) %, where RH is the observed relative humidity. All uncertainties are at the 95 % confidence level.  
1.2 Method A—Psychrometer Ventilated by Aspiration:  
1.2.1 This method incorporates the psychrometer ventilated by aspiration. The aspirated psychrometer is more accurate than the sling (whirling) psychrometer (see Method B), and it offers advantages in regard to the space which it requires, the possibility of using alternative types of thermometers (for example, electrical), easier shielding of thermometer bulbs from extraneous radiation, accidental breakage, and convenience.  
1.2.2 This method is applicable within the ambient temperature range 5 °C to 80 °C, wet-bulb temperatures not lower than 1 °C, and restricted to ambient pressures not differing from standard atmospheric pressure by more than 30 %.  
1.3 Method B—Psychrometer Ventilated by Whirling (Sling Psychrometer):  
1.3.1 This method incorporates the psychrometer ventilated by whirling (sling psychrometer).  
1.3.2 This method is applicable within the ambient temperature range 5 °C to 50 °C, wet-bulb temperatures not lower than 1 °C and restricted to ambient pressures not differing from standard atmospheric pressure by more than 30 %.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For more specific safety precautionary statements, see 8.1 and 15.1.)  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM G213-17(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Evaluating Uncertainty in Calibration and Field Measurements of Broadband Irradiance with Pyranometers and Pyrheliometers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The uncertainty in outdoor solar irradiance measurement has a significant impact on weathering and durability and the service lifetime of materials systems. Accurate solar irradiance measurement with known uncertainty will assist in determining the performance over time of component materials systems, including polymer encapsulants, mirrors, Photovoltaic modules, coatings, etc. Furthermore, uncertainty estimates in the radiometric data have a significant effect on the uncertainty of the expected electrical output of a solar energy installation.  
5.1.1 This influences the economic risk analysis of these systems. Solar irradiance data are widely used, and the economic importance of these data is rapidly growing. For proper risk analysis, a clear indication of measurement uncertainty should therefore be required.  
5.2 At present, the tendency is to refer to instrument datasheets only and take the instrument calibration uncertainty as the field measurement uncertainty. This leads to over-optimistic estimates. This guide provides a more realistic approach to this issue and in doing so will also assists users to make a choice as to the instrumentation that should be used and the measurement procedure that should be followed.  
5.3 The availability of the adjunct (ADJG021317)5 uncertainty spreadsheet calculator provides real world example, implementation of the GUM method, and assists to understand the contribution of each source of uncertainty to the overall uncertainty estimate. Thus, the spreadsheet assists users or manufacturers to seek methods to mitigate the uncertainty from the main uncertainty contributors to the overall uncertainty.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides guidance and recommended practices for evaluating uncertainties when calibrating and performing outdoor measurements with pyranometers and pyrheliometers used to measure total hemispherical- and direct solar irradiance. The approach follows the ISO procedure for evaluating uncertainty, the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) JCGM 100:2008 and that of the joint ISO/ASTM standard ISO/ASTM 51707 Standard Guide for Estimating Uncertainties in Dosimetry for Radiation Processing, but provides explicit examples of calculations. It is up to the user to modify the guide described here to their specific application, based on measurement equation and known sources of uncertainties. Further, the commonly used concepts of precision and bias are not used in this document. This guide quantifies the uncertainty in measuring the total (all angles of incidence), broadband (all 52 wavelengths of light) irradiance experienced either indoors or outdoors.  
1.2 An interactive Excel spreadsheet is provided as adjunct, ADJG021317. The intent is to provide users real world examples and to illustrate the implementation of the GUM method.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D4430-00(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining the Operational Comparability of Meteorological Measurements

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides data needed for selection of instrument systems to measure meteorological quantities and to provide an estimate of the precision of measurements made by such systems.  
5.2 This practice is based on the assumption that the repeated measurement of a meteorological quantity by a sensor system will vary randomly about the true value plus an unknowable systematic difference. Given infinite resolution, these measurements will have a Gaussian distribution about the systematic difference as defined by the Central Limit Theorem. If it is known or demonstrated that this assumption is invalid for a particular quantity, conclusions based on the characteristics of a normal distribution must be avoided.
SCOPE
1.1 Sensor systems used for making meteorological measurements may be tested for laboratory accuracy in environmental chambers or wind tunnels, but natural exposure cannot be fully simulated. Atmospheric quantities are continuously variable in time and space; therefore, repeated measurements of the same quantities as required by Practice E177 to determine precision are not possible. This practice provides standard procedures for exposure, data sampling, and processing to be used with two measuring systems in determining their operational comparability (1,2).2  
1.2 The procedures provided produce measurement samples that can be used for statistical analysis. Comparability is defined in terms of specified statistical parameters. Other statistical parameters may be computed by methods described in other ASTM standards or statistics handbooks (3).  
1.3 Where the two measuring systems are identical, that is, same make, model, and manufacturer, the operational comparability is called functional precision.  
1.4 Meteorological determinations frequently require simultaneous measurements to establish the spatial distribution of atmospheric quantities or periodically repeated measurement to determine the time distribution, or both. In some cases, a number of identical systems may be used, but in others a mixture of instrument systems may be employed. The procedures described herein are used to determine the variability of like or unlike systems for making the same measurement.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See 8.1 for more specific safety precautionary information.)  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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