ASTM E598-08
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measuring Extreme Heat-Transfer Rates from High-Energy Environments Using a Transient, Null-Point Calorimeter
Standard Test Method for Measuring Extreme Heat-Transfer Rates from High-Energy Environments Using a Transient, Null-Point Calorimeter
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The purpose of this test method is to measure extremely high heat-transfer rates to a body immersed in either a static environment or in a high velocity fluid stream. This is usually accomplished while preserving the structural integrity of the measurement device for multiple exposures during the measurement period. Heat-transfer rates ranging up to 2.84 × 102 MW/m2 (2.5 × 104 Btu/ft2-sec) (7) have been measured using null-point calorimeters. Use of copper null-point calorimeters provides a measuring system with good response time and maximum run time to sensor burnout (or ablation). Null-point calorimeters are normally made with sensor body diameters of 2.36 mm (0.093 in.) press-fitted into the nose of an axisymmetric model.
Sources of error involving the null-point calorimeter in high heat-flux measurement applications are extensively discussed in Refs (3-7). In particular, it has been shown both analytically and experimentally that the thickness of the copper above the null-point cavity is critical. If the thickness is too great, the time response of the instrument will not be fast enough to pick up important flow characteristics. On the other hand, if the thickness is too small, the null-point calorimeter will indicate significantly larger (and time dependent) values than the input or incident heat flux. Therefore, all null-point calorimeters should be experimentally checked for proper time response and calibration before they are used. Although a calibration apparatus is not very difficult or expensive to fabricate, there is only one known system presently in existence (6 and 7). The design of null-point calorimeters can be accomplished from the data in this documentation. However, fabrication of these sensors is a difficult task. Since there is not presently a significant market for null-point calorimeters, commercial sources of these sensors are few. Fabrication details are generally regarded as proprietary information. Some users have developed methods...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the heat-transfer rate or the heat flux to the surface of a solid body (test sample) using the measured transient temperature rise of a thermocouple located at the null point of a calorimeter that is installed in the body and is configured to simulate a semi-infinite solid. By definition the null point is a unique position on the axial centerline of a disturbed body which experiences the same transient temperature history as that on the surface of a solid body in the absence of the physical disturbance (hole) for the same heat-flux input.
1.2 Null-point calorimeters have been used to measure high convective or radiant heat-transfer rates to bodies immersed in both flowing and static environments of air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen, and mixtures of these and other gases. Flow velocities have ranged from zero (static) through subsonic to hypersonic, total flow enthalpies from 1.16 to greater than 4.65 × 101 MJ/kg (5 × 102 to greater than 2 × 104 Btu/lb.), and body pressures from 105 to greater than 1.5 × 107 Pa (atmospheric to greater than 1.5 × 102 atm). Measured heat-transfer rates have ranged from 5.68 to 2.84 × 102 MW/m2 (5 × 102 to 2.5 × 104 Btu/ft2-sec).
1.3 The most common use of null-point calorimeters is to measure heat-transfer rates at the stagnation point of a solid body that is immersed in a high pressure, high enthalpy flowing gas stream, with the body axis usually oriented parallel to the flow axis (zero angle-of-attack). Use of null-point calorimeters at off-stagnation point locations and for angle-of-attack testing may pose special problems of calorimeter design and data interpretation.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulato...
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E598 −08
StandardTest Method for
Measuring Extreme Heat-Transfer Rates from High-Energy
1
Environments Using a Transient, Null-Point Calorimeter
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E598; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the heat-
transfer rate or the heat flux to the surface of a solid body (test
2. Referenced Documents
sample) using the measured transient temperature rise of a
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
thermocouple located at the null point of a calorimeter that is
E422Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using a Water-
installed in the body and is configured to simulate a semi-
Cooled Calorimeter
infinite solid. By definition the null point is a unique position
E511TestMethodforMeasuringHeatFluxUsingaCopper-
on the axial centerline of a disturbed body which experiences
Constantan Circular Foil, Heat-Flux Transducer
the same transient temperature history as that on the surface of
a solid body in the absence of the physical disturbance (hole)
3. Terminology
for the same heat-flux input.
3.1 Symbols:
1.2 Null-point calorimeters have been used to measure high
convective or radiant heat-transfer rates to bodies immersed in
a = Radius of null-point cavity, m (in.)
both flowing and static environments of air, nitrogen, carbon b = Distancefromfrontsurfaceofnull-pointcalorimeterto
dioxide, helium, hydrogen, and mixtures of these and other the null-point cavity, m (in.)
gases. Flow velocities have ranged from zero (static) through C = Specific heat capacity, J/kg–K (Btu/lb-°F)
p
d = Diameter of null-point cavity, m (in.)
subsonic to hypersonic, total flow enthalpies from 1.16 to
1 2 4
k = Thermal conductivity, W/m–K (Btu/in.-sec-°F)
greater than 4.65×10 MJ/kg (5×10 to greater than 2×10
5 7
L = Length of null-point calorimeter, m (in.)
Btu/lb.), and body pressures from 10 to greater than 1.5×10
2 q = Calculated or measured heat flux or heat-transfer-rate,
Pa (atmospheric to greater than 1.5×10 atm). Measured
2 2
2
W/m (Btu/ft -sec)
heat-transfer rates have ranged from 5.68 to 2.84×10 MW/
2 2
2 2 4 2 q = Constantheatfluxorheat-transfer-rate,W/m (Btu/ft -
0
m (5×10 to 2.5×10 Btu/ft -sec).
sec)
1.3 The most common use of null-point calorimeters is to
R = RadialdistancefromaxialcenterlineofTRAXanalyti-
measure heat-transfer rates at the stagnation point of a solid
cal model, m (in.)
bodythatisimmersedinahighpressure,highenthalpyflowing
r = Radial distance from axial centerline of null-point
gas stream, with the body axis usually oriented parallel to the
cavity, m (in.)
flow axis (zero angle-of-attack). Use of null-point calorimeters
T = Temperature, K (°F)
at off-stagnation point locations and for angle-of-attack testing T = Temperature on axial centerline of null point, K (°F)
b
may pose special problems of calorimeter design and data T = Temperature on surface of null-point calorimeter, K
s
(°F)
interpretation.
t = Time, sec
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Z = Distance in axial direction of TRAX analytical model,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
m (in.)
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
2 2
α = Thermal diffusivity, m /sec (in. /sec)
3 3
ρ = Density, kg/m (lb/in. )
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E21 on Space
Simulation andApplications of SpaceTechnology and is the direct responsibility of
2
Subcommittee E21.08 on Thermal Protection. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2008. Published January 2009. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E598–96 (2002). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/E0598-08. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E598−08
4. History of Test Method ment concept was a major step in leading others to adapt this
concept to the transient measurement of high heat fluxes in
4.1 FromliteraturereviewsitappearsthatMastersandStein
3
ground test facilities.
(1) werethefirsttodocumenttheresultsofananalyticalstudy
of the temperature effects of axial cavities drilled from the
4.2 Beck and Hurwicz (2) expanded the analysis of Maste
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E598–96 (Reapproved 2002) Designation: E 598 – 08
Standard Test Method for
Measuring Extreme Heat-Transfer Rates from High-Energy
1
Environments Using a Transient, Null-Point Calorimeter
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 598; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthemeasurementoftheheat-transferrateortheheatfluxtothesurfaceofasolidbody(testsample)
using the measured transient temperature rise of a thermocouple located at the null point of a calorimeter that is installed in the
body and is configured to simulate a semi-infinite solid. By definition the null point is a unique position on the axial centerline
of a disturbed body which experiences the same transient temperature history as that on the surface of a solid body in the absence
of the physical disturbance (hole) for the same heat-flux input.
1.2 Null-point calorimeters have been used to measure high convective or radiant heat-transfer rates to bodies immersed in both
flowing and static environments of air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen, and mixtures of these and other gases. Flow
1
velocitieshaverangedfromzero(static)throughsubsonictohypersonic,totalflowenthalpiesfrom1.16togreaterthan4.65 3 10
2 4 5 7
MJ/kg (5 3 10 to greater than 2 3 10 Btu/lb.), and body pressures from 10 to greater than 1.5 3 10 Pa (atmospheric to greater
2 2 2 2 4
than 1.5 3 10 atm). Measured heat-transfer rates have ranged from 5.68 to 2.84 3 10 MW/m (5 3 10 to 2.5 3 10
2
Btu/ft -sec).
1.3 The most common use of null-point calorimeters is to measure heat-transfer rates at the stagnation point of a solid body that
isimmersedinahighpressure,highenthalpyflowinggasstream,withthebodyaxisusuallyorientedparalleltotheflowaxis(zero
angle-of-attack). Use of null-point calorimeters at off-stagnation point locations and for angle-of-attack testing may pose special
problems of calorimeter design and data interpretation.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E 422 Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using a Water-Cooled Calorimeter
2
E511 Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using a Copper-Constantan Circular Foil, Heat-Flux Gage Transducer
3. Terminology
3.1 Symbols:
a = Radius of null-point cavity, m (in.)
b = Distance from front surface of null-point calorimeter to the null-point cavity, m (in.)
C = Specific heat capacity, J/kg–K (Btu/lb-°F)
p
d = Diameter of null-point cavity, m (in.)
k = Thermal conductivity, W/m–K (Btu/in.-sec-°F)
L = Length of null-point calorimeter, m (in.)
2 2
q = Calculated or measured heat flux or heat-transfer-rate, W/m (Btu/ft -sec)
2 2
q = Constant heat flux or heat-transfer-rate, W/m (Btu/ft -sec)
0
R = Radial distance from axial centerline of TRAX analytical model, m (in.)
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E21 on Space Simulation and Applications of Space Technology and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee E21.08 on Thermal Protection.
´1
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1996. Published December 1996. Originally published as E598–77. Last previous edition E598–77 (1990).
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2008. Published January 2009. Originally approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E 598 – 96 (2002).
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 15.03.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E598–08
r = Radial distance from axial centerline of null-point cavity, m (in.)
T = Temperature, K (°F)
T = Temperature on axial centerline of null point, K (°F)
b
T = Temperature on surface of null-point calorimeter, K (°F)
s
t = Time, sec
Z = Distance in axial direction of TRAX analytical model, m (in.)
2 2
a = Thermal diffusivity, m /sec
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E598–96 (Reapproved 2002) Designation: E 598 – 08
Standard Test Method for
Measuring Extreme Heat-Transfer Rates from High-Energy
1
Environments Using a Transient, Null-Point Calorimeter
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 598; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthemeasurementoftheheat-transferrateortheheatfluxtothesurfaceofasolidbody(testsample)
using the measured transient temperature rise of a thermocouple located at the null point of a calorimeter that is installed in the
body and is configured to simulate a semi-infinite solid. By definition the null point is a unique position on the axial centerline
of a disturbed body which experiences the same transient temperature history as that on the surface of a solid body in the absence
of the physical disturbance (hole) for the same heat-flux input.
1.2 Null-point calorimeters have been used to measure high convective or radiant heat-transfer rates to bodies immersed in both
flowing and static environments of air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen, and mixtures of these and other gases. Flow
1
velocitieshaverangedfromzero(static)throughsubsonictohypersonic,totalflowenthalpiesfrom1.16togreaterthan4.65 3 10
2 4 5 7
MJ/kg(5 3 10 togreaterthan2 3 10 Btu/lb.),andbodypressuresfrom10 togreaterthan1.5 3 10 Pa(atmospherictogreater
2 2 2 2 4
than 1.5 3 10 atm). Measured heat-transfer rates have ranged from 5.68 to 2.84 3 10 MW/m (5 3 10 to 2.5 3 10
2
Btu/ft -sec).
1.3 The most common use of null-point calorimeters is to measure heat-transfer rates at the stagnation point of a solid body that
isimmersedinahighpressure,highenthalpyflowinggasstream,withthebodyaxisusuallyorientedparalleltotheflowaxis(zero
angle-of-attack). Use of null-point calorimeters at off-stagnation point locations and for angle-of-attack testing may pose special
problems of calorimeter design and data interpretation.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E 422 Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using a Water-Cooled Calorimeter
2
E511 Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using a Copper-Constantan Circular Foil, Heat-Flux Gage Transducer
3. Terminology
3.1 Symbols:
a = Radius of null-point cavity, m (in.)
b = Distance from front surface of null-point calorimeter to the null-point cavity, m (in.)
C = Specific heat capacity, J/kg–K (Btu/lb-°F)
p
d = Diameter of null-point cavity, m (in.)
k = Thermal conductivity, W/m–K (Btu/in.-sec-°F)
L = Length of null-point calorimeter, m (in.)
2 2
q = Calculated or measured heat flux or heat-transfer-rate, W/m (Btu/ft -sec)
2 2
q = Constant heat flux or heat-transfer-rate, W/m (Btu/ft -sec)
0
R = Radial distance from axial centerline of TRAX analytical model, m (in.)
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E21 on Space Simulation and Applications of Space Technology and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee E21.08 on Thermal Protection.
´1
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1996. Published December 1996. Originally published as E598–77. Last previous edition E598–77 (1990).
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2008. Published January 2009. Originally approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E 598 – 96 (2002).
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 15.03.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E598–08
r = Radial distance from axial centerline of null-point cavity, m (in.)
T = Temperature, K (°F)
T = Temperature on axial centerline of null point, K (°F)
b
T = Temperature on surface of null-point calorimeter, K (°F)
s
t = Time, sec
Z = Distance in axial direction of TRAX analytical model, m (in.)
2 2
a = Thermal diffusivity, m /sec (in. /sec)
3 3
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.