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ASTM D1943-05(2012)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Alpha Particle Radioactivity of Water 

Standard Test Method for Alpha Particle Radioactivity of Water 

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method was developed for the purpose of measuring gross alpha radioactivity in water. It is used for the analysis of both process and environmental water to determine gross alpha activity which is often a result of natural radioactivity present in minerals.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of alpha particle activity of water. It is applicable to nuclides that emit alpha particles with energies above 3.9 MeV and at activity levels above 0.02 Bq/mL (540 pCi/L) of radioactive homogeneous water. This test method is not applicable to samples containing alpha-emitting radionuclides that are volatile under conditions of the analysis.
1.2 This test method can be used for either absolute or relative determinations. In tracer work, the results may be expressed by comparison with a standard that is defined to be 100 %. For radioassay, data may be expressed in terms of alpha disintegration rates after calibration with a suitable standard. General information on radioactivity and measurement of radiation has been published and summarized in Practice D3648.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2012
ICS
13.060.60 - Examination of physical properties of water
Technical Committee
D19 - Water
Drafting Committee
D19.04 - Methods of Radiochemical Analysis
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D1943-05(2012) - Standard Test Method for Alpha Particle Radioactivity of Water ASTM D1943-05(2012) - Standard Test Method for Alpha Particle Radioactivity of Water 
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ASTM D1943-05(2012) - Standard Test Method for Alpha Particle Radioactivity of Water 
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D1943 − 05 (Reapproved 2012)
Standard Test Method for
Alpha Particle Radioactivity of Water
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1943; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope D2777Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias of
Applicable Test Methods of Committee D19 on Water
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of alpha
D3370Practices for Sampling Water from Closed Conduits
particle activity of water. It is applicable to nuclides that emit
D3648Practices for the Measurement of Radioactivity
alpha particles with energies above 3.9 MeV and at activity
levels above 0.02 Bq/mL (540 pCi/L) of radioactive homoge-
3. Terminology
neous water. This test method is not applicable to samples
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
containing alpha-emitting radionuclides that are volatile under
method, refer to Terminology D1129. For terms not defined in
conditions of the analysis.
this test method or in Terminology D1129, reference may be
1.2 This test method can be used for either absolute or
made to other published glossaries.
relative determinations. In tracer work, the results may be
4. Summary of Test Method
expressed by comparison with a standard that is defined to be
100%.Forradioassay,datamaybeexpressedintermsofalpha 4.1 The test sample is reduced by evaporation or a suitable
chemical method to the minimum weight of material having
disintegration rates after calibration with a suitable standard.
General information on radioactivity and measurement of measurable alpha activity. Alpha radioactivity is measured by
aninstrumentcomposedofadetectingdevice,amplifier,power
radiation has been published and summarized in Practice
D3648. supply, and scaler—the most widely used being proportional
and scintillation counters. In the proportional counter, which
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
maybeofthewindowlessorthinwindowtype,alphaparticles
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
entering the sensitive region of the detector produce ionization
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
of the counting gas.The negative ion of the original ion pair is
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
accelerated towards the anode, producing additional ionization
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
of the counting gas and developing a voltage pulse at the
anode.Inthescintillationdetector,alphaparticlesinteractwith
2. Referenced Documents
3 the material of the phosphor, transferring some of their energy
2.1 ASTM Standards:
to electrons. These electrons subsequently lose part of their
D1129Terminology Relating to Water
energy by excitation rather than ionization of atoms, and the
D1193Specification for Reagent Water
excited atoms revert to the ground state by re-emitting energy
in the form of light quanta. A suitable light-sensitive device,
usually a multiplier phototube, transforms the resulting flashes
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D19 on Water
andisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD19.04onMethodsofRadiochemi-
of light into voltage impulses. By use of suitable electronic
cal Analysis.
apparatus, the pulse is amplified to a voltage sufficient for
Current edition approved June 1, 2012. Published August 2012. Originally
operationofthecountingscaler.Thenumberofpulsesperunit
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D1943–05. DOI:
10.1520/D1943-05R12.
time is related to the disintegration rate of the test sample.The
Friedlander, G., et al., Nuclear and Radiochemistry, 3rd Ed., John Wiley and
efficiency of the system can be determined by use of a suitable
Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1981.
alpha standard having equivalent residual plated solids.
Price,W.J., Nuclear Radiation Detection,2ndEd.,McGraw-HillBookCo.,Inc.,
New York, NY, 1964.
5. Significance and Use
Lapp, R. E., and Andrews, H. L., Nuclear Radiation Physics, 4th Ed.,
Prentice-Hall Inc., New York, NY, 1972.
5.1 This test method was developed for the purpose of
Overman,R.T.,andClark,H.M., Radioisotope Techniques,McGraw-HillBook
measuring gross alpha radioactivity in water. It is used for the
Co., Inc., New York, NY, 1960.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM American National Standard Glossary of Terms in Nuclear Science and
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Technology(ANSIN1.1)availablefromtheAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute,
the ASTM website. 1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1943 − 05 (2012)
analysis of both process and environmental water to determine 8.1.2 Scintillation Detector—This may be one of several
gross alpha activity which is often a result of natural radioac- types commercially available. It shall consist of an “activated”
tivity present in minerals. zinc sulfide phosphor having a minimum effective diameter of
36.5 mm and a superficial density of 10 to 15 mg/cm . The
6. Measurement Variables
phosphor shall be mounted so that it can be attached and
6.1 The relatively high absorption of alpha particles in the optically coupled to a multiplier phototube. Extraneous light
sample media affects the counting rate of the measurement. shallbeexcludedfromthephosphoreitherbyitsbeingcovered
Effects of geometry, back-scatter, source diameter, as well as with a thin (less than 1 mg/cm ) opaque window or by
the purity, pressure variation, and type of counting gas used enclosing the assembly in a lightproof sample changer. The
shall also be considered. Thus, for reliable relative
material used in the construction of the detector shall be free
measurements, the variables shall be held constant while from detectable radioactivity.To establish freedom from unde-
counting all test samples and standards. For absolute
sirable characteristics, the manufacturer shall supply voltage
measurements, appropriate efficiency factors shall be applied. plateau and background counting rate data. Voltage plateau
If a windowless proportional counter is employed, the sample
data shall show the threshold voltage, slope, and length of a
mount shall be electrically conducting.
plateau for a specified scaler sensitivity.
6.1.1 In tracer studies or tests requiring only relative
8.1.3 Scaler—Often the scaler, mechanical register, power
measurements, in which the data are expressed as being
supply, and amplifier are contained in a single chassis, gener-
equivalent to a defined standard, the above correction factors
allytermedthescaler.Thepowersupplyandamplifiersections
can be simply combined into a counting efficiency factor. The
shall be matched with the type of detector to produce satisfac-
use of a counting efficiency factor requires that sample
tory operating characteristics and to provide sufficient range in
mounting, material of mounting dish, and weight of residue
adjustments to maintain controlled conditions. The manufac-
(milligrams per square centimetre), in addition to conditions
turer shall provide resolving time information for the counting
affectingtheabovedescribedfactors,remainconstantthrough-
system. The scaler shall have capacity for storing and visually
outthedurationofthetestandthatthecomparativestandardbe
displaying at least 10 counts with a resolving time no greater
prepared for counting in the same manner as the test samples.
than 5 µs. The instrument shall have an adjustable input
The data from comparative studies between independent labo-
sensitivity that can be matched to the detector and a variable
ratories when not expressed in absolute units are more mean-
high voltage power supply with indicating meter.
ingfulwhenexpressedaspercentagerelationshipsorasequiva-
8.2 Sample Mounting Dish—Dishes having a flat bottom of
lent of a defined standard.
adiameterslightlylessthantheinsidediameterofthedetector.
6.2 Thelimitofsensitivityforbothscintillationandpropor-
Flat dishes are preferred, but dishes may be used that have
tional counters is a function of the background counting rate
3.2-mm high side walls with the angle between dish bottom
which should be as low as is feasible. Massive shielding is not
and side equal to or greater than 120°. Dishes shall be of a
used for alpha counters. The maximum activity for this test
material that will not corrode under the plating conditions and
method is 1600 Bq.
shallbeofuniformsurfacedensity;platinumandstainlesssteel
have been used for this purpose.
7. Interferences
7.1 Solidscontentinthesamplecontainingthealphaemitter
9. Reagents
producessignificantlossesinsamplecountingratesofabout10
to 15% loss at 1 mg/cm . Liquid samples shall be evaporated
9.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
to dryness onto dishes that allow the sample to be counted
used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
directly by the detector. Solids on the dish shall remain
all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-
constant in amount between related test samples, and should
tee onAnalytical Reagents of theAmerican Chemical Society,
duplicate the density of the solids of the plated standard.
where such specifications are available. Other grades may be
used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of
7.2 Mostalphacountersareinsensitivetobeta,gamma,and
sufficiently high purity and free from radioactivity to preclude
X radiations.
detrimental effects. Some chemicals, even of high purity,
8. Apparatus contain naturally occurring radioactive elements, for example,
uranium, actinium, and thorium. Consequently, when carrier
8.1 Alpha Particle Counter, consisting of either a propor-
chemicals are used in the analysis of low-radioactivity
tionaldetectororascintillationdetector,andascalerconform-
samples, the radioactivity of the carriers shall be determined
ing to the following requirements:
under identical analytical conditions of the sample including
8.1.1 Proportional Detector—This may be one of several
types commercially available. The material used in the con-
struction of the detector should contain a minimal amount of
detectableradioactivity.Toestablishfreedomfromundesirable
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American
Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not
characteristics, the manufacturer shall supply voltage plateau
listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory
and background counting rate data. Voltage plateau data shall
Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
show the threshold voltage, slope, and length of plateau for a
and National Formulary,U.S.PharmaceuticalConvention,Inc.(USPC),Rockville,
particular input sensitivity. MD.
D1943 − 05 (2012)
residual dish solids. The radioactivity of the reagents shall be 11.3 Plot the ratio of the square of the net counting rate of
considered as background and subtracted from the test sample the standard to the background counting rate against the
counting rate. voltage for each of the settings of the sensitivity control.
9.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, references 11.4 Determinetheoptimumconditionsforoperationofthe
towatershallbeunderstoodtomeanreagentwaterconforming instrument by selecting values for the high-voltage and sensi-
to Specification D1193, Type HI. tivity adjustments that correspond to some point lying on the
plateau of the counting-rate-versus-voltage plot and near the
9.3 Nitric Acid (sp gr 1.42)—Concentrated nitric acid
maximum value of the ratio of the sample-squared-to-
(HNO ).
background counting rates.
9.4 Nitric Acid (1+30)—Mix 1 volume of concentrated
12. Control of Instrument Operation
HNO (sp gr 1.42) with 30 volumes of water.
12.1 Toleranceorstatisticalcontrolchartsareusedtoassure
9.5 Alpha-Emitting Radioactive Standard Solution (;200
thattheinstrumentisoperatingtowithinpre-specifiedlimitsof
Bq/mL), traceable to the National Institute of Standards and
the initial calibration. Repetitive measurements of a quality
Technology (NIST).
control source are taken to develop the tolerance or statistical
control chart. The QC source is then used on a daily or
10. Sampling
prior-to-use basis to ensure proper operation. Refer to Practice
10.1 Collect the sample in accordance with Practices
D3648 for the preparation of a tolerance or statistical control
D3370.
chart.
10.2 Preserve the sample in a radioactive homogeneous
13. Calibration and Standardization for General
state. A sample shall be made radioactive homogeneous by
Measurements
addition of a reagent in which the radionuclides or compounds
of the radionuclides present would be soluble in large concen-
13.1 Place a known amount of a NIST-traceable alpha
trations. Addition of acids, complexing agents, or stable
standard (approximately 200 Bq) into a volume of water
chemicallysimilarcarriersmaybeusedtoobtainhomogeneity.
sufficienttodissolvesalts(orintoavolumeofwatercontaining
Consideration of the chemical nature of the radionuclides and
dissolved salts) equivalent to those of the test samples and
compounds present and the subsequent chemistry of the
prepare for counting as directed in Section 15. Throughout the
method shall indicate the action to be taken.
experiment, the evaporation, mounting, counting, and density
of plate solids of this reference standard shall be identical with
11. Establishing Gas Proportional Counter Operating thoseofthetestsamples.Countforalengthoftimerequiredto
Plateau
produce the desired statistical reliability (typically 1%). The
efficiency factor for each dissolved salt weight, f , is then
o
11.1 Put the instrument into operation according to the
expressed as a fraction of the disintegration rate (Bq) of the
manufacturer’s instructions. Place a quality control (QC)
referencestandardandiscalculatedaccordingtothefollowing
source in the detector, set the sensitivity control near its
equation:
maximum and turn the “count” switch to “count” position.
Slowly increase the high voltage until the first counts are f 5 cps/Bq (1)
o
observed and record the “threshold” voltage. Advance the
where:
voltageinincrementsofconvenientmagnitude(approximat
...

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Standard Test Method for Oxidation-Reduction Potential of Water

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the apparatus and procedure for the electrometric measurement of oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) in water. The test method described has been designed for the routine and process measurement of oxidation-reduction potential. ORP is defined as the electromotive force between a noble metal electrode and a reference electrode when immersed in a solution. The ORP electrodes are inert and measure the ratio of the activities of the oxidized to the reduced species present. In addition, the ORP electrodes reliably measure ORP in nearly all aqueous solutions and in general are not subject to solution interference from color, turbidity, colloidal matter, and suspended matter. The apparatus to be used in the measurement of ORP includes: pH meter, reference electrode, oxidation-reduction electrode and electrode assembly. Materials necessary in the procedure for ORP measurement include chemical reagents, aqua regia, water, buffer standard salts, phthalate reference buffer solution, phosphate reference buffer solution, chromic acid cleaning solution, detergent, nitric acid, redox standard solution or ferrous-ferric reference solution, and redox reference quinhydrone solutions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the apparatus and procedure for the electrometric measurement of oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) in water. It does not deal with the manner in which the solutions are prepared, the theoretical interpretation of the oxidation-reduction potential, or the establishment of a standard oxidation-reduction potential for any given system. The test method described has been designed for the routine and process measurement of oxidation-reduction potential.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2331-08(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practices for Preparation and Preliminary Testing of Water-Formed Deposits

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Deposits in piping from aqueous process streams serve as an indicator of fouling, corrosion or scaling. Rapid techniques of analysis are useful in identifying the nature of the deposit so that the reason for deposition can be ascertained.  
4.2 Possible treatment schemes can be devised to prevent deposition from reoccurring.  
4.3 Deposits formed from or by water in all its phases may be further classified as scale, sludge, corrosion products or biological deposits. The overall composition of a deposit or some part of a deposit may be determined by chemical or spectrographic analysis; the constituents actually present as chemical substances may be identified by microscope or X-ray.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices provide directions for the preparation of the sample for analysis, the preliminary examination of the sample, and methods for dissolving the analytical sample or selectively separating constituents of concern.  
1.2 The general practices given here can be applied to analysis of samples from a variety of surfaces that are subject to water-formed deposits. However, the investigator must resort to individual experience and judgement in applying these procedures to specific problems.  
1.3 The practices include the following:    
Sections  
Preparation of the Analytical Sample  
8  
Preliminary Testing of the Analytical Sample  
9  
Dissolving the Analytical Sample  
10  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For a specific warning statement, see Note 2.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7168-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for 99Tc in Water by Solid Phase Extraction Disk

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method has not been evaluated for all possible matrices. Test method suitability should be determined on specific waters of interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure to separate 99Tc from environmental water (non-process-related or effluent water samples). Technetium-99 beta activity is measured by liquid scintillation spectrometry.  
1.2 This test method is designed to measure 99Tc in the range of approximately 0.037 Bq/L (1.0 pCi/L) or greater for a one litre sample.  
1.3 This test method has been used successfully with tap water. It is the user’s responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for samples larger than 1 L and for waters of untested matrices.  
1.4 Technetium-99 alternatively can be determined in water samples using Practice D8026.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 9.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4922-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Radioactive Iron in Water

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Fe-55 is formed in reactor coolant systems of nuclear reactors by activation of stable iron. The 55Fe is not completely removed by waste processing systems and some is released to the environment by means of normal waste liquid discharges. Power plants are required to monitor these discharges for 55Fe as well as other radionuclides.  
5.2 This technique effectively removes other activation and fission products such as isotopes of iodine, zinc, manganese, cobalt, and cesium by the addition of hold-back carriers and an anion exchange technique. The fission products (zirconium-95 and niobium-95) are selectively eluted with hydrochloric-hydrofluoric acid washes. The iron is finally separated from Zn+2 by precipitation of FePO4 at a pH of 3.0.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of 55Fe in the presence of 59Fe by liquid scintillation counting. The a-priori minimum detectable concentration for this test method is 7.4 Bq/L.2  
1.2 This test method was developed principally for the quantitative determination of 55Fe. However, after proper calibration of the liquid scintillation counter with reference standards of each nuclide, 59Fe may also be quantified.  
1.3 This test method was used successfully with Type III reagent water conforming to Specification D1193. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure the validity of this test method for waters of untested matrices.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see Section 9.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1943-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Alpha Particle Radioactivity of Water 

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was developed for the purpose of measuring gross alpha radioactivity in water. It is used for the analysis of both process and environmental water to determine gross alpha activity which is often a result of natural radioactivity present in minerals.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of alpha particle activity of water. It is applicable to nuclides that emit alpha particles with energies above 3.9 MeV and at activity levels above 0.02 Bq/mL (540 pCi/L) of radioactive homogeneous water. This test method is not applicable to samples containing alpha-emitting radionuclides that are volatile under conditions of the analysis.  
1.2 This test method can be used for either absolute or relative determinations. In tracer work, the results may be expressed by comparison with a standard that is defined to be 100 %. For radioassay, data may be expressed in terms of alpha disintegration rates after calibration with a suitable standard. General information on radioactivity and measurement of radiation has been published in Refs (1-3)2 and summarized in Practices D3648.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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