ASTM D4859-97(2003)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Lubricants for Two-Stroke-Cycle Spark-Ignition Gasoline Engines-TC
Standard Specification for Lubricants for Two-Stroke-Cycle Spark-Ignition Gasoline Engines-TC
ABSTRACT
This specification covers lubricants for two-stroke-cycle spark-ignition gasoline engines that are prone to ring sticking and damage caused by deposit-induced preignition, piston scuff, spark plug fouling, and piston varnish. The engine oils should be tested for performance, ring sticking and piston deposit, lubricity, and preignition.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers lubricants intended for use in two-stroke-cycle spark-ignition gasoline engines, typically other than outboard motors, that are particularly prone to ring sticking, but which are also liable to suffer damage arising from deposit induced preignition, piston scuff, spark plug fouling and piston varnish.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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An American National Standard
Designation: D 4859 – 97 (Reapproved 2003)
Standard Specification for
Lubricants for Two-Stroke-Cycle Spark-Ignition Gasoline
Engines-TC
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4859; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope CEC L-19-T-77 The Evaluation of the Lubricity of Two-
Stroke Engine Oils
1.1 This specification covers lubricants intended for use in
two-stroke-cycle spark-ignition gasoline engines, typically
3. Terminology
other than outboard motors, that are particularly prone to ring
3.1 Definitions:
sticking, but which are also liable to suffer damage arising
3.1.1 cold sticking—of piston rings, a condition in which
from deposit induced preignition, piston scuff, spark plug
the ring is free in its groove while the engine is running but
fouling and piston varnish.
stuck when the piston is cold, normally indicated by the
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
absence of varnish or other deposits on the outer face of the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
ring and of signs of blowby on the piston skirt. D4857
only.
3.1.2 combustion chamber—in reciprocating internal com-
2. Referenced Documents bustion engines, the volume bounded by the piston crown and
any portion of the cylinder walls extending above the piston
2.1 ASTM Standards:
crown when in the top dead center position, and the inner
D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
surface of the cylinder head including any spark plugs and
and Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation of Dynamic
other inserted components. D4858
Viscosity)
3.1.3 hot sticking—of piston rings, a condition in which the
D 664 Test Method forAcid Number of Petroleum Products
ringisstuckinitsgroovewhiletheengineisrunning,normally
by Potentiometric Titration
indicated by varnish or other deposits on the outer face of the
D 874 Test Method for Sulfated Ash from Lubricating Oils
ring, by signs of blowby on the piston skirt, or both. D4857
and Additives
3.1.4 lubricity—aqualitativetermdescribingtheabilityofa
D 2270 Practice for CalculatingViscosity Index from Kine-
2 lubricant to minimize friction between and damage to surfaces
matic Viscosity at 40° and 100°C
in relative motion under load. D4863
D 2896 Test Method for Base Number of Petroleum Prod-
2 3.1.5 preignition—in a spark-ignition engine, ignition of
ucts by Potentiometric Perchloric Acid Titration
the mixture of fuel and air in the combustion chamber before
D 4857 Test Method for Determination of the Ability of
the passage of the spark. D4858
Lubricants to Minimize Ring Sticking and Piston Deposits
3.1.6 scuff, scuffıng—in lubrication, damage caused by
in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines Other Than Out-
3 instantaneous localized welding between surfaces in relative
boards
motion which does not result in immobilization of the parts.
D 4858 Test Method for Determination of the Tendency of
D4863
Lubricants to Promote Preignition in Two-Stroke-Cycle
3.1.7 seizure—in lubrication, welding between surfaces in
Gasoline Engines
relative motion that results in immobilization of the parts.
D 4863 Test Method for Determination of Lubricity of
D4863
Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engine Lubricants
3.1.8 spark plug fouling—deposition of essentially noncon-
2.2 Coordinating European Council (CEC) Standard:
ducting material onto the electrodes of a spark plug that may,
but will not necessarily, prevent the plug from operating.
D4857
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
3.1.9 spark plug whiskering, or spark plug bridging—a
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
deposit of conductive material on the spark plug electrodes
D02.B0 on Automotive Lubricants.
Current edition approved May 10, 2003. Published August 2003. Originally
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as D 4859–97.
2 4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01. Order from the Coordinating European Council, 61 New Cavendish Street,
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02. London, W1M 8AR, England.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 4859 – 97 (2003)
which tends to form a bridge between them, thus shorting out twin-cylinder air-cooled motorcycle engine for 20 h, set up
the plug. D4857 with number one cylinder supplied with a fuel mix containing
3.2 Definition of Terms Specific to This Standard: the benchmark reference oil and number two cylinder with a
3.2.1 benchmark reference oil—an oil meeting the require- fuel mix containing the candidate oil, both at 50:1 fuel to oil
ments of a test of this specification and whose performance on ratiobyvolume.Thetestisnormallyruntwice,exchangingthe
that test is equalled or exceeded by that of the candidate oil oils between cylinders for the second run, unless the perfor-
within the specified tolerances. mance of the candidate oil exceeds that of the benchmark
3.2.2 major preignition—preignition indicated by an in- reference oil by the margins specified in 6.2.7, in which case
crease in the combustion chamber temperature of 10°C (18°F) the second run need not be made.
or more over a period of less than a minute.
5.2 Lubricity-Test Method D 4863—The procedure is a
3.2.3 minor preignition—preignition indicated by an in-
development of CEC L-19-T-77, for which test engines are no
crease in the combustion chamber temperature of 7°C (13°F)
longer available. It is run in a Yamaha CE-50 49 cm
or more but less than 10°C (18°F) over a period of less than a
single-cylinder air-cooled engine supplied with a 150:1 by
minute.
volume fuel to oil mix. The engine is brought to equilibrium at
4000 r/min wide open throttle (WOT), and the cooling air flow
4. General Requirements
adjusted to give a spark plug gasket temperature of 169 to
4.1 This specification covers only specific aspects of the
171°C (336 to 340°F). The cooling air to the cylinder is then
performance of the lubricant in an engine under the conditions
cut off and the output torque recorded when the plug gasket
of test. Requirements additional to those of this specification,
temperature reaches 200°C (392°F) and again when it reaches
such as miscibility with gasoline, may be agreed between the
350°C (662°F), when the cooling air flow is restored. The
purchaser and the supplier.
smaller the reduction in torque output at constant engine speed
4.2 Performance testing of each batch of lubricant shall not
during this interval, the better the ability of the oil to lubricate
be required.The supplier shall certify that the product supplied
thepiston.Testsarerunalternatelyonthebenchmarkreference
meets the requirements of this specification and that it con-
oil, ASTM 600, and on the candidate oil. This test does not
forms in all significant respects to a batch of lubricant that has
normally damage the engine.
met the requirements of this specification. The supplier shall
5.3 Preignition-Test Method D 4858—This is run in a
provide on request the batch and test number and the date and
Yamaha CE-50 engine. For the purposes of this specification
place of qualification of this previously qualified batch of oil,
the engine is run for 50 h at 4000 r/min at wide open throttle
and such additional information on the physical and chemical
(WOT) using a 20:1 volumetric fuel to oil ratio.The number of
properties of the lubricant as shall enable the purchaser to
incidences of preignition, as determi
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