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ASTM E477-13e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Laboratory Measurements of Acoustical and Airflow Performance of Duct Liner Materials and Prefabricated Silencers

Standard Test Method for Laboratory Measurements of Acoustical and Airflow Performance of Duct Liner Materials and Prefabricated Silencers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Specimens tested using this standard, for example, duct silencers, are used to control sound propagation through ventilation ducts. The results gathered from testing specimens to this standard can be used to estimate the reduction in fan sound levels in ducted airflow systems caused by including a sound attenuating device in the system. The device can be a component in a source-path-receiver analysis where calculations are performed to determine the resultant sound level in an occupied space. Correct selection of a sound attenuating device can enable a designer to achieve in-space background noise criteria.  
5.2 The insertion loss of a silencer varies with frequency and with the direction and speed of airflow. Because silencers partially obstruct the air path and provide resistance to airflow, two other effects must be quantified: pressure drop and airflow-generated noise. Both increase with increasing air speeds; thus data are required for several airflows to correctly characterize performance.  
5.3 The aerodynamic results from testing specimens to the standard can be used as information for the system design engineer to determine the amount of static pressure drop resistance to be overcome by the system fan(s). Guidelines for appropriate maximum allowable pressure drop for a sound attenuating element have been established in the design community and are based on the procedures described herein.  
5.4 As stated previously in 1.4 of this test method, the actual performance of a sound attenuating device as installed in an air duct system may be significantly different than reported based on the test procedure herein. This standard does not provide guidance to the user on these system effects.  
5.5 Silencers are often designed to be used under conditions which do not duplicate the test set-ups of this standard. Mock-ups and specialized test set-ups to determine performance of sound attenuating devices in non-standard configurations may be based on this test...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory testing of some of the acoustical properties of sound attenuating devices including duct liner materials, integral ducts, and in-duct absorptive straight and elbow silencers used in the ventilation systems of buildings. Procedures are described for the measurement of acoustical insertion loss, airflow generated noise, and pressure drop as a function of airflow.  
1.2 Excluded from the scope are reactive mufflers and those designed for uses other than in ventilation systems, such as automobile mufflers.  
1.3 This test method includes a provision for a simulated semi-reflective plenum to fit around thin-walled duct and silencer test specimens, since the acoustical environments around such thin-walled specimens can affect the measured insertion loss.  
1.4 This method tests the performance of the specimen in well-defined and controlled conditions. If the specimen is installed in the field in any different manner, the results may be different. This standard does not provide estimating procedures for determining the actual installed performance of the specimen under field conditions.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2013
ICS
91.120.20 - Acoustics in building. Sound insulation
Technical Committee
E33 - Building and Environmental Acoustics
Drafting Committee
E33.08 - Mechanical and Electrical System Noise
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E477-13e1 - Standard Test Method for Laboratory Measurements of Acoustical and Airflow Performance of Duct Liner Materials and Prefabricated SilencersASTM E477-13e1 - Standard Test Method for Laboratory Measurements of Acoustical and Airflow Performance of Duct Liner Materials and Prefabricated Silencers
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REDLINE ASTM E477-13e1 - Standard Test Method for Laboratory Measurements of Acoustical and Airflow Performance of Duct Liner Materials and Prefabricated SilencersREDLINE ASTM E477-13e1 - Standard Test Method for Laboratory Measurements of Acoustical and Airflow Performance of Duct Liner Materials and Prefabricated Silencers
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation:E477 −13
Standard Test Method for
Laboratory Measurements of Acoustical and Airflow
Performance of Duct Liner Materials and Prefabricated
1
Silencers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E477; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Equations 9 and 10 were editorially corrected in September 2015.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory testing of some
C634 Terminology Relating to Building and Environmental
of the acoustical properties of sound attenuating devices
Acoustics
including duct liner materials, integral ducts, and in-duct
3
absorptive straight and elbow silencers used in the ventilation 2.2 ANSI Standards:
systems of buildings. Procedures are described for the mea- S1.1–1994(R2004) Acoustical Terminology
S1.11–2004(R2009) Specification Octave, Half-Octave and
surement of acoustical insertion loss, airflow generated noise,
and pressure drop as a function of airflow. Third-Octave Band Filter Sets
S1.43-1997(R2007) Specifications for Integrating-
1.2 Excluded from the scope are reactive mufflers and those
Averaging Sound Level Meters
designed for uses other than in ventilation systems, such as
S12.5-2006/ISO 6926:1999(R2011) Requirements for the
automobile mufflers.
Performance and Calibration of Reference Sound Sources
1.3 This test method includes a provision for a simulated
Used for the Determination of Sound Power Levels
semi-reflective plenum to fit around thin-walled duct and
S12.51–2012/ISO 3741:2010 Acoustics-Determination of
silencer test specimens, since the acoustical environments
Sound Power Levels of Noise Sources Using Sound
around such thin-walled specimens can affect the measured
Pressure-Precision Method for Reverberation Rooms
4
insertion loss.
2.3 ASHRAE Documents and Standards:
2009 ASHRAE Handbook, Fundamentals,Chapter 36, Mea-
1.4 This method tests the performance of the specimen in
surement and Instruments
well-defined and controlled conditions. If the specimen is
ANSI/ASHRAE 41.3-1989 Standard Method for Pressure
installed in the field in any different manner, the results may be
Measurement (plus errata dated 5 January 1998)
different.This standard does not provide estimating procedures
5
2.4 NAIMA Documents and Standards:
for determining the actual installed performance of the speci-
Fibrous Glass Duct Liner Standard, Publication AH124,
men under field conditions.
Third Edition, 2002
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. The values in parentheses are provided for informa-
3. Terminology
tion only.
3.1 Definitions—The acoustical terms used in this method
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
are consistent with Terminology C634, and ANSI S1.1.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
1 4
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE33onBuilding Available from American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-
and Environmental Acoustics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA
E33.08 on Mechanical and Electrical System Noise. 30329, http://www.ashrae.org.
5
Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published August 2013. Originally Available from North American Insulation Manufacturers Association
approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E477 – 06a. DOI: (NAIMA), 44 Canal Center Plaza, Suite 310, Alexandria, VA 22314, http://
10.1520/E0477-13E01 www.naima.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´1
E477−13
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 3.2.17 static pressure at a point, (P' ), Pa—the pressure
s
measured by the static connection of a pitot tube pointed
3.2.1 acoustical duct liner material—a material that has
upstream at that point.
soundabsorptivepropertiesandisattachedtotheinsidewallof
a duct to attenuate the
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: E477 − 13 E477 − 13
Standard Test Method for
Laboratory Measurements of Acoustical and Airflow
Performance of Duct Liner Materials and Prefabricated
1
Silencers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E477; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Equations 9 and 10 were editorially corrected in September 2015.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory testing of some of the acoustical properties of sound attenuating devices including
duct liner materials, integral ducts, and in-duct absorptive straight and elbow silencers used in the ventilation systems of buildings.
Procedures are described for the measurement of acoustical insertion loss, airflow generated noise, and pressure drop as a function
of airflow.
1.2 Excluded from the scope are reactive mufflers and those designed for uses other than in ventilation systems, such as
automobile mufflers.
1.3 This test method includes a provision for a simulated semi-reflective plenum to fit around thin-walled duct and silencer test
specimens, since the acoustical environments around such thin-walled specimens can affect the measured insertion loss.
1.4 This method tests the performance of the specimen in well-defined and controlled conditions. If the specimen is installed
in the field in any different manner, the results may be different. This standard does not provide estimating procedures for
determining the actual installed performance of the specimen under field conditions.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C634 Terminology Relating to Building and Environmental Acoustics
3
2.2 ANSI Standards:
S1.1–1994(R2004) Acoustical Terminology
S1.11–2004(R2009) Specification Octave, Half-Octave and Third-Octave Band Filter Sets
S1.43-1997(R2007) Specifications for Integrating-Averaging Sound Level Meters
S12.5-2006/ISO 6926:1999(R2011) Requirements for the Performance and Calibration of Reference Sound Sources Used for the
Determination of Sound Power Levels
S12.51–2012/ISO 3741:2010 Acoustics-Determination of Sound Power Levels of Noise Sources Using Sound Pressure-
Precision Method for Reverberation Rooms
4
2.3 ASHRAE Documents and Standards:
2009 ASHRAE Handbook, Fundamentals,Chapter 36, Measurement and Instruments
ANSI/ASHRAE 41.3-1989 Standard Method for Pressure Measurement (plus errata dated 5 January 1998)
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E33 on Building and Environmental Acoustics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E33.08
on Mechanical and Electrical System Noise.
Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published August 2013. Originally approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E477 – 06a. DOI:
10.1520/E0477-13.10.1520/E0477-13E01
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
4
Available from American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329,
http://www.ashrae.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´1
E477 − 13
5
2.4 NAIMA Documents and Standards:
Fibrous Glass Duct Liner Standard, Publication AH124, Third Edition, 2002
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—The acoustical terms used in this method are consistent with Terminology C634, and ANSI S1.1.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 acoustical duct liner material—a material that has sound absorptive properties and is attached to the inside wall of a
...

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1.1 This test method covers the laboratory measurement of impact sound transmission of floor-ceiling assemblies using a standardized tapping machine. It is assumed that the test specimen constitutes the primary sound transmission path into a receiving room located directly below and that a good approximation to a diffuse sound field exists in this room.  
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Standard Test Method for Impedance and Absorption of Acoustical Materials by Impedance Tube Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The acoustical impedance properties of a sound absorptive material are related to its physical properties, such as airflow resistance, porosity, elasticity, and density. As such, the measurements described in this test method are useful in basic research and product development of sound absorptive materials.  
5.2 Normal incidence sound absorption coefficients are more useful than random incidence coefficients in certain situations. They are used, for example, to predict the effect of placing material in a small enclosed space, such as inside a machine.  
5.3 Estimates of the random incidence or statistical absorption coefficients for materials can be obtained from normal incidence impedance data. For materials that are locally reacting, that is, without sound propagation inside the material parallel to its surface, statistical absorption coefficients can be estimated from specific normal acoustic impedance values using an expression derived by London (1).5 Locally reacting materials include those with high internal losses parallel with the surface such as porous or fibrous materials of high density or materials that are backed by partitioned cavities such as a honeycomb core. Formulas for estimating random incidence sound absorption properties for both locally and bulk-reacting materials, as well as for multilayer systems with and without air spaces have also been developed (2).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the use of an impedance tube, alternatively called a standing wave apparatus, for the measurement of impedance ratios and the normal incidence sound absorption coefficients of acoustical materials.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C522-03(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Airflow Resistance of Acoustical Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The specific airflow resistance of an acoustical material is one of the properties that determine its sound-absorptive and sound-transmitting properties. Measurement of specific airflow resistance is useful during product development, for quality control during manufacture, and for specification purposes.  
5.2 Valid measurements are made only in the region of laminar airflow where, aside from random measurement errors, the airflow resistance (R = P/U) is constant. When the airflow is turbulent, the apparent airflow resistance increases with an increase of volume velocity and the term “airflow resistance” does not apply.  
5.3 The specific airflow resistance measured by this test method may differ from the specific resistance measured by the impedance tube method in Test Method E384 for two reasons. In the presence of sound, the particle velocity inside a porous material is alternating while in this test method, the velocity is constant and in one direction only. Also, the particle velocity inside a porous material is not the same as the linear velocity measured outside the specimen.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of airflow resistance and the related measurements of specific airflow resistance and airflow resistivity of porous materials that can be used for the absorption and attenuation of sound. Materials cover a range from thick boards or blankets to thin mats, fabrics, papers, and screens. When the material is anisotropic, provision is made for measurements along different axes of the specimen.  
1.2 This test method is designed for the measurement of values of specific airflow resistance ranging from 100 to 10 000 mks rayls (Pa·s/m) with linear airflow velocities ranging from 0.5 mm/s to 50 mm/s and pressure differences across the specimen ranging from 0.1 Pa to 250 Pa. The upper limit of this range of linear airflow velocities is a point at which the airflow through most porous materials is in partial or complete transition from laminar to turbulent flow.  
1.3 A procedure for accrediting a laboratory for the purposes of this test method is given in Annex A1.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4.1 Table 1 is provided for user to convert into cgs units.    
cgs acoustic ohm  
mks acoustic ohm (Pa·s/m3)  
105  
cgs rayl  
mks rayl (Pa·s/m)  
10    
cgs rayl/cm  
mks rayl/m (Pa·s/m2)  
103  
cgs rayl/in.  
mks rayl/m (Pa·s/m2)  
394  
mks rayl/in.  
mks rayl/m (Pa·s/m2)  
39.4  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1042-22(Classification)
Standard Classification for Acoustically Absorptive Materials Applied by Trowel or Spray

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Acoustically absorptive materials are used for the control of reverberation and echoes in rooms. This standard provides a classification method for acoustically absorptive materials applied directly to surfaces by trowel or by spray.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers materials applied by trowel or spray to surfaces for the purpose of increasing their acoustical absorption.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1573-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement and Reporting of Masking Sound Levels Using A-Weighted and One-Third-Octave-Band Sound Pressure Levels

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acoustical performance is dependent on many factors (see Guide E1374 for a discussion on general office acoustical considerations). One of these factors is the masking sound. The masking spectrum shape and level must conform within specified tolerances throughout the treated area. The measurement and recording of these parameters are addressed in this test method.  
5.2 The results from this test method are used to determine if the masking sound meets a particular specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies the procedure used to measure the masking sound in terms of A-weighted and one-third-octave-band sound pressure levels.  
1.2 The results of this test method can be used to determine if and where the masking sound meets (or does not meet) a particular specification.  
1.3 This test method does not evaluate the overall acoustical environment. It is intended only to measure and report the masking sound levels.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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