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ASTM E1207-87(1997)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for The Sensory Evaluation of Axillary Deodorancy

Standard Practice for The Sensory Evaluation of Axillary Deodorancy

SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides procedures which may be used in the design and analysis of studies to quantitatively assess the intensity of human axillary odor for the purpose of substantiating deodorant efficacy of personal care products.
1.2 This practice includes protocols for the selection and training of judges, selection of subjects, experimental design, and statistical analysis. This practice is limited to assessment of axillary odor by trained, second-party, judges. First-party or self-evaluation protocols are valid for selected sensory tasks but may be less sensitive.
1.3 With respect to the source of axillary odor, three groups of secretory glands are present in the axillae which participate to a greater or lesser extent in its production-eccrine, apocrine, and sebaceous. Axillary odor has been primarily ascribed to the apocrine gland secretion (1).  Body odor intensity has been correlated with the volume of the secretory portion of the apocrine gland (2) and the density of the glands.
1.3.1 Apocrine glands are found primarily in the axillary vault in conjunction with axillary hairs (3). Pure apocrine sweat is sterile and odorless and axillary odor results from degradation of apocrine sweat by resident skin bacteria (4). High bacterial populations are found in moist regions of the body, especially in the axillae, providing the appropriate environment for growth (5).
1.3.2 Eccrine glands keep the axillae moist through thermally and emotionally induced secretions (6).
1.3.3 The sebaceous glands excrete higher molecular weight lipid materials which absorb and retain the volatile materials resulting from bacterial action (7). The aerobic diphtheroids are able to produce the typical acrid axillary odor and the micrococcaceae produce an isovaleric acid-like odor when incubated with apocrine sweat (8). Therefore, the most undesirable component of axillary odor is caused by degradation of apocrine sweat by particular bacteria normally found in the axillary vault.
1.4 Personal care products are sold and used primarily for their ability to reduce the perception of body odor not only by the individual using the product but also by individuals within the scope of contact. Deodorant protection may be achieved by these products through various modes of action. Antiperspirants achieve their primary efficacy by means of the action of inorganic salts on the eccrine gland production of sweat. Antimicrobial agents achieve deodorancy by inhibiting the growth and activity of the microflora in the axillary vault thus reducing the microbial decomposition of sweat and the consequent production of body odor. Absorbents function either by "binding" available moisture or malodorous substances. Fragrances are effective by altering the perception of malodor and increasing the degree of "pleasantness." Other modes of control become important from time to time, representing changes in the state-of-the-art in product development.
1.5 The studies discussed herein are interpreted through the use of statistical tests of hypotheses. These hypotheses are usually of the form:

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Sep-1997
ICS
71.100.70 - Cosmetics. Toiletries
Technical Committee
E18 - Sensory Evaluation
Drafting Committee
E18.07 - Personal Care and Household Evaluation
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E1207-02 - Standard Practice for The Sensory Evaluation of Axillary Deodorancy
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Referred By
ASTM E1593-21 - Standard Guide for Assessing the Efficacy of Consumer Products in Reducing the Perception of Malodor
Effective Date
10-Sep-1997
Referred By
ASTM E2049-20 - Standard Guide for Quantitative Attribute Evaluation of Fragrance/Odors for Hair-care Products by Trained Assessors
Effective Date
10-Sep-1997

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ASTM E1207-87(1997) - Standard Practice for The Sensory Evaluation of Axillary DeodorancyASTM E1207-87(1997) - Standard Practice for The Sensory Evaluation of Axillary Deodorancy
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ASTM E1207-87(1997) - Standard Practice for The Sensory Evaluation of Axillary Deodorancy
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: E 1207 – 87 (Reapproved 1997)
Standard Practice for
1
The Sensory Evaluation of Axillary Deodorancy
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1207; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope the scope of contact. Deodorant protection may be achieved by
these products through various modes of action. Antiperspi-
1.1 This practice provides procedures which may be used in
rants achieve their primary efficacy by means of the action of
the design and analysis of studies to quantitatively assess the
inorganic salts on the eccrine gland production of sweat.
intensity of human axillary odor for the purpose of substanti-
Antimicrobial agents achieve deodorancy by inhibiting the
ating deodorant efficacy of personal care products.
growth and activity of the microflora in the axillary vault thus
1.2 This practice includes protocols for the selection and
reducing the microbial decomposition of sweat and the conse-
training of judges, selection of subjects, experimental design,
quent production of body odor. Absorbents function either by
and statistical analysis. This practice is limited to assessment of
“binding” available moisture or malodorous substances. Fra-
axillary odor by trained, second-party, judges. First-party or
grances are effective by altering the perception of malodor and
self-evaluation protocols are valid for selected sensory tasks
increasing the degree of “pleasantness.” Other modes of
but may be less sensitive.
control become important from time to time, representing
1.3 With respect to the source of axillary odor, three groups
changes in the state-of-the-art in product development.
of secretory glands are present in the axillae which participate
1.5 The studies discussed herein are interpreted through the
to a greater or lesser extent in its production—eccrine, apo-
use of statistical tests of hypotheses. These hypotheses are
crine, and sebaceous. Axillary odor has been primarily ascribed
2 usually of the form:
to the apocrine gland secretion (1). Body odor intensity has
The Deodorant Efficacy of Treatment A
been correlated with the volume of the secretory portion of the
= The Deodorant Efficacy of Treatment B
apocrine gland (2) and the density of the glands.
1.5.1 It should be noted that failure to reject this hypothesis
1.3.1 Apocrine glands are found primarily in the axillary
vault in conjunction with axillary hairs (3). Pure apocrine at a specified level of significance does not prove the hypoth-
esis, but merely that the weight of evidence provided by the
sweat is sterile and odorless and axillary odor results from
degradation of apocrine sweat by resident skin bacteria (4). experiment is not sufficient to reject the hypothesis. This could
occur because either: a) The hypothesis is close to truth and
High bacterial populations are found in moist regions of the
great experimental power would be required to reject it, or b)
body, especially in the axillae, providing the appropriate
The experiment by design was low in power and, therefore,
environment for growth (5).
incapable of rejecting the hypothesis; even when it is far from
1.3.2 Eccrine glands keep the axillae moist through ther-
true. This can occur due to design structure or low sample size.
mally and emotionally induced secretions (6).
These facts must be taken into consideration when interpreting
1.3.3 The sebaceous glands excrete higher molecular weight
study results.
lipid materials which absorb and retain the volatile materials
resulting from bacterial action (7). The aerobic diphtheroids
2. Referenced Documents
are able to produce the typical acrid axillary odor and the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
micrococcaceae produce an isovaleric acid-like odor when
E 253 Terminology Relating to Sensory Evaluation of Ma-
incubated with apocrine sweat (8). Therefore, the most unde-
3
terials and Products
sirable component of axillary odor is caused by degradation of
apocrine sweat by particular bacteria normally found in the
3. Terminology
axillary vault.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.4 Personal care products are sold and used primarily for
16
3.1.1 5-alpha-androst-16-en-3-one (delta (5-alpha)
their ability to reduce the perception of body odor not only by
androsten-3-one) C H O—CAS No. 18339-17-7—
the individual using the product but also by individuals within
19 28
component of axillary odor which has a “urinous” character
and results from the action of certain skin bacteria on apocrine
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-18 on Sensory
secretion (9).
Evalua
...

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5.1 The procedures recommended in this practice can be used to clinically assess axillary deodorant efficacy of personal care products.  
5.2 This practice is applicable to the product categories which include deodorant and toilet soap bars, liquid bath soaps and gels, deodorant sticks, antiperspirants, creams and lotions, body talcs, and aerosol and pump delivery deodorants, antiperspirants, and body colognes.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides procedures which may be used in the design and analysis of studies to quantitatively assess the intensity of human axillary odor for the purpose of substantiating deodorant efficacy of personal care products.  
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1.3 With respect to the source of axillary odor, three groups of secretory glands are present in the axillae which participate to a greater or lesser extent in its production—eccrine, apocrine, and sebaceous. Axillary odor has been primarily ascribed to the apocrine gland secretion (1) .2 Body odor intensity has been correlated with the volume of the secretory portion of the apocrine gland (2) and the density of the glands.  
1.3.1 Apocrine glands are found primarily in the axillary vault in conjunction with axillary hairs (3). Pure apocrine sweat is sterile and odorless and axillary odor results from degradation of apocrine sweat by resident skin bacteria  (4). High bacterial populations are found in moist regions of the body, especially in the axillae, providing the appropriate environment for growth (5).  
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1.3.3 The sebaceous glands excrete higher molecular weight lipid materials which absorb and retain the volatile materials resulting from bacterial action (7) . The aerobic diphtheroids are able to produce the typical acrid axillary odor and the micrococcaceae produce an isovaleric acid-like odor when incubated with apocrine sweat (8). Therefore, the most undesirable component of axillary odor is caused by degradation of apocrine sweat by particular bacteria normally found in the axillary vault.  
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5.1 The purpose of this guide is to assess the ability of consumer products to reduce malodor intensity from a control state. Several experimental hypotheses are possible, depending on the objective of the test. Possible objectives with respective hypotheses are given in Appendix X1.  
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1.1 The objective of this guide is to provide procedures for two different descriptive analysis approaches that may be used to qualitatively describe the sensory attributes of skin creams and lotions and quantitatively measure their intensity, similarities, and differences over time. Descriptive analysis can be used to define the sensory experience of skin care products that can then be used to provide direction in product formulation, competitive assessment, ingredient substitutions, research guidance, and advertising claim substantiation.  
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1.3 Guidelines are provided for the selection and training of assessors, defining sensory attributes, measuring intensities on rating scales, developing procedures for the manipulation of the product alone and the product on the skin, product handling, and evaluation of skin condition before testing.  
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5.1 This in vivo procedure is designed to test the ability of hygienic handwash or handrub agents to eliminate fungal contamination from experimentally-contaminated hands. Since the two thumbpads and all eight fingerpads can be used in any given test, it allows for the incorporation of an input control (two), control for culturable cells of the test fungus remaining after the inoculum has dried (two), fungal cells eliminated after treatment with a control or reference solution (two), and up to four replicates to assess the fungus-eliminating efficiency of the formulation under test. No more than 100 µL of the test fungal suspension is required to complete one test.  
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5.3 The levels of culturable microorganisms left on hands after washing can be reduced further by drying the washed hands with paper, cloth, or warm air (5). A step for the drying of fingerpads after exposure to the control or test solution, therefore, has not been included to avoid fungal removal by the drying process itself.  
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5.5 The level of contamination with culturable fungi on each fingerpad after the drying of the inoculum should be at least 104 CFU so that it would permit the detection of up to a 4-log10 reduction in the viability titer of the test organism by a test formulation under the conditions of this test. This in itself does not represent the product performance criterion, which may vary depending on the jurisdiction and the nature of the formulation being evaluated.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is designed to assess the ability of hygienic handwash and handrub agents to reduce levels of fungal contamination on hands (3) . This practice is not meant for use with surgical hand scrubs (Test Method E1115) or preoperative skin preps (Test Method E1173).  
1.2 Performance of this procedure requires the knowledge of regulations pertaining to human experimentation.3  
1.3 The practice should be performed by persons with training in microbiology in facilities designed and equipped for work with infectious agents at biosafety level 2 (4).  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The approaches to the evaluation of toothbrushes and toothpaste recommended in this guide can be used to assess the sensory characteristics of toothpaste in use and after use (or a series of uses). This guide is meant to address the evaluation of standalone toothbrush and toothpaste products and does not address packaging, product/package interaction, dispensing, or overall clinical effect or benefit of the product. The procedures outlined in this guide are to be used by assessors that have been specifically screened for sensory and descriptive ability and trained in the evaluation of toothbrushes or toothpaste or both. The procedures described in this guide can be used to guide product development within a manufacturer and communicate information regarding the product to the consumer through the media or on product packaging.  
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SCOPE
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Standard Guide for Sensory Evaluation of Axillary Deodorancy

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedures recommended in this practice can be used to clinically assess axillary deodorant efficacy of personal care products.  
5.2 This practice is applicable to the product categories which include deodorant and toilet soap bars, liquid bath soaps and gels, deodorant sticks, antiperspirants, creams and lotions, body talcs, and aerosol and pump delivery deodorants, antiperspirants, and body colognes.  
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5.4 These procedures may be used by persons who have familiarized themselves with these procedures and have had previous experience with sensory evaluation.  
5.5 This practice provides suggested procedures and is not meant to exclude alternate procedures which may be effectively used to provide the same clinical result.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides procedures which may be used in the design and analysis of studies to quantitatively assess the intensity of human axillary odor for the purpose of substantiating deodorant efficacy of personal care products.  
1.2 This guide includes protocols for the selection and training of assessors, selection of subjects, experimental design, and statistical analyses. This practice is limited to assessment of axillary odor by trained assessors. Self-evaluation protocols are valid for selected sensory tasks but may be less sensitive.  
1.3 With respect to the source of axillary odor, three groups of secretory glands are present in the axillae which participate to a greater or lesser extent in its production—eccrine, apocrine, and sebaceous. Axillary odor has been primarily ascribed to the apocrine gland secretion (1) .2 Body odor intensity has been correlated with the volume of the secretory portion of the apocrine gland (2) and the density of the glands.  
1.3.1 Apocrine glands are found primarily in the axillary vault in conjunction with axillary hairs (3). Pure apocrine sweat is sterile and odorless and axillary odor results from degradation of apocrine sweat by resident skin bacteria  (4). High bacterial populations are found in moist regions of the body, especially in the axillae, providing the appropriate environment for growth (5).  
1.3.2 Eccrine glands keep the axillae moist through thermally and emotionally induced secretions (6).  
1.3.3 The sebaceous glands excrete higher molecular weight lipid materials which absorb and retain the volatile materials resulting from bacterial action (7) . The aerobic diphtheroids are able to produce the typical acrid axillary odor and the micrococcaceae produce an isovaleric acid-like odor when incubated with apocrine sweat (8). Therefore, the most undesirable component of axillary odor is caused by degradation of apocrine sweat by particular bacteria normally found in the axillary vault.  
1.4 Personal care products are sold and used primarily for their ability to reduce the perception of body odor not only by the individual using the product but also by individuals within the scope of contact. Deodorant protection may be achieved by these products through various modes of action. Antiperspirants achieve their primary efficacy by means of the action of inorganic salts on the eccrine gland production of sweat. Antimicrobial agents achieve deodorancy by inhibiting the growth and activity of the microflora in the axillary vault thus reducing the microbial decomposition of sweat and the consequent production of body odor. Absorbents function either by “binding” available moisture or malodorous substances. Fragrances are effective by altering the perception of malodor and increasing the degree of “pleasantness.” Other modes of control become important from time...

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ASTM
ASTM E1593-21(Guide)
Standard Guide for Assessing the Efficacy of Consumer Products in Reducing the Perception of Malodor

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of this guide is to assess the ability of consumer products to reduce malodor intensity from a control state. Several experimental hypotheses are possible, depending on the objective of the test. Possible objectives with respective hypotheses are given in Appendix X1.  
5.2 Many consumer products are sold commercially with the intent of providing a means of improving the odor quality of a volume of air, or the odor quality of a substrate such as fabric or household surfaces, relative to some existing environmental condition. In the case of air care products, this typically involves the application of an odorous substance into the air space by means of some active or passive mechanism (for example, by spraying, or by evaporation). This procedure is also applicable to other mechanisms of odor reduction (for example, air filtration, chemical reactions, etc.).  
5.3 Selection of representative malodor sources is of critical importance. The malodor source must be readily available and of a consistent odor quality. A reasonable malodor source should be chemically and aesthetically correct. The experimenter and client must agree upon the appropriateness of a malodor source before further details of the test design are worked out. Experimental variation will be reduced by using uniform malodor sources. Information collected on malodor reduction will thus be more comparable from experiment to experiment and from laboratory to laboratory.  
5.4 The procedure recommended can be used for assessment of the malodor reduction and elimination efficacy of consumer products including: air fresheners, air filtration products, aerosol/spray and continuous/solid air freshener products, candles, fabric care products including detergents and fabric enhancing/conditioning products, surface care products including carpet care products, surface cleaning products such as sprays etc., pet care products, and other products intended to deliver a malodor reduction benefit. It s...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers standard procedures for the quantitative sensory assessment of perceived olfactory intensity of malodors for the purpose of assessing the malodor reduction efficacy of consumer products including, but not limited to, air care, fabric care, home care, pet care, and similar products.  
1.2 This guide is not intended to cover axillary deodorancy; refer instead to Guide E1207.  
1.3 Malodors may be from natural or synthetic sources.  
1.4 This guide is a compendium of information or series of options that does not recommend a specific course of action. The user of this guide is responsible for identifying the most appropriate test design and using the appropriate statistical tools to address the experimental design.  
1.5 This guide is designed to provide guidance in product formulation and new product development, and for quality control issues.  
1.6 The scope of this guide does not include all guidance necessary to support claims. For further guidance the researcher may refer to Guide E1958. The usage of methods described in this guide can be used as part of a comprehensive claims support strategy for technical types of claims (such as claims that the product will create a sensory change when used on malodor). However, this guide does not address other important elements of the claim support strategy, including determining the statistical confidence requirements, or determination of the consumer relevance of the data obtained, as discussed in 1.7.  
1.7 The testing of products designed to reduce malodors via sensory testing as outlined in the present Guide can yield technical support for products’ efficacy claims. The methods described in this guide—assesors with identified sensory acuity and trained, malodors that may be lab-created or synthetic, and controlled exposure to malodors in a controlled indoor environment—can deliver results with high internal validity. Internal validity refers to s...

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  • Guide
    13 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off