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ASTM D3511-07

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling Tester

Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling Tester

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the propensity of a fabric to form pills from fuzz under test conditions intended to simulate normal wear using the brush pilling tester. This procedure is generally applicable to all types of apparel fabrics including both woven and knitted fabrics. Note 1For other test methods for the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D 3512, D 3514, and D 4970.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2007
ICS
59.080.30 - Textile fabrics
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.60 - Fabric Physical Test Methods B
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D3511-05 - Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling Tester
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Replaced By
ASTM D3511-07a - Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling Tester
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Referred By
ASTM D3181-15(2019) - Standard Guide for Conducting Wear Tests on Textiles
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007

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ASTM D3511-07 - Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling TesterASTM D3511-07 - Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling Tester
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ASTM D3511-07 - Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling Tester
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REDLINE ASTM D3511-07 - Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling TesterREDLINE ASTM D3511-07 - Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling Tester
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D3511–07
Standard Test Method for
Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of
1
Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling Tester
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3511; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
3
1. Scope 2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
ADJD3512 Set of 5 Photographic Standards for Random
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the pro-
Tumble Pilling Test
pensity of a fabric to form pills from fuzz under test conditions
intended to simulate normal wear using the brush pilling tester.
3. Terminology
This procedure is generally applicable to all types of apparel
3.1 Definitions:
fabrics including both woven and knitted fabrics.
3.1.1 fuzz, n—untangled fiber ends that protrude from the
NOTE 1—For other test methods for the pilling resistance of textiles,
surface of a yarn or fabric.
refer to Test Methods D 3512, D 3514, and D 4970.
3.1.2 pilling resistance, n—resistance to the formation of
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
pills on the surface of a textile fabric.
are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text,
3.1.3 pills, n—bunches or balls of tangled fibers which are
the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values
held to the surface of a fabric by one or more fibers.
stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each
3.1.4 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
method, refer to Terminology D 123.
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
4. Summary of Test Method
with the specification.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 Pilling and other changes in surface appearance, such as
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the fuzzing, which occur in normal wear are simulated on labora-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
tory testing machines. Fabrics are subjected to simulated wear
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- conditions: first brushing the specimens to free fiber ends that
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
form fuzz on the surface of the fabric, then rubbing two of the
specimens together in circular motion to roll the fiber ends into
2. Referenced Documents
pills.Thedegreeoffabricpillingisevaluatedbycomparingthe
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tested specimens with visual standards, which may be actual
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
fabrics or photographs of fabrics, showing a range of pilling
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
resistance. The observed resistance to pilling is reported using
D 3512 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-
an arbitrary rating scale.
lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random Tumble
5. Significance and Use
Pilling Tester
D 3514 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re- 5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics for
lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric Pad
resistancetopillingisnotrecommendedforacceptancetesting.
D 4970 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re- If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with
lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale
caution because interlaboratory data are not available. In some
Tester cases the purchaser and the supplier may have to test a
commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the
best available method, even though the method has not been
recommended for acceptance testing.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles
5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance be-
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
Specific. tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),
Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published August 2007. Originally
comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is
approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D 3511 – 05.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from ASTM Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Consho-
the ASTM website. hocken, PA 19428. Request ADJD3512.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3511–07
a statistical bias betwee
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D3511–05 Designation:D3511–07
Standard Test Method for
Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of
1
Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling Tester
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3511; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationofthepropensityofafabrictoformpillsfromfuzzundertestconditionsintended
to simulate normal wear using the brush pilling tester. This procedure is generally applicable to all types of apparel fabrics
including both woven and knitted fabrics.
NOTE 1—For other test methods for the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D 3512, D 3514, and D 4970.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the
inch-pound units are shown in parentheses.The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall
be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D 3512 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random Tumble Pilling
Tester
D 3514 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric Pad
D 4970 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes ofTextile Fabrics (Martindale Pressure Fabrics:
Martindale Tester Method)
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
3
ADJD3512 Set of 5 Photographic Standards for Random Tumble Pilling TestASTM Adjuncts:
ADJD3512 Set of 5 Photographic Standards for Random Tumble Pilling Test
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 fuzz, n—untangled fiber ends that protrude from the surface of a yarn or fabric.
3.1.2 pilling resistance, n—resistance to the formation of pills on the surface of a textile fabric.
3.1.3 pills, n—bunches or balls of tangled fibers which are held to the surface of a fabric by one or more fibers.
3.1.4 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D 123.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Pilling and other changes in surface appearance, such as fuzzing, which occur in normal wear are simulated on laboratory
testing machines. Fabrics are subjected to simulated wear conditions: first brushing the specimens to free fiber ends that form fuzz
on the surface of the fabric, then rubbing two of the specimens together in circular motion to roll the fiber ends into pills. The
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on FabricTest Methods, Specific.
Current edition approved Sept.July 1, 2005.2007. Published October 2005.August 2007. Originally approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 20022005 as
D 3511 – 025.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from ASTM Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Request ADJD3512.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3511–07
degree of fabric pilling is evaluated by comparing the tested specimens with visual standards, which may be actual fabrics or
photographsoffabrics,showingarangeofpillingresistance.Theobservedresistancetopillingisreportedusinganarbitraryrating
scale.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics for resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. If
it is used for acceptance testing, it should be use
...

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1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4966-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—this test method is not considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of fabric. The between-laboratory precision of this test method is poor and, because of the nature of abrasion testing itself, technicians frequently fail to obtain results in agreement on the same type of testing instrument, both within and between laboratories. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely, especially outside the United States.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Students t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion also is affected greatly by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension on the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must be changed accordingly at freque...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics using the Martindale abrasion tester. The method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: For other current test methods of testing the abrasion resistance of textiles refer to Test Methods D3884, D3885, D3886, D4157, D4158, and AATCC TM93.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4970/D4970M-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with caution because interlaboratory data are not available. In some cases the purchaser or supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely outside the United States.  
5.2 If there is a disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using this test method, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier should be determined with comparison being based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. A minimum of two parties should take a group of test specimens, which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average test results from the two laboratories should be compared using an acceptable statistical protocol and probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is started. Appropriate statistical disciplines for comparing data must be used when the purchaser and supplier cannot agree. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future results with consideration for the known bias.  
5.3 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex property because it is affected by many factors that include type of fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, and fabric f...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to the formation of pills and other related surface changes on textile fabrics using the Martindale tester.
Note 1: For other methods, if testing the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D3511/D3511M, D3512/D3512M, and D3514.  
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.3 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned before testing as agreed upon among interested parties.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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