Standard Specification for Air Channel Evaluation of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Dual Track Seamed Geomembranes

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers a nondestructive evaluation of the strength and continuity of parallel PVC geomembrane seams separated by an unwelded air channel. The unwelded air channel between the two distinct seamed regions is sealed and inflated with air to a predetermined pressure. Long lengths of seam can be evaluated by this specification more quickly than by other common nondestructive tests.  
1.2 This specification can be used as a substitute for destructive testing or used in conjunction with destructive testing.  
1.3 This specification covers PVC sheet 0.760 mm [0.030 in.] and thicker.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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Publication Date
30-Apr-2015
Technical Committee
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ASTM D7177/D7177M-05(2015)e1 - Standard Specification for Air Channel Evaluation of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Dual Track Seamed Geomembranes
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation:D7177/D7177M −05 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Specification for
Air Channel Evaluation of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Dual
Track Seamed Geomembranes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7177/D7177M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Designation was changed to dual and units information was corrected editorially in June 2015.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This specification covers a nondestructive evaluation of
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
the strength and continuity of parallel PVC geomembrane
seams separated by an unwelded air channel. The unwelded air
3. Terminology
channel between the two distinct seamed regions is sealed and
3.1 Definitions:
inflated with air to a predetermined pressure. Long lengths of
3.1.1 dual seam, n—a geomembrane seam with two parallel
seam can be evaluated by this specification more quickly than
welded zones separated by an unwelded air space.
by other common nondestructive tests.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The dual seam itself can be made by a
1.2 This specification can be used as a substitute for
number of methods; hot wedge, hot air, and ultrasonic bonding
destructive testing or used in conjunction with destructive are all typical techniques.
testing.
3.1.2 geomembrane, n—an essentially impermeable geo-
synthetic composed of one or more synthetic sheets.
1.3 This specification covers PVC sheet 0.760 mm [0.030
3.1.3 seam, n—a permanent joining of two or more materi-
in.] and thicker.
als.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
3.2 For definitions of other terms, see Terminology D4439.
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
4. Summary of Specification
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
4.1 This specification utilizes a dual seam where an air
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
channel exists between the two welded zones. Both ends of the
with the standard.
air channel are sealed and then a pressure gauge is attached to
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
the air space. Air pressure is applied and the gauge is
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
monitored.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.2 Air pressures used in this specification are related to the
priate safety, health and environmental practices and deter-
ambient temperature of the PVC geomembrane and can be
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
used for thickness 0.760 mm [0.030 in.] and thicker PVC
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
geomembrane. The air pressure is not dependant on thickness
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- of the PVC geomembrane being tested.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
4.3 The minimum monitoring time is recommended to be ⁄2
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
min (30 s) following stabilization of the pressure.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The increased use of geomembranes as barrier materials
to restrict liquid or gas movement, and the common use of dual
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.06 on Geosyn-
thetic Specifications. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2015. Published June 2015. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D7177–05(2010). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D7177_D7177M-05R15E01. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
D7177/D7177M−05 (2015)
track seams in joining these sheets, has created a need for a 6.8 Infrared or Probe Type Thermometer, able to measure
standard nondestructive test by which the quality of the seams the sheet temperature to an accuracy of 61.1°C [62°F].
NOTE 1—All gauges should be calibrated as specified by the
can be assessed for continuity, water tightness, and strength.
manufacturer, or at a frequency of at least once per year.
The test is also intended to provide an indication of the
NOTE 2—A change of 1°F equals a change of ⁄9 = 0.56°C.
physical peel strength of the PVC seam.
7. Procedure
5.2 This specification recommends an air pressure test
within the channel created between dual seamed tracks
7.1 After the dual track seam is fabricated and the length of
whereby the presence of un-bonded sections or channels,
seam that is to be evaluated is determined, seal one end of the
voids, discontinuities, foreign objects, and the like, in the
continuous air channel with a clamp.
seamed region can be identified.
7.2 Connect the pressure gauge and air insertion tool di-
5.3 This technique is intended for use on seams of PVC
rectly into the air channel.
Geomembrane sheets 0.760 mm [0.030 in.] and thicker formu-
7.3 Connect an air supply to the pressure gauge and inser-
lated from the appropriate polymers and compounding ingre-
tion tool and pressurize the air channel to the pressure
dients to form a polyvinyl chloride sheet material that meets all
appropriate for the PVC geomembrane sheet temperature.
specified requirements for the end use of the product.
(Refer to Table 1.)
5.4 This test is used to assure minimum peel strengths are
7.4 Maintain the minimum pressure from the source for a
met through the entire seam area.
minimum of 30 s.
5.5 This test measures the seam strength to 2.6 kN/m [15
7.5 Inspect the seam from the clamped end for complete
lb/in.] width minimum peel strengths.
inflation.Iftheseamcompletelyinflatesandthereisnoaudible
5.6 Thisprocedureisbasedonanairchannelwidthof15.87
or visible evidence of air leakage, the seam passes the test.
6 3.17 mm [0.625 6 0.125 in.]. For air channels greater or
...


This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D7177 − 05 (Reapproved 2010) D7177/D7177M − 05 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Specification for
Air Channel Evaluation of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Dual
Track Seamed Geomembranes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7177;D7177/D7177M; the number immediately following the designation indicates
the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Designation was changed to dual and units information was corrected editorially in June 2015.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers a nondestructive evaluation of the strength and continuity of parallel PVC geomembrane seams
separated by an unwelded air channel. The unwelded air channel between the two distinct seamed regions is sealed and inflated
with air to a predetermined pressure. Long lengths of seam can be evaluated by this specification more quickly than by other
common nondestructive tests.
1.2 This specification can be used as a substitute for destructive testing or used in conjunction with destructive testing.
1.3 This specification covers PVC sheet 0.760 mm (0.030 in.)[0.030 in.] and thicker.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 dual seam, n—a geomembrane seam with two parallel welded zones separated by an unwelded air space.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomembranes.
Current edition approved July 1, 2010May 1, 2015. Published October 2010June 2015. Originally approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 20052010 as
D7177D7177–05(2010).–05. DOI: 10.1520/D7177-05R10.10.1520/D7177_D7177M-05R15E01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
The dual seam itself can be made by a number of methods; hot wedge, hot air, and ultrasonic bonding are all typical techniques.
3.1.2 geomembrane, n—an essentially impermeable geo-synthetic composed of one or more synthetic sheets.
3.1.3 seam, n—a permanent joining of two or more materials.
3.2 For definitions of other terms, see Terminology D4439.
4. Summary of Specification
4.1 This specification utilizes a dual seam where an air channel exists between the two welded zones. Both ends of the air
channel are sealed and then a pressure gauge is attached to the air space. Air pressure is applied and the gauge is monitored.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
D7177/D7177M − 05 (2015)
4.2 Air pressures used in this specification are related to the ambient temperature of the PVC geomembrane and can be used
for thickness 0.760 mm (0.030 in.)[0.030 in.] and thicker PVC geomembrane. The air pressure is not dependant on thickness of
the PVC geomembrane being tested.
4.3 The minimum monitoring time is recommended to be ⁄2 min (30 s) following stabilization of the pressure.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The increased use of geomembranes as barrier materials to restrict liquid or gas movement, and the common use of dual
track seams in joining these sheets, has created a need for a standard nondestructive test by which the quality of the seams can
be assessed for continuity, water tightness, and strength. The test is also intended to provide an indication of the physical peel
strength of the PVC seam.
5.2 This specification recommends an air pressure test within the channel created between dual seamed tracks whereby the
presence of un-bonded sections or channels, voids, discontinuities, foreign objects, and the like, in the seamed region can be
identified.
5.3 This technique is intended for use on seams of PVC Geomembrane sheets 0.760 mm (0.030 in.)[0.030 in.] and thicker
formulated from the appropriate polymers and compounding ingredients to form a polyvinyl chloride sheet material that meets all
specified requirements for the end use of the product.
5.4 This test is used to assure minimum peel strengths are met through the entire seam area.
5.5 This test measures the seam strength to 2.6 kN/m (15 lb/in.[15 lb/in.] width minimum)minimum peel strengths.
5.6 This procedure is based on an air channel width of 15.87 6 3.17 mm (0.625[0.625 6 0.125 in.).in.]. For air channels greater
or lesser in lay flat width use the formula below to calculate hoop stress.
5.7 Hoop Stress (Barlow’s Formula)—The stress in a channel wall acting circumferentially in a plane perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis of the channel and produced by the pressure of the air in the channel.
5.7.1 Hoop Stress Calculation:
PD
S 5 (1)
2t
where:where:
S = hoop stress, psi,
P = internal pressure,
D = outside diameter of the channel, in., and
t = normal wall thickness, in.
6. Equipment
6.1 Sealing Equipment, appropriate to seal the two ends of the air channel.
6.2 A device is necessary to insert air into the open channel and allow monitoring its pressure. This device is unique to each
user.
6.3 Air Pump or Air Pressure Supply, capable of generating up to 517 kPa (75 psi)[75 psi] pressure is necessary.
6.4 Pressure Gauge, capable of indicating the air pressure in 7 kPa (1 psi)[1 psi] increments within the test range.
6.5 Any equipment used on the geomembrane must be placed on an adequate cushion to preclude damage to the geomembrane.
6.6 Flexible Hose, used to co
...

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