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ASTM F683-23a

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Selection and Application of Thermal Insulation for Piping and Machinery

Standard Practice for Selection and Application of Thermal Insulation for Piping and Machinery

ABSTRACT
This practice provides the design and dimensional details required for the proper selection of the type of, and correct installation procedures for, thermal insulation materials suitable for use on piping, machinery, and equipment employed in nonnuclear shipboard applications. The insulation and lagging requirements for the removable covers of valves, fittings, flanges, and machinery or equipment, as well as the requirements for thermal insulating tape, are also detailed completely.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the selection of types and thicknesses of thermal insulation materials for piping, machinery, and equipment for nonnuclear shipboard applications within the temperature ranges specified in Tables 1-16. Methods and materials for installation, including lagging, are also detailed.  
1.2 This practice addresses operating temperatures from a low of –20 °F (–29 °C) up to 1200 °F (649 °C).  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Nov-2023
ICS
27.220 - Heat recovery. Thermal insulation
Technical Committee
F25 - Ships and Marine Technology
Drafting Committee
F25.02 - Insulation/Processes
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM F683-23 - Standard Practice for Selection and Application of Thermal Insulation for Piping and Machinery
Effective Date
01-Dec-2023
Refers
ASTM C680-23a - Standard Practice for Estimate of the Heat Gain or Loss and the Surface Temperatures of Insulated Flat, Cylindrical, and Spherical Systems by Use of Computer Programs
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Refers
ASTM C680-23 - Standard Practice for Estimate of the Heat Gain or Loss and the Surface Temperatures of Insulated Flat, Cylindrical, and Spherical Systems by Use of Computer Programs
Effective Date
01-Mar-2023
Referred By
ASTM F3319-20 - Standard Specification for Selection and Application of Field-Installed Cryogenic Pipe and Equipment Insulation Systems on Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)-Fueled Ships
Effective Date
01-Dec-2023
Referred By
ASTM F1155-10(2019) - Standard Practice for Selection and Application of Piping System Materials
Effective Date
01-Dec-2023
Referred By
ASTM F2876-22 - Standard Practice for Thermal Rating and Installation of Internal Combustion Engine Packages for use in Hazardous Locations in Marine Applications
Effective Date
01-Dec-2023

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ASTM F683-23a - Standard Practice for Selection and Application of Thermal Insulation for Piping and Machinery
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REDLINE ASTM F683-23a - Standard Practice for Selection and Application of Thermal Insulation for Piping and MachineryREDLINE ASTM F683-23a - Standard Practice for Selection and Application of Thermal Insulation for Piping and Machinery
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F683 − 23a An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
Selection and Application of Thermal Insulation for Piping
1
and Machinery
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F683; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope B209/B209M Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-
Alloy Sheet and Plate
1.1 This practice covers the selection of types and thick-
C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
nesses of thermal insulation materials for piping, machinery,
C195 Specification for Mineral Fiber Thermal Insulating
and equipment for nonnuclear shipboard applications within
Cement
the temperature ranges specified in Tables 1-16. Methods and
C449/C449M Specification for Mineral Fiber Hydraulic-
materials for installation, including lagging, are also detailed.
Setting Thermal Insulating and Finishing Cement
1.2 This practice addresses operating temperatures from a
C533 Specification for Calcium Silicate Block and Pipe
low of –20 °F (–29 °C) up to 1200 °F (649 °C).
Thermal Insulation
C534 Specification for Preformed Flexible Elastomeric Cel-
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical lular Thermal Insulation in Sheet and Tubular Form
C547 Specification for Mineral Fiber Pipe Insulation
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
and are not considered standard. C552 Specification for Cellular Glass Thermal Insulation
C553 Specification for Mineral Fiber Blanket Thermal Insu-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
lation for Commercial and Industrial Applications
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
C610 Specification for Molded Expanded Perlite Block and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Pipe Thermal Insulation
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
C612 Specification for Mineral Fiber Block and Board
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Thermal Insulation
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
C680 Practice for Estimate of the Heat Gain or Loss and the
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Surface Temperatures of Insulated Flat, Cylindrical, and
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Spherical Systems by Use of Computer Programs
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
C892 Specification for High-Temperature Fiber Blanket
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Thermal Insulation
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
C1086 Specification for Glass Fiber Mechanically Bonded
2
Felt Thermal Insulation
2. Referenced Documents
C1729 Specification for Aluminum Jacketing for Insulation
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C1767 Specification for Stainless Steel Jacketing for Insula-
A240 Specification for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel
tion
Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Pressure Vessels
D962 Specification for Aluminum Powder and Paste Pig-
and for General Applications
ments for Paints
4
2.2 Federal Specifications:
HH-P-31 Packing and Lagging Material, Fibrous Glass Me-
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F25 on Ships and
tallic and Plain Cloth and Tape
Marine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.02 on
4
Insulation/Processes.
2.3 Military Specifications:
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2023. Published December 2023. Originally
MIL-C-20079 Cloth, Glass, Tape, Textile Glass and Thread,
approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2023 as F683 – 23. DOI:
Glass
10.1520/F0683-23A.
2
The latest revision of all referenced documents shall apply.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from DLA Document Services, Building 4/D, 700 Robbins Ave.,
the ASTM website. Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, http://quicksearch.dla.mil.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F683 − 23a
A,B
TABLE 1 Insulation and Lagging Materials for Pipe, Tubing, and Fittings Used for Interior Pip
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F683 − 23 F683 − 23a An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
Selection and Application of Thermal Insulation for Piping
1
and Machinery
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F683; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers the selection of types and thicknesses of thermal insulation materials for piping, machinery, and
equipment for nonnuclear shipboard applications within the temperature ranges specified in Tables 1-16. Methods and materials
for installation, including lagging, are also detailed.
1.2 This practice addresses operating temperatures from a low of –20 °F (–29 °C) up to 1200 °F (649 °C).
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A240 Specification for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Pressure Vessels and for
General Applications
B209/B209M Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Sheet and Plate
C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
C195 Specification for Mineral Fiber Thermal Insulating Cement
C449/C449M Specification for Mineral Fiber Hydraulic-Setting Thermal Insulating and Finishing Cement
C533 Specification for Calcium Silicate Block and Pipe Thermal Insulation
C534 Specification for Preformed Flexible Elastomeric Cellular Thermal Insulation in Sheet and Tubular Form
C547 Specification for Mineral Fiber Pipe Insulation
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F25 on Ships and Marine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.02 on
Insulation/Processes.
Current edition approved May 1, 2023Dec. 1, 2023. Published June 2023December 2023. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 20212023 as
F683 – 21.F683 – 23. DOI: 10.1520/F0683-23.10.1520/F0683-23A.
2
The latest revision of all referenced documents shall apply.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F683 − 23a
A,B
TABLE 1 Insulation and Lagging Materials for Pipe, Tubing, and Fittings Used for Interior Piping Systems
Temperature Range
C,D
Insulation Specification Lagging Specification
°F (°C)
−20 to +40 (−29 to +4) cellular glass ASTM C552, Type II Woven fibrous glass cloth MIL-C-20079, Type I, Classes
3 through 9
−20 to +40 (−29 to +4) cellular glass ASTM C552, Type II Woven glass fiber cloth MIL-C-20079, Type I, Classes
3 through 9
Knitted fibrous glass tape MIL-C-20079, Type II, Class 3
Knitted glass fiber tape MIL-C-20079, Type II, Class 3
Table 12 materials
A
elastomeric cellular MIL-PRF-32514, Type I, (ASTM Woven fibrous glass cloth MIL-C-20079, Type I, Classes
C534, Grade 3), ASTM C534, 3 through 9
Grades 1, 2, and 3
A
elastomeric cellular MIL-PRF-32514, Type I, (ASTM Woven glass fiber cloth MIL-C-20079, Type I, Classes
C534, Grade 3), ASTM C534, 3 through 9
Grades 1, 2, and 3
Knitted fibrous glass tape MIL-C-20079, Type II, Class 3
Knitted glass fiber tape MIL-C-20079, Type II, Class 3
Table 12 materials
41 to 125 (5 to 51) cellular glass ASTM C552, Type II Woven fibrous glass cloth M
...

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ASTM F3319-20(Specification)
Standard Specification for Selection and Application of Field-Installed Cryogenic Pipe and Equipment Insulation Systems on Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)-Fueled Ships

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1.1 This specification provides requirements for the design of thermal insulation systems for cryogenic piping and equipment for liquefied natural gas (LNG)-fueled ship applications. Methods and materials for installation, including jacketing and vapor retarders, are also detailed.  
1.2 The pipe and equipment operating temperature range addressed by this specification is from a temperature no warmer than –259°F (–162°C) to all temperatures colder.  
1.3 These types of piping systems typically have a small diameter: 3 in. (80 mm) NPS and smaller. However, this specification is not limited to pipes that small.  
1.4 This specification does not address the thermal insulation on either LNG fuel tanks or factory installed, pre-insulated pipe insulation assemblies.  
1.5 The design of removable/reusable insulation systems is not addressed in this specification.  
1.6 Structural design and physical strength of insulation systems are not addressed in this specification. However, the securement of jacketing systems is addressed.  
1.7 For above ambient pipe and equipment not carrying LNG, see Practice F683 for insulation practices.  
1.8 Insulation system weight is not a design criterion considered in this specification.  
1.9 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM C680-23a(Practice)
Standard Practice for Estimate of the Heat Gain or Loss and the Surface Temperatures of Insulated Flat, Cylindrical, and Spherical Systems by Use of Computer Programs

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Manufacturers of thermal insulation express the performance of their products in charts and tables showing heat gain or loss per unit surface area or unit length of pipe. This data is presented for typical insulation thicknesses, operating temperatures, surface orientations (facing up, down, horizontal, vertical), and in the case of pipes, different pipe sizes. The exterior surface temperature of the insulation is often shown to provide information on personnel protection or surface condensation. However, additional information on effects of wind velocity, jacket emittance, ambient conditions and other influential parameters may also be required to properly select an insulation system. Due to the large number of combinations of size, temperature, humidity, thickness, jacket properties, surface emittance, orientation, and ambient conditions, it is not practical to publish data for each possible case, Refs (7,8).  
5.2 Users of thermal insulation faced with the problem of designing large thermal insulation systems encounter substantial engineering cost to obtain the required information. This cost can be substantially reduced by the use of accurate engineering data tables, or available computer analysis tools, or both. The use of this practice by both manufacturers and users of thermal insulation will provide standardized engineering data of sufficient accuracy for predicting thermal insulation system performance. However, it is important to note that the accuracy of results is extremely dependent on the accuracy of the input data. Certain applications may need specific data to produce meaningful results.  
5.3 The use of analysis procedures described in this practice can also apply to designed or existing systems. In the rectangular coordinate system, Practice C680 can be applied to heat flows normal to flat, horizontal or vertical surfaces for all types of enclosures, such as boilers, furnaces, refrigerated chambers and building envelopes. In the cylindrical c...
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1.1 This practice provides the algorithms and calculation methodologies for predicting the heat loss or gain and surface temperatures of certain thermal insulation systems that can attain one dimensional, steady- or quasi-steady-state heat transfer conditions in field operations.  
1.2 This practice is based on the assumption that the thermal insulation systems can be well defined in rectangular, cylindrical or spherical coordinate systems and that the insulation systems are composed of homogeneous, uniformly dimensioned materials that reduce heat flow between two different temperature conditions.  
1.3 Qualified personnel familiar with insulation-systems design and analysis should resolve the applicability of the methodologies to real systems. The range and quality of the physical and thermal property data of the materials comprising the thermal insulation system limit the calculation accuracy. Persons using this practice must have a knowledge of the practical application of heat transfer theory relating to thermal insulation materials and systems.  
1.4 The computer program that can be generated from the algorithms and computational methodologies defined in this practice is described in Section 7 of this practice. The computer program is intended for flat slab, pipe and hollow sphere insulation systems.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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Standard Specification for Faced Rigid Cellular Polyisocyanurate Thermal Insulation Board

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the general requirements for faced thermal insulation boards composed of rigid cellular polyisocyanurate surfaced with other materials. This standard is intended to apply to rigid cellular polyurethane-modified polyisocyanurate thermal insulation board products that are commercially acceptable as nonstructural panels useful in building construction. The materials are classified as follows: Types I, II, III, IV, and V. Under Type I are Classes 1 and 2. Under Type II are Classes 1, 2, and 3. Under Type II Class 1 are Grades 1, 2, and 3. Rigid polyisocyanurate thermal insulation boards shall be based upon the reaction of an isocyanate with a polyol, or the reaction of an isocyanate with itself, or both, using a catalyst and blowing agents to form a rigid closed-cell-structured polyisocyanurate foam. The insulation foam core shall be homogeneous and of uniform density. The following test methods shall be performed to conform to the specified requirements: conditioning; thermal resistance; compressive strength; dimensional stability; flexural strength; tensile strength perpendicular to board surface; water absorption; and water vapor transmission.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for faced thermal insulation boards composed of rigid cellular polyisocyanurate surfaced with other materials. The insulation boards are intended for use at temperatures between −40 and 200°F (−40 and 93°C). This specification does not cover cryogenic applications. Consult the manufacturer for specific recommendations and properties in cryogenic conditions. For specific applications, the actual temperature limits shall be agreed upon by the manufacturer and the purchaser.  
1.2 This standard is intended to apply to rigid cellular polyurethane-modified polyisocyanurate thermal insulation board products that are commercially acceptable as non-structural panels useful in building construction. The term polyisocyanurate encompasses the term polyurethane. For engineering and design purposes, users should follow specific product information provided by board manufacturers regarding physical properties, system design considerations and installation recommendations.
Note 1: See Appendix X1 for guidance on determining wind pressure resistance of panels when required for wall sheathing applications.  
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ASTM C488-16(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Conducting Exterior Exposure Tests of Finishes for Thermal Insulation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Both physical and chemical changes possibly occur from weather exposure, and these changes affect performance properties, service life, and maintenance schedules. For this reason, tests of properties relating to performance shall be made both before and after specific periods of outdoor exposure.  
5.2 This test method recognizes that differing geographical locations, environmental conditions, differences between surface temperatures and ambient temperatures, and test durations have extremely varied effects upon the test results.  
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1.1 This test method covers out-of-doors exposure testing of finishes that are normally field-applied to thermal insulation and possibly include joints or joint sealants, or both. Such exposure is essential prior to the determination of certain physical properties when the finish is to be exposed to exterior weather conditions. This test method also indicates possible compatibility problems between the joint sealant and the finish as well as the ability of the finish to span a dry joint. This test method is not intended to evaluate mildew resistance, efflorescence, or chemical resistance.  
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These test methods cover procedures for sampling and testing mastics and coatings for use as weather and vapour barrier finishes on thermal insulations and for other accessory use. Take the samples for laboratory examination from the original containers immediately after stirring to a uniform condition. Determine the number of containers sampled as required representing a shipment. Open the original containers and examine them for uniformity of contents. The procedures for determining the stability of coatings under freezing are presented in details. The paper covers the determination of the volume of volatile matter and the coverage per unit of dry film thickness of mastics and coatings. Application of the material to the test panels shall meet the requirements prescribed, or to the thickness and by the method to be followed in practice, such as spray, brush, or trowel. Test the coated panel prepared in accordance with the required method at 15-min intervals to determine the time required to set-to-touch, and at 30-min intervals to determine the time to reach practical hardness.
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This specification covers non-metallic thermal insulation for use in contact with austenitic stainless steel piping and equipment. The material shall conform to the established requirements of the basic material specification. The physical and chemical requirements shall conform to the requirements of the basic material specification. Preproduction corrosion test and chemical analysis shall be performed to conform to the specified requirements.
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1.1 This specification covers non-metallic thermal insulation for use in contact with austenitic stainless steel piping and equipment. In addition to meeting the requirements specified in their individual material specifications, issued under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16, these insulations must pass the preproduction test requirements of Test Method C692, for stress corrosion effects on austenitic stainless steel, and the confirming quality control, chemical requirements, when tested in accordance with the Test Methods C871.  
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ASTM C686-17(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Parting Strength of Mineral Fiber Batt- and Blanket-Type Insulation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Tensile strength is a fundamental property associated with mineral fiber manufacture since it is influenced by the type of fiber, the deposition of fiber, the type and the amount of bonding agent, and the method of curing the resin to form a bonded insulation product. The test is an indication of product integrity and the ability of the product to be successfully handled and applied in the field.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers evaluation of strength in tension on mineral fiber batt- and blanket-type insulation products. It is useful for determining the comparative tensile properties of these products, specimens of which cannot be held by the more conventional clamp-type grips. This is a quality control method, and the results shall not be used for design purposes. It is not suitable for board-type products.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1134-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Water Retention of Rigid Thermal Insulations Following Partial Immersion

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Materials less than or equal to 15 mm (0.59 in.) in thickness shall not be tested in accordance with this test method in order to avoid complete immersion of the specimens. This type of exposure is beyond the scope of this test method.  
4.2 This test method is used to assess both the short-term water retention and the long-term water retention. The short-term water retention is assessed as the average of the water retained following partial immersion intervals of 0.75-h and 3.00-h, in kilograms per square meter (percent by volume) (for materials tested at 25.4 mm (1.00 in.) thickness). The long-term water retention is assessed as the water retained following a 168-h partial immersion interval, in kilograms per square meter (percent by volume) (for materials tested at 25.4 mm (1.00 in.) thickness).  
4.3 Materials shall be tested at both actual product thickness and 25.4 mm (1.00 in.) thickness provided the materials can be cut to a thickness of 25.4 mm (1.00 in.) without changing the original character of the materials. If a product cannot be cut without changing the original character of the material, the corresponding information shall be provided in the test report. Results shall be reported on the basis of equal nominal wetted specimen surface area (in units of kilograms per square meter) for materials tested at actual product thickness and on the basis of equal specimen volume (in units of percent by volume) for materials tested at 25.4 mm (1.00 in.) thickness. If a product cannot be cut to a thickness of 25.4 mm (1.00 in.) or if the actual product thickness is less than 25.4 mm (1.00 in.) but greater than 15 mm (0.59 in.), the product shall only be tested at actual product thickness and results only reported on the basis of equal nominal wetted specimen surface area.  
4.3.1 By reporting results on the basis of equal nominal wetted specimen surface area, specimens of different thicknesses can be compared equitably. For some specimens, the water intake ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the amount of water retained (including surface water) by rigid block and board thermal insulations used in building construction applications after these materials have been partially immersed in liquid water for prescribed time intervals under isothermal conditions. This test method is intended to be used for the characterization of materials in the laboratory. It is not intended to simulate any particular environmental condition potentially encountered in building construction applications.  
1.2 This test method does not address all the possible mechanisms of water intake and retention and related phenomena for rigid thermal insulations. It relates only to those conditions outlined in 1.1. Determination of moisture accumulation in thermal insulations due to complete immersion, water vapor transmission, internal condensation, freeze-thaw cycling, or a combination of these effects requires different test procedures.  
1.3 Each partial immersion interval is followed by a brief free-drainage period. This test method does not address or attempt to quantify the drainage characteristics of materials. Therefore, results for materials with different internal structure and porosity, such as cellular materials and fibrous materials, are not necessarily directly comparable. Also, test results for specimens of different thickness are not necessarily directly comparable because of porosity effects. The surface characteristics of a material also affect drainage. It is possible that specimens with rough surfaces will retain more surface water than specimens with smooth surfaces, and that surface treatment during specimen preparation will affect water intake and retention. Therefore, it is not advisable to directly compare results for materials with different surface characteristics.  
1.4 For most materials the size of the test specimens is small compared with the size of the products actually inst...

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ASTM
ASTM C667-17(2022)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Prefabricated Reflective Insulation Systems for Equipment and Pipe Operating at Temperatures above Ambient Air

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the standard for all metal prefabricated, reflective insulation systems for equipment and piping operating at temperatures above ambient in air proposed for use in nuclear power-generating plants and industrial plants. The insulation unit is a rigid, self-contained, prefabricated metal construction made of an inner and outer casing arranged to form a rigid assembly with separated air spaces between the inner and outer casing and the individual reflective liners. The reflective insulation described herein is limited to systems of insulating units, designed to fit the equipment or piping to be insulated. The units shall be manufactured from metals that are in accordance with the thermal, physical, and chemical requirements not only of the insulation as unit, but also as an assembly of units forming the insulation system.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for all metal prefabricated, reflective insulation systems for equipment and piping operating in air at temperatures above ambient. Typical applications are in nuclear power-generating plants and industrial plants.  
1.2 Reflective insulation is thermal insulation that reduces radiant heat transfer across spaces by the use of surfaces of high reflectance and low emittance.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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