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ASTM D1890-05(2012)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Beta Particle Radioactivity of Water 

Standard Test Method for Beta Particle Radioactivity of Water 

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method was developed for the purpose of measuring the gross beta radioactivity in water. It is used for the analysis of both process and environmental water to determine gross beta activity.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of beta particle activity of water. It is applicable to beta emitters having maximum energies above 0.1 MeV and at activity levels above 0.02 Bq/mL (540 pCi/L) of radioactive homogeneous water for most counting systems. This test method is not applicable to samples containing radionuclides that are volatile under conditions of the analysis.
1.2 This test method can be used for either absolute or relative determinations. In tracer work, the results may be expressed by comparison with a standard which is defined to be 100 %. For radioassay, data may be expressed in terms of a known radionuclide standard if the radionuclides of concern are known and no fractionation occurred during processing, or may be expressed arbitrarily in terms of some other standard such as 137Cs. General information on radioactivity and measurement of radiation may be found in the literature and Practice D3648.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2012
ICS
13.060.60 - Examination of physical properties of water
Technical Committee
D19 - Water
Drafting Committee
D19.04 - Methods of Radiochemical Analysis
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D1890-05 - Standard Test Method for Beta Particle Radioactivity of Water
Effective Date
01-Jun-2012
Replaced By
ASTM D1890-15 - Standard Test Method for Beta Particle Radioactivity of Water 
Effective Date
01-Jan-2015
Referred By
ASTM D5811-20 - Standard Test Method for Strontium-90 in Water
Effective Date
01-Jun-2012
Referred By
ASTM C1475-17 - Standard Guide for Determination of Neptunium-237 in Soil
Effective Date
01-Jun-2012
Referred By
ASTM D7283-17 - Standard Test Method for Alpha and Beta Activity in Water By Liquid Scintillation Counting
Effective Date
01-Jun-2012

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ASTM D1890-05(2012) - Standard Test Method for Beta Particle Radioactivity of Water 
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D1890 − 05(Reapproved 2012)
Standard Test Method for
1
Beta Particle Radioactivity of Water
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1890; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope D1193Specification for Reagent Water
D2777Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias of
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of beta par-
Applicable Test Methods of Committee D19 on Water
ticle activity of water. It is applicable to beta emitters having
D3370Practices for Sampling Water from Closed Conduits
maximumenergiesabove0.1MeVandatactivitylevelsabove
D3648Practices for the Measurement of Radioactivity
0.02Bq/mL(540pCi/L)ofradioactivehomogeneouswaterfor
most counting systems. This test method is not applicable to
3. Terminology
samples containing radionuclides that are volatile under con-
ditions of the analysis.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 Becquerel—a unit of radioactivity equivalent to 1
1.2 This test method can be used for either absolute or
nuclear transformation per second.
relative determinations. In tracer work, the results may be
expressedbycomparisonwithastandardwhichisdefinedtobe 3.1.2 beta energy, maximum—the maximum energy of the
beta-particle energy spectrum produced during beta decay of a
100%. For radioassay, data may be expressed in terms of a
known radionuclide standard if the radionuclides of concern given radioactive species.
are known and no fractionation occurred during processing, or
NOTE 1—Since a given beta-particle emitter may decay to several
may be expressed arbitrarily in terms of some other standard
different quantum states of the product nucleus, more than one maximum
137
such as Cs. General information on radioactivity and mea- energy may be listed for a given radioactive species.
2
surement of radiation may be found in the literature and
3.1.3 counter background—in the measurement of
Practice D3648.
radioactivity, the counting rate resulting from factors other
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the than the radioactivity of the sample and reagents used.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
NOTE 2—Counter background varies with the location, shielding of the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
detector, and the electronics; it includes cosmic rays, contaminating
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
radioactivity and electrical noise.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.4 counter beta-particle effıciency—in the measurement
of radioactivity, that fraction of beta particles emitted by a
2. Referenced Documents
source which is detected by the counter.
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.5 counter effıciency—in the measurement of
D1129Terminology Relating to Water
radioactivity, that fraction of the disintegrations occurring in a
source which is detected by the counter.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D19 on Water
andisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD19.04onMethodsofRadiochemi-
3.1.6 radioactive homogeneous water—water in which the
cal Analysis.
radioactive material is uniformly dispersed throughout the
Current edition approved June 1, 2012. Published August 2012. Originally
volume of water sample and remains so until the measurement
approved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D1890–05. DOI:
10.1520/D1890-05R12. is completed or until the sample is evaporated or precipitating
2
Friedlander, G., et al., Nuclear and Radiochemistry, 3rd Ed., John Wiley and
reagents are added to the sample.
Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1981.
Price,W.J.,NuclearRadiationDetection,2ndEd.,McGraw-HillBookCo.,Inc., 3.1.7 reagent background—in the measurement of radioac-
New York, NY, 1964.
tivity of water samples, the counting rate observed when a
Lapp, R. E., and Andrews, H. L., Nuclear Radiation Physics, 4th Ed.,
sample is replaced by mock sample salts or by reagent
Prentice-Hall Inc., New York, NY, 1972.
chemicals used for chemical separations that contain no
Overman,R.T.,andClark,H.M., Radioisotope Techniques,McGraw-HillBook
Co., Inc., New York, NY, 1960.
analyte.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
NOTE 3—Reagent background varies with the reagent chemicals and
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on analytical methods used and may vary with reagents from differe
...

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1.4 The upper end of the measurement range is left undefined because different technologies described in this test method can cover very different ranges of turbidity.  
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5.1 Turbidity is monitored to help control processes, monitor the health and biology of aquatic environments and to determine the impact of environmental events such as storms, floods, runoff, etc. Turbidity is undesirable in drinking water, plant-effluent waters, water for food and beverage production, and for a large number of other water-dependent manufacturing processes. Turbidity is often reduced by coagulation, sedimentation and water filtration. The measurement of turbidity may indicate the presence of particle-bound contaminants and is vital for monitoring the completion of a particle-waste settling process. Significant uses of turbidity measurements include:  
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4.1 These test methods are applicable for such purposes as impurity detection and, in some cases, the quantitative measurement of ionic constituents dissolved in waters. These include dissolved electrolytes in natural and treated waters, such as boiler water, boiler feedwater, cooling water, and saline and brackish water.  
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Sections  
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10 to 200 000  
12 to 18  
Measurement of Static (Non-Flowing) Samples  
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Test Method B—Continuous In-Line Measure  
5 to 200 000  
19 to 23  
ment  
μS/cm  
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1.3 For measurements below the range of these test methods, refer to Test Method D5391.  
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ASTM D1498-14(2022)e1(Test Method)
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This test method covers the apparatus and procedure for the electrometric measurement of oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) in water. The test method described has been designed for the routine and process measurement of oxidation-reduction potential. ORP is defined as the electromotive force between a noble metal electrode and a reference electrode when immersed in a solution. The ORP electrodes are inert and measure the ratio of the activities of the oxidized to the reduced species present. In addition, the ORP electrodes reliably measure ORP in nearly all aqueous solutions and in general are not subject to solution interference from color, turbidity, colloidal matter, and suspended matter. The apparatus to be used in the measurement of ORP includes: pH meter, reference electrode, oxidation-reduction electrode and electrode assembly. Materials necessary in the procedure for ORP measurement include chemical reagents, aqua regia, water, buffer standard salts, phthalate reference buffer solution, phosphate reference buffer solution, chromic acid cleaning solution, detergent, nitric acid, redox standard solution or ferrous-ferric reference solution, and redox reference quinhydrone solutions.
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ASTM D2331-08(2022)(Practice)
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4.3 Deposits formed from or by water in all its phases may be further classified as scale, sludge, corrosion products or biological deposits. The overall composition of a deposit or some part of a deposit may be determined by chemical or spectrographic analysis; the constituents actually present as chemical substances may be identified by microscope or X-ray.
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1.1 These practices provide directions for the preparation of the sample for analysis, the preliminary examination of the sample, and methods for dissolving the analytical sample or selectively separating constituents of concern.  
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Sections  
Preparation of the Analytical Sample  
8  
Preliminary Testing of the Analytical Sample  
9  
Dissolving the Analytical Sample  
10  
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1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For a specific warning statement, see Note 2.  
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5.1 Fe-55 is formed in reactor coolant systems of nuclear reactors by activation of stable iron. The 55Fe is not completely removed by waste processing systems and some is released to the environment by means of normal waste liquid discharges. Power plants are required to monitor these discharges for 55Fe as well as other radionuclides.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of 55Fe in the presence of 59Fe by liquid scintillation counting. The a-priori minimum detectable concentration for this test method is 7.4 Bq/L.2  
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1.3 This test method was used successfully with Type III reagent water conforming to Specification D1193. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure the validity of this test method for waters of untested matrices.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see Section 9.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Test Method for 99Tc in Water by Solid Phase Extraction Disk

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5.1 This test method has not been evaluated for all possible matrices. Test method suitability should be determined on specific waters of interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure to separate 99Tc from environmental water (non-process-related or effluent water samples). Technetium-99 beta activity is measured by liquid scintillation spectrometry.  
1.2 This test method is designed to measure 99Tc in the range of approximately 0.037 Bq/L (1.0 pCi/L) or greater for a one litre sample.  
1.3 This test method has been used successfully with tap water. It is the user’s responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for samples larger than 1 L and for waters of untested matrices.  
1.4 Technetium-99 alternatively can be determined in water samples using Practice D8026.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 9.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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SCOPE
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1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Test Method for Strontium-90 in Water

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was developed to measure the concentration of 90Sr in non-process water samples. This test method may be used to determine the concentration of 90Sr in environmental samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of radioactive 90Sr in environmental water samples (for example, non-process and effluent waters) in the range of 0.037 Bq/L (1.0 pCi/L) or greater.  
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