ASTM C88/C88M-24
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use of Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate
Standard Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use of Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a procedure for making a preliminary estimate of the soundness of aggregates for use in concrete and other purposes. The values obtained may be compared with specifications, for example Specification C33/C33M, that are designed to indicate the suitability of aggregate proposed for use. Since the precision of this test method is poor (Section 13), it may not be suitable for outright rejection of aggregates without confirmation from other tests more closely related to the specific service intended.
4.2 Values for the permitted-loss percentage by this test method are usually different for fine and coarse aggregates, and attention is called to the fact that test results by use of the two salts differ considerably and care must be exercised in fixing proper limits in any specifications that include requirements for these tests. The test is usually more severe when magnesium sulfate is used; accordingly, limits for percent loss allowed when magnesium sulfate is used are normally higher than limits when sodium sulfate is used.
Note 2: Refer to the appropriate sections in Specification C33/C33M establishing conditions for acceptance of coarse and fine aggregates which fail to meet requirements based on this test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the testing of aggregates to estimate their soundness when subjected to weathering action in concrete or other applications. This is accomplished by repeated immersion in saturated solutions of sodium or magnesium sulfate followed by oven drying to partially or completely dehydrate the salt precipitated in permeable pore spaces. The internal expansive force, derived from the rehydration of the salt upon re-immersion, simulates the expansion of water on freezing. This test method furnishes information helpful in judging the soundness of aggregates when adequate information is not available from service records of the material exposed to actual weathering conditions.
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.3 Some values have only SI units because the inch-pound equivalents are not used in practice.
1.4 If the results obtained from another standard are not reported in the same system of units as used by this test method, it is permitted to convert those results using the conversion factors found in the SI Quick Reference Guide.2
Note 1: Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specification E11. The alternate designation given in parentheses is for information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C88/C88M − 24
Standard Test Method for
Soundness of Aggregates by Use of Sodium Sulfate or
1
Magnesium Sulfate
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C88/C88M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This test method covers the testing of aggregates to
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
estimate their soundness when subjected to weathering action
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
in concrete or other applications. This is accomplished by
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
repeated immersion in saturated solutions of sodium or mag-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
nesium sulfate followed by oven drying to partially or com-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
pletely dehydrate the salt precipitated in permeable pore
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
spaces. The internal expansive force, derived from the rehy-
dration of the salt upon re-immersion, simulates the expansion
2. Referenced Documents
of water on freezing. This test method furnishes information
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
helpful in judging the soundness of aggregates when adequate
C33/C33M Specification for Concrete Aggregates
information is not available from service records of the
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-
material exposed to actual weathering conditions.
gregates
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
C136/C136M Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
Coarse Aggregates
values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equiva-
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
lents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
system shall be used independently of the other, and values
C702/C702M Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate
from the two systems shall not be combined.
to Testing Size
1.3 Some values have only SI units because the inch-pound D75/D75M Practice for Sampling Aggregates
equivalents are not used in practice.
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
Sieves
1.4 If the results obtained from another standard are not
E100 Specification for ASTM Hydrometers
reported in the same system of units as used by this test
E323 Specification for Perforated-Plate Sieves for Testing
method, it is permitted to convert those results using the
2
Purposes
conversion factors found in the SI Quick Reference Guide.
NOTE 1—Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Speci-
3. Terminology
fication E11. The alternate designation given in parentheses is for
3.1 For definitions of general terms used in this test method
information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.
see Terminology C125.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4. Significance and Use
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.1 This test method provides a procedure for making a
preliminary estimate of the soundness of aggregates for use in
concrete and other purposes. The values obtained may be
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on
compared with specifications, for example Specification C33/
Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
C09.20 on Aggregates.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2024. Published February 2024. Originally
3
approved in 1931. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as C88/C88M – 18. DOI: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
10.1520/C0088_C0088M-24. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
Annex A in Form and Style for ASTM Standards, https://www.astm.org/media/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
pdf/bluebook_FormStyle.pdf the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C88/C88M − 18 C88/C88M − 24
Standard Test Method for
Soundness of Aggregates by Use of Sodium Sulfate or
1
Magnesium Sulfate
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C88/C88M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the testing of aggregates to estimate their soundness when subjected to weathering action in concrete
or other applications. This is accomplished by repeated immersion in saturated solutions of sodium or magnesium sulfate followed
by oven drying to partially or completely dehydrate the salt precipitated in permeable pore spaces. The internal expansive force,
derived from the rehydration of the salt upon re-immersion, simulates the expansion of water on freezing. This test method
furnishes information helpful in judging the soundness of aggregates when adequate information is not available from service
records of the material exposed to actual weathering conditions.
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI or inch pound units shall units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as
standard. The inch –pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated are not exact equivalents; thereforevalues stated in each
system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used
independently of the other. Combiningother, and values from the two systems may result in nonconformance.shall not be
combined.
1.3 Some values have only SI units because the inch-pound equivalents are not used in practice.
1.4 If the results obtained from another standard are not reported in the same system of units as used by this test method, it is
2
permitted to convert those results using the conversion factors found in the SI Quick Reference Guide.
NOTE 1—Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specification E11. The alternate designation given in parentheses is for information only
and does not represent a different standard sieve size.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.20 on
Aggregates.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2018Jan. 1, 2024. Published August 2018February 2024. Originally approved in 1931. Last previous edition approved in 20132018 as
C88 – 13.C88/C88M – 18. DOI: 10.1520/C0088_C0088M-18.10.1520/C0088_C0088M-24.
2
Annex A in Form and Style for ASTM Standards, www.ASTM.org/COMMIT/Blue_Book.dpfhttps://www.astm.org/media/pdf/bluebook_FormStyle.pdf
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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C88/C88M − 24
2. Referenced Documents
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
C33/C33M Specification for Concrete Aggregates
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
C136/C136M Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction Materials
C702/C702M Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Testing Size
D75/D75M Practice for Sampling Aggregates
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
E100 Specification for ASTM Hydrometers
E323 Specification for Perforated-Plate Sieves for Testing Purposes
3. Terminology
3.1 For definitions of general terms used in this test method see Terminology C125.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This test method provides a procedure for ma
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