ASTM F904-98(2008)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Comparison of Bond Strength or Ply Adhesion of Similar Laminates Made from Flexible Materials
Standard Test Method for Comparison of Bond Strength or Ply Adhesion of Similar Laminates Made from Flexible Materials
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Laminates are made by bonding together two or more layers of material or materials. Their performance is often dependent on the ability of the laminate to function as a single unit. If the plies have not been properly bonded together, the performance may be adversely affected. Laminates may maintain adequate bond strength under standard test conditions, but under conditions of use may exhibit an increase or decrease in bond strength. Applying heat, such as in boilable pouch applications, may adversely affect bond strength, as may cold temperatures, such as those encountered in freezer storage of foods. Fats and oils may also influence bond strength as well as the softness or moduli of the plies. This test method can be used to compare bond strength of similar materials and to study changes under these and other conditions of end use, providing caution is used with respect to the effects of the included force to bend the separated plies.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for comparing the bond strength or ply adhesion of similar laminates made from flexible materials such as cellulose, paper, plastic film, and foil. This includes laminates made by various processes: adhesive laminates, extrusion coatings, extrusion laminates, and coextrusion.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 7.1.1.
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Designation: F904 − 98(Reapproved 2008)
Standard Test Method for
Comparison of Bond Strength or Ply Adhesion of Similar
Laminates Made from Flexible Materials
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationF904;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
It has been widely discussed in the literature that bond strength of flexible multi-ply materials is
impossibletomeasurewithcurrenttechnology.Theaboveisrecognizedandaccepted,sinceallknown
methods of measurement include the force required to bend the separated layers, in addition to that
required to separate them. However, useful information can be obtained when one realizes that the
bendingforceisincludedandthatdirectcomparisonsbetweendifferentmaterials,orevenbetweenthe
same materials of different thicknesses, cannot be made.Also, conditioning that affects the softness or
moduli of the plies will be reflected in the bond strength measurement.
1. Scope D1898 Practice for Sampling of Plastics (Withdrawn 1998)
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for comparing the
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
bond strength or ply adhesion of similar laminates made from
flexiblematerialssuchascellulose,paper,plasticfilm,andfoil.
3. Terminology
This includes laminates made by various processes: adhesive
laminates, extrusion coatings, extrusion laminates, and coex- 3.1 Definitions:
trusion.
3.1.1 adhesive failure—failure at the interface of two adja-
cent layers.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for 3.1.2 cohesive failure—failure within one of the two adja-
information purposes only.
cent layers comprising the bonded area under test.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.1.3 bond strength—amount of force or energy required to
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the separatepliesofmaterialormaterialsplustheforcetobendthe
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- plies.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.4 necking—localized reduction in cross section which
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
may occur in a material under tensile stress.
tionary statements are given in 7.1.1.
3.1.5 web—refers to roll stock after it has been unwound
from the roll.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. Summary of Test Method
D882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic
4.1 Ply separation is initially started mechanically by the
Sheeting
application of heat or by using a solvent.The separated plies of
the test specimen are placed into the grips of a tensile testing
machine.The grips are then separated and the force required to
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F02 on Flexible
further separate the plies is defined as bond strength.
Barrier Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F02.20 on
Alternatively, the energy may be used.
Physical Properties.
Current edition approved April 1, 2008. Published May 2008. Originally
NOTE 1—The force to bend the separated plies is included.
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as F904 – 98 (2003).
DOI: 10.1520/F0904-98R08.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. ForAnnual Book ofASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
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F904 − 98 (2008)
5. Significance and Use 9.2 Set full-scale load so that most test specimen scans fall
in the center two thirds of the chart, and draw speed at 28.0
5.1 Laminates are made by bonding together two or more
cm/min 6 10 % (10 or 12 in./min are included). A few trial
layers of material or materials. Their performance is often
runs may be required. Other draw speeds may be used if it can
dependent on the ability of the laminate to function as a single
be shown that they yield the same results as those specified.
unit. If the plies have not been properly bonded together, the
performance may be adversely affected. Laminates may main-
10. Conditioning
tain adequate bond strength under standard test conditions, but
under conditions of use may exhibit an increase or decrease in
10.1 Specimen Conditioning:
bond strength. Applying heat, such as in boilable pouch
10.1.1 Store specimens at 23 6 2°C (73.4 6 3.6°F) and 50
applications, may adversely affect bond strength, as may cold
6 5 % relative humidity for not less than 40 h.
temperatures, such as those encountered in freezer storage of
10.2 End-Use Specimen Conditioning :
foods.Fatsandoilsmayalsoinfluencebondstrengthaswellas
the softness or moduli of the plies. This test method can be 10.2.1 Store specimens at the specific end-use temperature
usedtocomparebondstrengthofsimilarmaterialsandtostudy and humidity for not less than 40 h.
changes under these and other conditions of end use, providing
10.2.2 Accelerated testing conditions for “wet” materials
caution is used with respect to the effects of the included force
packaging may be accomplished by placing the test specimens
to bend the separated plies.
between paper towels saturated with distilled water, sealing in
amoistureproofpouchandstoringat23 62°C(73.4 63.6°F)
6. Apparatus
for 40 h.
6.1 Grips—Agripping system that minimizes both slippage 10.2.3 Conditioning to simulate other conditions of end use
and uneven stress distribution is required. Grips lined with thin
shall be determined by specific application. Normally the
rubber, crocus cloth or pressure sensitive tape, as well as
conditioning period will be 40 to 96 h.
file-faced or serrated grips have been successfully used for
10.2.4 In some cases, conditioning will consist of treatment
many materials. Air-actuated grips have been found advanta-
of test specimen prior to actual conditioning. Example: Boil-
geous, particularly in the case of materials that tend to “neck”
able pouch applications. Test specimens may be immersed in
in the grips, since pressure is maintained at all times.
boiling water for a period of time equal to normal end use and
then conditioned for testing as specified in 10.1.1 (or perhaps
6.2 Testing Machine—Atensile testing machine conforming
tested shortly after boiling treatment if desired to simulate
to the requirements for Method A of Test Method D882.
performance in use).
6.3 Spec
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