ASTM E2831/E2831M-11
(Guide)Standard Guide for Deployment of Blast Resistant Trash Receptacles in Crowded Places
Standard Guide for Deployment of Blast Resistant Trash Receptacles in Crowded Places
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This standard is intended to provide guidance on the deployment of blast resistant trash receptacles that focuses on the mitigation of human injury. It is not in general intended to provide guidance on the protection of structures in the vicinity of where the blast resistant trash receptacles are deployed.
The importance of a strategy and procedures for the deployment of blast resistant trash receptacles in crowded places cannot be overly emphasized. Trash receptacles in crowded places have been, and continue to be, an attractive repository for explosives. The selection of deployment locations impacts both the mitigation of the effects of an explosion occurring within one as well as the convenience of using the receptacles.
Two major effects resulting from an explosion in a trash receptacle are the production of primary and secondary fragments as well as overpressure from the detonation. The recommendations in this guide are intended to mitigate the damaging effects of fragmentation and overpressure in crowded places.
Another effect resulting from an explosion in a trash receptacle is the fireball. This effect may cause burns to people caught within or near to the fireball. Also, it is possible that the heat output from an explosion may cause nearby combustible material to ignite. It is important, therefore, that blast resistant trash receptacles are not placed near combustible materials.
The deployment of blast resistant trash receptacles provides a means for decreasing injury and lethality during an explosive event no matter their location when compared to the protection afforded by ordinary trash receptacles or clear plastic bags. Fragments resulting from explosions create the greatest danger to people as fragments may travel several hundred meters and still have velocities that could be lethal or injurious. Blast resistant trash receptacles that meet the requirements of Specification E2740 when subjected to internal explosions equal to or less than the ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide identifies the key factors that should be considered prior to the deployment of blast resistant trash receptacles (BRTRs) in crowded places.
1.1.1 Guidance is included for their deployment at interior and exterior locations associated with the crowded places.
1.2 Facilities and venues where blast resistant trash receptacles may be deployed include, but are not limited to:
1.2.1 Airports,
1.2.2 Banks and other financial institutions,
1.2.3 Bars and nightclubs,
1.2.4 Convention centers,
1.2.5 Entertainment and event centers,
1.2.6 Hotels,
1.2.7 Health care locations,
1.2.8 Museums,
1.2.9 Places of worship,
1.2.10 Public government locations including fire and police stations,
1.2.11 Railway stations, bus stations, and related transit areas,
1.2.12 Restaurants,
1.2.13 Retail centers and malls,
1.2.14 Schools, universities, and related areas used for education,
1.2.15 Stadiums and arenas, and
1.2.16 Theaters.
1.3 Guidance on conducting a threat assessment or vulnerability analysis, and on responding to incidents associated with the deployment of blast resistant trash receptacles is beyond the scope of this document.
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: E2831/E2831M − 11
Standard Guide for
Deployment of Blast Resistant Trash Receptacles in
Crowded Places
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE2831/E2831M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyear
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Combining values from the two systems may result in non-
conformance with the standard.
1.1 This guide identifies the key factors that should be
considered prior to the deployment of blast resistant trash 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
receptacles (BRTRs) in crowded places. safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1.1 Guidance is included for their deployment at interior responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
and exterior locations associated with the crowded places. priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.2 Facilities and venues where blast resistant trash recep-
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
tacles may be deployed include, but are not limited to:
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.2.1 Airports,
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.2.2 Banks and other financial institutions,
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.2.3 Bars and nightclubs,
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.2.4 Convention centers,
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.2.5 Entertainment and event centers,
1.2.6 Hotels,
2. Referenced Documents
1.2.7 Health care locations,
1.2.8 Museums, 2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.2.9 Places of worship, D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
1.2.10 Public government locations including fire and po- D747 Test Method for Apparent Bending Modulus of Plas-
lice stations, tics by Means of a Cantilever Beam
1.2.11 Railway stations, bus stations, and related transit D790 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced
areas,
and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materi-
1.2.12 Restaurants, als
1.2.13 Retail centers and malls,
D882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic
1.2.14 Schools, universities, and related areas used for Sheeting
education,
E2740 Specification for Trash Receptacles Subjected to
1.2.15 Stadiums and arenas, and Blast Resistance Testing
1.2.16 Theaters.
2.2 Government Standards:
DoD 4145.26 M Department of Defense: DOD Contractors
1.3 Guidance on conducting a threat assessment or vulner-
Safety Manual for Ammunition and Explosives
ability analysis, and on responding to incidents associated with
DoD 6055.9 STD Department of Defense: DOD Ammuni-
thedeploymentofblastresistanttrashreceptaclesisbeyondthe
tion and Explosives Safety Standards
scope of this document.
2.3 Association Standard:
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
APTASS-SIS-RP-001-08 Recommended Practice for Trash/
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
Recycling Container Placement to Mitigate the Effects of
values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;
therefore,eachsystemshallbeusedindependentlyoftheother.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E54 on Homeland the ASTM website.
Security Applications and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E54.08 on Available from the Defense Technical Information Center, 8725 John J.
Operational Equipment. Kingman Road, Suite 0944, Ft. Belvoir, VA 22060 6128.
Current edition approved July 1, 2011. Published August 2011. DOI: 10.1520/ Available from the worldwide web at: http://www.ddesb.pentagon.mil/
E2831_E2831M-11. DoD6055.9-STD%205%20Oct%202004.pdf.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2831/E2831M − 11
an Explosive Event 3.2.8.1 Discussion—The capacity of a trash receptacle
specified according to this standard is typically less than 200 L
3. Terminology
[50 gal].
3.1 For terminology generally associated with explosives,
3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
refer to the glossaries given in DoD 4145.26 M and DoD
3.3.1 blast resistance, n—the non-numerical attribute of a
6055.9 STD.
trash receptacle that is established when the results of explo-
3.1.1 Some of the definitions in this standard (3.2) are
sive testing of the submitted specimens meet all performance
either adopted as exact copies, or are adapted, from DoD
requirements given in Specification E2740.
4145.26 M. Where adapted, changes to the DoD definitions
were made only to clarify the meaning or to incorporate related
3.3.2 blast resistant trash receptacle, n—a trash receptacle
terms that also are defined in this terminology section. that conforms to the requirements given in Specification
3.1.2 The DoD source is identified at the right margin
E2740.
following the definition. In addition, in cases where definitions
3.3.3 crowded places, n—public areas where groups of
have been re-printed from standards developed by technical
people may concentrate for a continuous or limited period of
committees other than E54, theASTM source is also identified
time.
at the right margin following the definition.
3.3.3.1 Discussion—Examples of public areas that may be
3.2 Definitions:
crowded include:
3.2.1 explosion, n—chemical reaction of any chemical com-
(1) buildings and related structures such as parking
pound (or mechanical mixture) that, when initiated, undergoes
garages, including their access and egress points,
a very rapid combustion or decomposition releasing large
(2) entertainment and event venues,
volumes of highly heated gases that exert pressure on the
(3) transportation terminals such as airports, train stations,
surrounding medium.
and other public transportation stations,
3.2.2 explosive, n—any chemical compound (or mechanical
(4) ticket counters, concession stands, retail stores, and
mixture) that, when subjected to heat, impact, friction,
dining establishments, and
detonation, or other suitable initiation, undergoes a very rapid
(5) pedestrian walkways, sidewalks, streets, alleys, parks,
chemical change with the evolution of large volumes of highly
plazas, playgrounds, schoolyards or other similar areas.
heated gases that exert pressures in the surrounding medium.
3.3.4 force protection, n—numerical level of blast resistance
DoD 4145.26 M
of a trash receptacle expressed in the mass equivalent of
3.2.3 fireball, n—a highly luminous, intensely hot cloud of
trinitrotoluene (TNT) explosive.
dust, gas, or vapor, or a combination thereof, generated by an
3.3.5 public area, n—a space or place that is open and
explosion.
accessible to all people, regardless of whether it is publicly or
3.2.4 fragment, n—solid material propelled from an explo-
privately owned.
sion as a result of fragmentation.
3.2.4.1 primary fragment, n—fragment produced from the
4. Summary of Guide
explosive device itself.
4.1 This guide takes into account two major factors, opera-
3.2.4.2 secondary fragment, n—fragmentproducedfromthe
tional and explosive effects considerations, that need to be
containerorenvironmentwherethecontainerisplaced;apiece
considered when deploying blast resistant trash receptacles.
of receptacle broken off as a result of the charge being
detonated inside of it.
4.2 The guide provides a list of factors to be considered in
3.2.5 fragmentation, n—breaking up of the confining mate-
developing a threat assessment evaluating the basis of the
rial of a chemical compound (or mechanical mixture) when an
deployment. For purposes of this standard, a major reason for
explosion takes place. D882
conducting the threat assessment is to estimate the force
protections required of the blast resistant trash receptacles
3.2.6 overpressure, n—pressure, exceeding the ambient
being considered for deployment throughout the facility or
pressure, manifested in the shock wave of an explosion. DoD
venue.
4145.26 M
3.2.7 rigid plastic, n—for purposes of general classification,
4.3 Guidance for deployment is given in the form of
a plastic that has a modulus of elasticity, either in flexure or in
directives indicating where it is recommended or not recom-
tension,greaterthan700MPa[100000lbf/in ]at23°C[73°F]
mended for generally placing the blast resistant trash recep-
and 50 % relative humidity when tested in accordance with
tacles at both exterior and interior locations of the facility or
Test Method D747, Test Methods D790, Test Method D638,or
venue. This guidance addresses both operational consider-
Test Methods D882. D882
ations and explosive effects considerations.
3.2.8 trash receptacle, n—public or commercial use refuse
4.3.1 Operationalconsiderationspertaintothosefactorsthat
bin that holds discarded items until collected.
impact the use of blast resistant trash receptacles with regard to
the collection and removal of trash from the facility or venue
and factors relevant to bomb squads in the investigation and
Available from theAmerican PublicTransportationAssociation, 1666 K Street,
NW, Washington, DC, 20006-1215. neutralization of a suspicious package.
E2831/E2831M − 11
4.3.2 Explosive effects considerations pertain to those fac- 6. Threat Assessment Considerations
tors that contribute to mitigating the effects of an explosion
6.1 Facilities and venues that do not have a security threat
occurring as a result of an explosive device placed in the
assessment should develop one when considering the deploy-
receptacle.
ment of blast resistance trash receptacles.
5. Significance and Use
6.2 Facility and Venue Threat Assessment Considerations—
The facility and venue threat assessment provides the force
5.1 This standard is intended to provide guidance on the
protections desired at various deployment locations. The threat
deployment of blast resistant trash receptacles that focuses on
assessmentshouldincludeasitesurveyofthefacilityorvenue.
the mitigation of human injury. It is not in general intended to
The survey team should include all stakeholders of the facility,
provide guidance on the protection of structures in the vicinity
security personnel, and the first responder community that
of where the blast resistant trash receptacles are deployed.
would come to the facility for emergencies. This site survey
5.2 The importance of a strategy and procedures for the
should consider, at a minimum, the following:
deployment of blast resistant trash receptacles in crowded
6.2.1 Crowded places.
places cannot be overly emphasized. Trash receptacles in
6.2.2 Access and egress points for pedestrians.
crowded places have been, and continue to be, an attractive
6.2.3 Pedestrian bottlenecks.
repository for explosives. The selection of deployment loca-
6.2.4 Walkways and related areas.
tions impacts both the mitigation of the effects of an explosion
6.2.5 Security checkpoints.
occurring within one as well as the convenience of using the
6.2.6 Locations of critical structural elements such as
receptacles.
columns, beams, and load-bearing walls.
5.3 Two major effects resulting from an explosion in a trash
6.2.7 Locations where combustible, flammable, and toxic
receptacle are the production of primary and secondary frag-
materials are located.
ments as well as overpressure from the detonation. The
6.2.8 Enclosed spaces such as alcoves and passageways.
recommendations in this guide are intended to mitigate the
6.2.9 Exterior of the facility or venue.
damaging effects of fragmentation and overpressure in
6.2.10 Parking areas and parking structures.
crowded places.
6.2.11 Landscaping—Landscaping is important because it
5.4 Another effect resulting from an explosion in a trash
can provide locations for possible concealment of explosives.
receptacle is the fireball. This effect may cause burns to people 6.2.12 Materials used in, and methods of, construction for
caught within or near to the fireball.Also, it is possible that the
components such as walls, ceilings, floors, platforms, stair-
heat output from an explosion may cause nearby combustible ways.
material to ignite. It is important, therefore, that blast resistant
6.2.13 Ceiling heights.
trash receptacles are not placed near combustible materials.
6.2.14 Doors, Windows and Skylights—Location, type of
structural surroundings and glazing component composed of
5.5 The deployment of blast resistant trash receptacles
glass or rigid plastic.
provides a means for decreasing injury and lethality during an
6.2.15 Locations of utilities such as HVAC, electrical,
explosive event no matter their location when compared to the
communications, gas lines, fire life-safety systems and steam
protection afforded by ordinary trash receptacles or clear
lines.
plastic bags. Fragments resulting from explosions create the
6.2.16 Existing security assets such as security staff
greatest danger to people as fragments may travel several
deployment, closed-circuit TVs, gates, intruder deterrents.
hundred meters and still have velocities that could be lethal or
6.2.17 Secure public areas where screening occurs before
injurious.Blastresistanttrashreceptaclesthatmeettherequire-
entry.
ments of Specification E2740 when subjected to internal
6.2.18 Building areas not accessible to the public.
explosions equal to or less than the force protection rating
6.2.19 Operational considerations of first responders.
contain horizontal primary fragments and do not produce
secondary fragments.
7. Guidelines for Deployment-Considerations Applicable
5.6 This guide provides general provisions for the deploy-
to All Facilities and Venues
mentofblastresistanttrashreceptacles.Everyfacilityorvenue
7.1 General Considerations—This guide delineates factors
has unique features associated with factors such as
that should be recognized in the deployment of blast resistant
demographics, location, and functions. Operational and explo-
trash receptacles into two categories: operational consider-
sive effects considerations (see Section 7) provide basic
ations and explosive effects considerations. Explosive effects
recommendations that may be sufficient for many facilities
considerations are further subdivided into two additional cat-
buildings and venues, but may not be specifically applicable to
egories: considerations for deployment at exterior locations
others. For example, special securi
...
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