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ASTM D2283-86(1997)

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Askarels) for Transformers (Withdrawn 2004)

Standard Specification for Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Askarels) for Transformers (Withdrawn 2004)

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers synthetic nonflammable electrical insulating liquids of the chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon-type known as askarels, which are used as an insulating and cooling medium in liquid-filled transformers. This specification includes liquids that were previously available and are still in use in apparatus.  
1.2 Askarels covered by this specification are of various types, having components in weight percent in accordance with Table 1.  Note 1-The components and the respective percentages given are descriptive of the materials currently in common use and are not intended as part of this specification, which is based on physical and chemical properties. Note 2-Types A through G are PCB-type askarels previously available and still in use in the field. Recently Type H, a non-PCB askarel, was introduced as a retrofit and replacement. Note 3-Current governmental regulations prohibit the manufacture and sale of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). This method serves as a reference for all askarels, PCB and non-PCB.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This specification covers synthetic nonflammable electrical insulating liquids of the chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon-type known as askarels, which are used as an insulating and cooling medium in liquid-filled transformers. This specification includes liquids that were previously available and are still in use in apparatus.
This specification is being withdrawn becasue askarels are no longer manufactured, therefore, Specification D 2283 is no longer needed. Askarel transformers are retrofilled or replaced. In these cases existing methods are sufficient.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D27 on Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases, this specification was withdrawn in July 2004.

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
09-Apr-1997
Withdrawal Date
29-Jul-2004
ICS
29.040.10 - Insulating oils
Technical Committee
D27 - Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases
Drafting Committee
D27.02 - Gases and Non-Mineral Oil Liquids
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D2283-86(1997) - Standard Specification for Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Askarels) for Transformers (Withdrawn 2004)ASTM D2283-86(1997) - Standard Specification for Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Askarels) for Transformers (Withdrawn 2004)
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ASTM D2283-86(1997) - Standard Specification for Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Askarels) for Transformers (Withdrawn 2004)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D 2283 – 86 (Reapproved 1997)
Standard Specification for
Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Askarels) for
Transformers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2283; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 924 Test Method for Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor)
and Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Electri-
1.1 This specification covers synthetic nonflammable elec-
cal Insulating Liquids
trical insulating liquids of the chlorinated aromatic
D 974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-
hydrocarbon-type known as askarels, which are used as an
Indicator Titration
insulating and cooling medium in liquid-filled transformers.
D 1169 Test Method for Specific Resistance (Resistivity) of
This specification includes liquids that were previously avail-
Electrical Insulating Liquids
able and are still in use in apparatus.
D 1218 Test Method for Refractive Index and Refractive
1.2 Askarels covered by this specification are of various
Dispersion of Hydrocarbon Liquids
types, having components in weight percent in accordance with
D 1533 Test Methods for Water in Insulating Liquids (Karl
Table 1.
Fischer Reaction Method)
NOTE 1—The components and the respective percentages given are
D 1701 Test Methods for Scavenger Content of Askarels
descriptive of the materials currently in common use and are not intended
D 1810 Test Method for Specific Gravity of Askarels
as part of this specification, which is based on physical and chemical
D 1821 Test Method for Inorganic Chlorides in Askarels
properties.
D 1903 Test Method for Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
NOTE 2—Types A through G are PCB-type askarels previously avail-
of Electrical Insulating Liquids of Petroleum Origin, and
able and still in use in the field. Recently Type H, a non-PCB askarel, was
introduced as a retrofit and replacement.
Askarels
NOTE 3—Current governmental regulations prohibit the manufacture
D 2129 Test Method for Color of Water White Electrical
and sale of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). This method serves as a
Insulating Liquids
reference for all askarels, PCB and non-PCB.
3. Terminology
2. Referenced Documents
3.1 Definition:
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.1 askarel—a generic term for a group of synthetic,
D 88 Test Method for Saybolt Viscosity
fire-resistant, chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons used as elec-
D 92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland
trical insulating liquids. They have a property under arcing
Open Cup
conditions such that any gases produced will consist predomi-
D 97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
nantly of noncombustible hydrogen chloride with lesser
D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
amounts of combustible gases.
and Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation of Dynamic
Viscosity)
4. Detail Requirements
D 664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products
4.1 Askarels for use in transformers shall conform to the
by Potentiometric Titration
requirements prescribed in Table 2.
D 877 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of
NOTE 4—If more convenient, a measurement of dissipation factor may
Insulating Liquids Using Disk Electrodes
be made by Test Method D 924 in place of the resistivity measurement.
D 923 Test Method for Sampling Electrical Insulating
4 Theoretical considerations indicate and experiment confirms that a strong
Liquids
statistical correlation exists between the dissipation factor and resistivity;
however, other factors modify in practice the precise relationship pre-
dicted by theory. A dissipation factor at 60 Hz and 100°C that is not in
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-27 on
excess of 15 % shall be considered satisfactory.
Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
mittee D27.02 on Gases and Synthetic Liquids.
5. Sampling and Test Methods
Current edition approved Jan. 31, 1986. Published March 1986. Originally
published as D 2283 – 64 T. Last previous edition D 2283 – 82 (1985)e .
5.1 Sample the material in accordance with Test Method
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.04.
3 D 923, and tests shall be conducted in accordance with the test
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
methods listed
...

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3.1 In most of their uses, insulating liquids are continually in contact with metals that are subject to corrosion. The presence of elemental sulfur or corrosive sulfur compounds will result in deterioration of these metals and cause conductive or high resistive films to form. The extent of deterioration is dependent upon the quantity and type of corrosive agent and time and temperature factors. Detection of these undesirable impurities, even though not in terms of quantitative values, is a means for recognizing the hazard involved.  
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1.1 This test method describes the detection of corrosive sulfur compounds (both inorganic and organic) in electrical insulating liquids.  
1.2 New and in-service insulating liquids may contain elemental sulfur or sulfur compounds, or both, that cause corrosion under certain conditions of use. This test method is designed to detect the presence of, or the propensity to form, free (elemental) sulfur and corrosive sulfur compounds by subjecting copper or silver to contact with an insulating liquid under prescribed conditions.  
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ASTM D7151-15(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Elements in Insulating Oils by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)

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5.1 This test method covers the rapid determination of 12 elements in insulating oils, and it provides rapid screening of used oils for indications of wear. Test times approximate several minutes per test specimen, and detectability is in the 10 μg/kg through 100 μg/kg range.  
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1.1 This test method describes the determination of metals and contaminants in insulating oils by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The specific elements are listed in Table 1. This test method is similar to Test Method D5185, but differs in methodology, which results in the greater sensitivity required for insulating oil applications.    
1.2 This test method uses oil-soluble metals for calibration and does not purport to quantitatively determine insoluble particulates. Analytical results are particle size dependent, and low results are obtained for particles larger than several micrometers.2  
1.3 This test method determines the dissolved metals (which can originate from overheating or arcing, or both) and a portion of the particulate metals (which generally originate from a wear mechanism). While this ICP method detects nearly all particles less than several micrometers, the response of larger particles decreases with increasing particle size because larger particles are less likely to make it through the nebulizer and into the sample excitation zone.  
1.4 This test method includes an option for filtering the oil sample for those users who wish to separately determine dissolved metals and particulate metals (and hence, total metals).  
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1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D923-15(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practices for Sampling Electrical Insulating Liquids

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Accurate sampling, whether of the complete contents or only parts thereof, is extremely important from the standpoint of evaluating the quality of the liquid insulant sampled. Obviously, examination of a test specimen that, because of careless sampling procedure or contamination in sampling equipment, is not directly representative, leads to erroneous conclusions concerning quality and in addition results in a loss of time, effort, and expense in securing, transporting, and testing the sample.  
4.2 A study of gases and moisture contained in insulating oils from transformers and other electrical power apparatus can frequently give an early indication of abnormal behavior of the apparatus, and may indicate appropriate action be taken on the equipment before it suffers greater damage. Specific gas and moisture content can be determined from oil sampled for this purpose.
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1.1 These practices cover sampling of new electrical insulating liquids including oils, askarels, silicones, synthetic liquids, and natural ester insulating liquids as well as those insulating liquids in service or subsequent to service in cables, transformers, circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus. These practices apply to liquids having a viscosity of less than 6.476 × 10-4 m2/s (540 cSt) at 40 °C (104 °F).  
1.2 Representative samples of electrical insulating liquids are taken for test specimens so that the quality pertinent to their use may be determined. The quality in different portions of a given container, or the average quality of the whole bulk may be ascertained if desired.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are regarded as the standard where applicable. Inch pound units are used where there is no SI equivalent.  
1.4 These practices also include special techniques and devices for sampling for dissolved gases-in-oil (DGA) (D3612), water (D1533) and particles (D6786).  
1.5 For ease of use, this document has been indexed as follows:    
Section Title  
Section/Paragraph  
Mandatory Conditions and General Information  
Section 5  
Description of Sampling Devices and Containers  
Section 6, Annex A1, Appendix X2  
Most Frequently Used Sampling Techniques for Electrical Apparatus  
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Section 7, Appendix X1, Appendix X2  
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Standard Practice for Calculating Carbon-Type Composition of Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin

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5.1 The primary purpose of this practice is to characterize the carbon-type composition of an oil. It is also applicable in observing the effect on oil constitution, of various refining processes such as hydrotreating, solvent extraction, and so forth. It has secondary application in relating the chemical nature of an oil to other phenomena that have been demonstrated to be related to oil composition.  
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5.3 Although this practice tends to give consistent results, it may not compare with direct measurement test methods such as Test Method D2007.
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1.1 This practice may be used to determine the carbon-type composition of mineral insulating oils by correlation with basic physical properties. For routine analytical purposes it eliminates the necessity for complex fractional separation and purification procedures. The practice is applicable to oils having average molecular weights from 200 to above 600, and 0 to 50 aromatic carbon atoms.  
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1.1 This test method covers and is intended as a rapid method for the evaluation of the oxidation stability of new mineral insulating oils containing a synthetic oxidation inhibitor. This test is considered of value in checking the oxidation stability of new mineral insulating oils containing 2,6-ditertiary-butyl para-cresol or 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol, or both, in order to control the continuity of this property from shipment to shipment. The applicability of this procedure for use with inhibited mineral insulating oils of more than 12 cSt at 40 °C (approximately 65 SUS at 100 °F) has not been established.  
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ASTM D924-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor) and Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Electrical Insulating Liquids

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4.1 Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor)—This is a measure of the dielectric losses in an electrical insulating liquid when used in an alternating electric field and of the energy dissipated as heat. A low dissipation factor or power factor indicates low ac dielectric losses. Dissipation factor or power factor may be useful as a means of quality control, and as an indication of changes in quality resulting from contamination and deterioration in service or as a result of handling.  
4.1.1 The loss characteristic is commonly measured in terms of dissipation factor (tangent of the loss angle) or of power factor (sine of the loss angle) and may be expressed as a decimal value or as a percentage. For decimal values up to 0.05, dissipation factor and power factor values are equal to each other within about one part in one thousand. In general, since the dissipation factor or power factor of insulating oils in good condition have decimal values below 0.005, the two measurements (terms) may be considered interchangeable.  
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1.1 This test method describes testing of new electrical insulating liquids as well as liquids in service or subsequent to service in cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus.  
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1.6 Mercury has been designated by the EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for details and the EPA's website for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state may be prohibited by state law.  
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Standard Specification for Rerefined Mineral Insulating Liquid Used in Electrical Apparatus

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1.1 This specification covers rerefined previously used mineral insulating liquid of petroleum origin for reuse as an insulating and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatus, such as transformers, regulators, reactors, liquid filled circuit breakers, switchgear, and attendant equipment.  
1.2 This specification is intended to define a rerefined mineral insulating liquid that is functionally interchangeable and miscible with existing mineral insulating liquids, is compatible with existing apparatus, and with appropriate field maintenance2 will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristics in its application in electrical equipment. This specification applies only to rerefined mineral insulating liquid as received prior to any processing. Liquids that undergo treatment in-situ are not covered by this specification.  
1.3 Formulated rerefined mineral insulating liquids may contain additives such as inhibitors, passivators, pour point depressants, flow modifiers, gassing tendency modifiers, and other compounds. This specification will address some of these but not all. It is the responsibility of the supplier to disclose information concerning the presence of all known additives and their concentration to the user.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D5222-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Less Flammable High Molecular Weight Hydrocarbon Mineral Electrical Insulating Liquids

ABSTRACT
This specification describes a high fire-point mineral oil based electrical insulating fluid, for use as a dielectric and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatuses, such as transformers and switchgear. The material discussed here is miscible with other petroleum based insulating oils, and may not be miscible with electrical insulating liquids of non-petroleum origin. The insulating oils shall be compatible with typical material of construction of existing apparatus and will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristic in its application. This specification applies only to new insulating material oil as received prior to any processing. Sampled specimens shall undergo appropriate tests, and shall conform correspondingly to specified physical (appearance upon visual examination, color in ASTM units, fire point, flash point, aniline point, interfacial tension, pour point, relative density, and kinematic viscosity), electrical (dielectric breakdown voltage, gassing tendency, and dissipation factor), and chemical (corrosion behavior against sulfur, inorganic chlorides and sulfates content, acid number, water content, oxidation stability, oxidation inhibitor content, and PCB content) property requirements.
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1.1 This specification describes a less flammable mineral electrical insulating liquid, for use as a dielectric and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatus, such as transformers and switchgear.  
1.2 Less flammable insulating liquid differs from conventional mineral insulating liquid by possessing a fire-point of at least 300 °C. This property is necessary in order to comply with certain application requirements of the National Electrical Code (Article 450-23) or other agencies. The material discussed in this specification is miscible with other petroleum based insulating liquids. Mixing less flammable liquids with lower fire point hydrocarbon insulating liquids (for example, Specification D3487 mineral liquid) may result in fire points of less than 300 °C.  
1.3 This specification is intended to define a less flammable electrical mineral insulating liquid that is compatible with typical material of construction of existing apparatus and will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristic in this application. The material described in this specification may not be miscible with electrical insulating liquids of non-petroleum origin. The user should contact the manufacturer of the less flammable insulating liquid for guidance in this respect.  
1.4 This specification applies only to new electrical insulating liquid as received prior to any processing. Information on in-service maintenance testing is available in appropriate guides.2 The user should contact the manufacturers of the equipment or liquid if questions of recommended characteristics or maintenance procedures arise.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This specification covers less-flammable (high fire point) synthetic ester insulating liquids for use as a dielectric and cooling in new and existing electrical power apparatus including power and distribution transformers, switchgear, and other associated equipment  
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1.3 This specification is intended to define synthetic ester electrical insulating liquids that are compatible with typical materials of construction of existing apparatus and are expected to maintain their functional characteristics in these applications. The material described in this specification is not always miscible with other electrical insulating liquids. The user should contact the manufacturer of the synthetic ester insulating liquid for guidance in this respect.  
1.4 This specification applies only to unused synthetic ester insulating liquids as received prior to any processing. The user should contact the manufacturer of the equipment or liquid, or both, if questions of recommended characteristics or liquid maintenance procedures arise.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 By use of this test method and Test Methods D1500 or D2129 the color and condition of a test specimen of electrical insulating liquid may be estimated during a field inspection, thus assisting in the decision as to whether or not the sample should be sent to a central laboratory for full evaluation. Cloudiness, particles of insulation, products of metal corrosion, or other undesirable suspended materials, as well as any unusual change in color may be detected.
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1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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