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ASTM D6073-08a(2020)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Relative Setting of Heatset Printing Inks

Standard Test Method for Relative Setting of Heatset Printing Inks

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The setting speed of heatset printing inks is important because it influences the efficiency of the drying process. This test method provides a means for comparing the setting of a heatset ink directly against a standard at the same conditions of temperature and exposure time. While the method does not determine the setting speed of an ink on a production press, it is useful for specification acceptance between the supplier and the customer.  
5.2 The setting speed of a printing ink depends on a number of variables such as the substrate on which it is printed, the film thickness on the print, the temperature of the forced air, the rate of air flow, and the time that the print is subjected to heat. For these reasons, it is important to conduct the tests under conditions that are controlled and as realistic as practical.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the procedure for determining the relative setting speed of heatset inks using a tester consisting of a forced hot air oven and print delivery system.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to printing inks intended to be dried by the application of heat and for which a suitable reference standard is available.  
1.3 Although heatset inks are normally printed by the offset process, this test method specifies the direct letterpress mode because the higher ink film thicknesses obtained tend to amplify subtle differences in ink setting speed. Prints are prepared by a flatbed printing apparatus using a constant depth printing gage.  
1.4 This tester reads temperature and belt speed in nonmetric terms; therefore, instrument settings in this test method are stated first in U.S. Customary Units (inch pound units of measurements). The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-May-2020
ICS
87.080 - Inks. Printing inks
Technical Committee
D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
Drafting Committee
D01.56 - Printing Inks
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Referred By
ASTM D6846-02(2020) - Standard Practice for Preparing Prints of Paste Printing Inks with a Printing Gage
Effective Date
01-Jun-2020
Referred By
ASTM D7680-10(2020) - Standard Practice for Preparing Prints of Paste Printing Inks by a Motor-Driven Printability Tester
Effective Date
01-Jun-2020

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ASTM D6073-08a(2020) - Standard Test Method for Relative Setting of Heatset Printing InksASTM D6073-08a(2020) - Standard Test Method for Relative Setting of Heatset Printing Inks
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ASTM D6073-08a(2020) - Standard Test Method for Relative Setting of Heatset Printing Inks
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D6073 − 08a (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Test Method for
1
Relative Setting of Heatset Printing Inks
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6073; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method describes the procedure for determin-
D6846 Practice for Preparing Prints of Paste Printing Inks
ing the relative setting speed of heatset inks using a tester
with a Printing Gage
consisting of a forced hot air oven and print delivery system.
3. Terminology
1.2 This test method is applicable to printing inks intended
to be dried by the application of heat and for which a suitable
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
reference standard is available.
3.1.1 heatset printing ink, n—an ink typically containing
aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents that evaporate at elevated
1.3 Although heatset inks are normally printed by the offset
temperatures.
process, this test method specifies the direct letterpress mode
because the higher ink film thicknesses obtained tend to
4. Summary of Test Method
amplify subtle differences in ink setting speed. Prints are
4.1 A printing gage is used to prepare a laboratory print
prepared by a flatbed printing apparatus using a constant depth
containing both the test sample and a standard ink. The freshly
printing gage.
prepared print is immediately subjected to forced hot air in the
1.4 This tester reads temperature and belt speed in nonmet-
tester, which is initially set at 350°F (177°C) and a belt speed
ric terms; therefore, instrument settings in this test method are of 30 fpm (0.15 m/s).
stated first in U.S. Customary Units (inch pound units of
4.2 The print is cooled, overlaid with a clean sheet of stock,
measurements). The values given in parentheses are for infor-
passed through the printing apparatus, and examined for setoff.
mation only.
4.3 The process is repeated at different belt speeds or
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
temperatures until either the test sample or the standard
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical exhibits setoff and the other does not, or it is established that
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
both are the same. The sample is then reported to dry faster
and are not considered standard. than, slower than, or equal to the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5. Significance and Use
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5.1 The setting speed of heatset printing inks is important
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
because it influences the efficiency of the drying process. This
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
test method provides a means for comparing the setting of a
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
heatset ink directly against a standard at the same conditions of
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
temperature and exposure time. While the method does not
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
determine the setting speed of an ink on a production press, it
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
is useful for specification acceptance between the supplier and
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
the customer.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
5.2 The setting speed of a printing ink depends on a number
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ofvariablessuchasthesubstrateonwhichitisprinted,thefilm
thicknessontheprint,thetemperatureoftheforcedair,therate
of air flow, and the time that the print is subjected to heat. For
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
2
Subcommittee D01.56 on Printing Inks. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2020.PublishedJuly2020.Originallyapproved contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D6073 – 08a (2013). DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D6073-08AR20. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, We
...

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ASTM D7867-13(2020)(Test Method)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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ASTM D6846-02(2020)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Preparing Prints of Paste Printing Inks with a Printing Gage

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Laboratory proofing of inks is necessary to establish a reproducible prediction of print appearance and performance properties, most of which are highly sensitive to ink film thickness. The apparatus described in this practice has found wide use for routine control proofing because it provides an economical method for producing reasonably large prints at film thicknesses comparable to those obtained on production presses.
FIG. 1 Schematic Diagram of Printing Gages (not drawn to scale)  
4.2 A unique advantage of printing gages is that, depending on the design selected, prints can be produced at a range of tapered film thicknesses or at several levels of uniform thicknesses in a single proofing. Because of the built-in film thickness control, ink metering is not necessary. Relatively small quantities of test samples are used, and less than two minutes are required to ink a gage, pull a letterpress print, and clean up. In addition, problems due to ink distribution systems are eliminated, two inks may be proofed at the same time, and multi-color printing is possible.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for preparing laboratory prints of paste inks using a printing gage in conjunction with a flat-bed proof press.  
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5.1 It is generally recognized that the best method for evaluating printing properties of ink-substrate combinations is by actual printing. this practice provides a convenient method for preparing repeatable laboratory prints at realistic conditions of printing speed, printing pressure and ink film thickness.  
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1.1 This practice describes the procedure for preparing laboratory prints of paste printing inks using a motor-driven printability tester.  
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1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The only other unit of measurement used is fpm.  
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ASTM D5958-99(2020)(Practice)
Standard Practices for Preparation of Oil-Based Ink Resin Solutions

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These practices provide means of preparing small quantities of resin solution (in some procedures in an inert gas atmosphere using uniform, controlled heating).  
5.2 This practice provides quick ways to prepare a resin solution for quality control testing during the manufacture of resin solutions and vehicles. Samples can usually be prepared in approximately 30 to 45 minutes or less.  
5.3 These practices can be used to prepare commonly specified ink test solutions such as 33.3 % resin in alkali refined linseed oil, and 50 % resin in heat-set ink solvent (that is, C12 to C16 hydrocarbon petroleum distillate with initial boiling point (IBP) about 470°F).
SCOPE
1.1 These practices describe laboratory procedures for preparing an oil-based ink resin solution in a high-boiling solvent using four pieces of lab equipment:
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1.2 These practices use laboratory equipment generally available in a normal, well-equipped laboratory.  
1.3 One or several of these practices allows for rapid resin solution preparation (under 30 min, typical), can regulate the maximum temperature, can be done under an inert atmosphere, and can prevent the random solvent loss during preparation.  
1.4 These procedures are for use with ink resins intended mainly for oil-based offset and letterpress inks. The type of resins are typically, but not limited to C9 aromatic hydrocarbon resins, modified dicyclopentadiene resins, rosin pentaerythritol or glycerine esters, phenolic modified rosin esters, maleic anhydride modified rosin esters, and naturally occurring resins such as gilsonite.  
1.5 The typical high boiling solvents to be used include C12 to C16 petroleum distillates, 2,2,4 trimethyl 1,3-pentanediol di-isobutyrate,2 alkali refined linseed oil, tridecyl alcohol, or combinations of the above.  
1.6 To avoid fire or injury, or both, to the operator, these practices should not be used with low flash point solvents such as toluene or xylene. The minimum flash point of the solvents used should be 60°C (140°F) as determined by Test Method D56. (Warning—Users of this practice should be aware that the flash point of many solvents used for this test (as defined in Test Methods D56 and D1310) is exceeded in the heating cycle of this test method. Take safety precautions since there is the potential for vapor ignition. Do the methods outlined in a shielded exhaust hood, where there is access to a fire extinguisher if needed.)  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statement see 25.11.  
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ASTM D5909-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Drying Time of Oxidative-Drying Printing Inks by Squalene Resistance

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Inadequate setting or drying of sheetfed inks, or both, can cause blocking of stacked prints with subsequent loss of product. “Setting” of an ink refers to the rapid rise in viscosity of the printed ink film, sometimes accompanied by surface drying, that prevents transference of the undried ink film to adjacent surfaces under light pressure. “Setting” is a property of the ink-substrate combination. Inadequate drying may be due to several factors, but the primary causes are: (1) omission of metallic driers from the ink, improper ink formulation (2) unusual ink-substrate interactions, and (3) use of a fountain solution that is too acidic. If the test prints are made on a standard laboratory proof press, where there is no application of fountain solution, then only the first three possible causes can be evaluated. If the prints have been made on a commercial production printing press or some other acceptable means of introducing the fountain solution into the ink agreed upon, then the effect of fountain solution can be determined. It will often be necessary to run several tests to isolate the specific cause of a drying problem.  
5.2 This test method is suitable for most combinations of oxidative drying inks and substrates. Because this test method relies on a visual assessment of the extent of drying, very light colors and clear varnishes may present difficulties in quantifying the extent of drying. In such cases, the supplier and the customer should agree upon an alternative method of assessing the drying properties of the ink.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the drying time of oxidative-drying printing inks (also referred to as “sheetfed inks”) by squalene resistance of printed ink films.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to all paste inks that dry primarily by oxidation regardless of the substrate on which they are printed. With appropriate changes in the test fluid, it may also be used with paste inks that dry by other mechanisms, such as heatset or ultraviolet light.  
1.3 This test method utilizes a modified rub tester and is intended to serve as a “referee” procedure when laboratories, using less rigorous test procedures (see Appendix X1), cannot agree on their results.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D4713-12(2020)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Nonvolatile Content of Heatset and Liquid Printing Ink Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Nonvolatile content of printing inks is useful for specification acceptance between the producer and the user.  
4.2 In order to obtain accurate results for heatset systems within the specified 3-h heating time, the specimen film thickness must be less than 100 g/m2, and the oven must have forced ventilation. Thickness of the specimen film is less critical for liquid ink systems.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of weight content of nonvolatile matter in two types of printing inks.  
1.2 Test Method A is applicable to heatset-type printing inks and resin solutions; solvents in such systems typically have initial boiling points in the range from 240 to 275°C (470 to 535°F) and vapor pressures less than 0.2 mm Hg.  
1.3 Test Method B is applicable to liquid-type printing inks and vehicles based on aqueous or organic solvents that evaporate readily at ordinary room temperatures.
Note 1: Test Method A (for heatset systems) specifies a specimen film thickness that is much thinner than those produced by related test methods; one exception is Test Method B in Test Methods D1259, which is recommended as a referee test.
Note 2: Test Method B (for liquid ink systems) is similar to Test Method D2369 except that a solvent is not required for spreading the test specimen.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D4942-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Water Pickup of Lithographic Printing Inks and Vehicles in a Laboratory Mixer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The lithographic printing process requires that some dampening solution be emulsified into the ink. These test methods provide a rapid means for determining water pickup under laboratory conditions. Test results may be useful for specification acceptance between the supplier and the customer.  
3.2 In order that results be comparable, the tests must be run at the same temperature and with the same type and quantity of liquid added prior to mixing.  
3.3 The emulsions obtained in these test methods are of larger particle size than those typically produced in printing nips. Because of these and other variables in the printing process, water pickup results do not by themselves predict lithographic printing performance.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover two procedures for determining the amount of water picked up by lithographic printing inks in a laboratory mixer.  
1.2 Test Method A covers single-point water pickup; Test Method B covers the rate of water pickup. Both test methods are applicable to any printing ink and vehicle intended for the lithographic printing process.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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