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ASTM C1684-13

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature—Cylindrical Rod Strength

Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature—Cylindrical Rod Strength

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Jul-2013
ICS
81.060.30 - Advanced ceramics
Technical Committee
C28 - Advanced Ceramics
Drafting Committee
C28.01 - Mechanical Properties and Performance
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C1684-08 - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature-Cylindrical Rod Strength
Effective Date
01-Aug-2013
Replaced By
ASTM C1684-13e1 - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature—Cylindrical Rod Strength
Effective Date
01-Aug-2013
Referred By
ASTM C1899-21 - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramic Tubular Test Specimens at Ambient Temperature
Effective Date
01-Aug-2013

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ASTM C1684-13 - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature—Cylindrical Rod StrengthASTM C1684-13 - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature—Cylindrical Rod Strength
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C1684 − 13
StandardTest Method for
Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient
1
Temperature—Cylindrical Rod Strength
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1684; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Estimating Weibull Distribution Parameters forAdvanced
Ceramics
1.1 This test method is for the determination of flexural
C1322Practice for Fractography and Characterization of
strengthofrodshapespecimensofadvancedceramicmaterials
Fracture Origins in Advanced Ceramics
at ambient temperature. In many instances it is preferable to
C1368 Test Method for Determination of Slow Crack
test round specimens rather than rectangular bend specimens,
Growth Parameters of Advanced Ceramics by Constant
especiallyifthematerialisfabricatedinrodform.Thismethod
Stress-Rate Strength Testing at Ambient Temperature
permits testing of machined, drawn, or as-fired rod shaped
E4Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
specimens. It allows some latitude in the rod sizes and cross
E337Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy-
sectionshapeuniformity.Roddiametersbetween1.5and8mm
chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-
and lengths from 25 to 85 mm are recommended, but other
peratures)
1
sizes are permitted. Four-point- ⁄4 point as shown in Fig. 1 is
the preferred testing configuration. Three-point loading is
3. Terminology
permitted. This method describes the apparatus, specimen
requirements, test procedure, calculations, and reporting re- 3.1 Definitions:
quirements. The method is applicable to monolithic or 3.1.1 complete gage section, n—theportionofthespecimen
particulate- or whisker-reinforced ceramics. It may also be between the two outer loading points in four-point flexure and
used for glasses. It is not applicable to continuous fiber- three-point flexure fixtures. C1161
reinforced ceramic composites.
3.1.2 flaw, n—a structural discontinuity in an advanced
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the ceramic body that acts as a highly localized stress raiser.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.1.2.1 Discussion—The presence of such discontinuities
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
does not necessarily imply that the ceramic has been prepared
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- improperly or is faulty. C1322
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.3 flexural strength, n—a measure of the ultimate
strength of a specified beam in bending. C1145, C1161
2. Referenced Documents
1
3.1.4 four-point- ⁄4 point flexure, n—configuration of flex-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
uralstrengthtestingwhereaspecimenissymmetricallyloaded
C158Test Methods for Strength of Glass by Flexure (De-
attwolocationsthataresituatedonequarteroftheoverallspan
termination of Modulus of Rupture)
away from the outer two support loading points (see Fig. 1).
C1145Terminology of Advanced Ceramics
C1145, C1161
C1161Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced
3.1.5 fracture origin, n—the source from which brittle
Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
fracture commences. C1145, C1322
C1239Practice for Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and
3.1.6 inert flexural strength, n—ameasureofthestrengthof
specifiedbeaminbendingasdeterminedinanappropriateinert
1 condition whereby no slow crack growth occurs.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on
Advanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.01 on 3.1.6.1 Discussion—An inert condition may be obtained by
Mechanical Properties and Performance.
using vacuum, low temperatures, very fast test rates, or any
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2013. Published September 2013. Originally
inert media. C1161
approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as C1684 – 08. DOI:
10.1520/C1684-13.
3.1.7 inherent flexural strength, n—theflexuralstrengthofa
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
material in the absence of any effect of surface grinding or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
other surface finishing process, or of extraneous damage that
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. may be present.The measured inherent strength is in general a
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1684 − 13
1
FIG. 1 Four-Point- ⁄4 Point Flexure Loading Configuration
function of the fle
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1684 − 08 C1684 − 13
Standard Test Method for
Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient
1
Temperature—Cylindrical Rod Strength
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1684; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method is for the determination of flexural strength of rod shape specimens of advanced ceramic materials at
ambient temperature. In many instances it is preferable to test round specimens rather than rectangular bend specimens, especially
if the material is fabricated in rod form. This method permits testing of machined, drawn, or as-fired rod shaped specimens. It
allows some latitude in the rod sizes and cross section shape uniformity. Rod diameters between 1.5 and 8 mm and lengths from
1
25 to 85 mm are recommended, but other sizes are permitted. Four-point- ⁄4 point as shown in Fig. 1 is the preferred testing
configuration. Three-point loading is permitted. This method describes the apparatus, specimen requirements, test procedure,
calculations, and reporting requirements. The method is applicable to monolithic or particulate- or whisker-reinforced ceramics.
It may also be used for glasses. It is not applicable to continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C158 Test Methods for Strength of Glass by Flexure (Determination of Modulus of Rupture)
C1145 Terminology of Advanced Ceramics
C1161 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
C1239 Practice for Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and Estimating Weibull Distribution Parameters for Advanced Ceramics
C1322 Practice for Fractography and Characterization of Fracture Origins in Advanced Ceramics
C1368 Test Method for Determination of Slow Crack Growth Parameters of Advanced Ceramics by Constant Stress-Rate
Strength Testing at Ambient Temperature
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psychrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Temperatures)
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 complete gage section, n—the portion of the specimen between the two outer loading points in four-point flexure and
three-point flexure fixtures. C1161
3.1.2 flaw, n—a structural discontinuity in an advanced ceramic body that acts as a highly localized stress raiser.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on Advanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.01 on Mechanical
Properties and Performance.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2008Aug. 1, 2013. Published January 2008September 2013. Originally approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as C1684
– 08. DOI: 10.1520/C1684-08.10.1520/C1684-13.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
The presence of such discontinuities does not necessarily imply that the ceramic has been prepared improperly or is faulty. C1322
3.1.3 flexural strength, n—a measure of the ultimate strength of a specified beam in bending. C1145, C1161
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1684 − 13
1
FIG. 1 Four-Point- ⁄4 Point Flexure Loading Configuration
1
3.1.4 four-point- ⁄4 point flexure,n—configuration of flexural strength testing where a specimen is symmetrically loaded at two
locations that are situated one quarter of the overall span away from the outer two support loading points (see Fig. 1). C1145,
C1161
3.1.5 fracture origin, n—the source from which brittle fracture commences. C1145, C1322
3.1.6 inert flexural strength, n—a measure of the strength of specified beam in bending as determined in an appropriate inert
condition whereby no slow crack growth occurs.
3.1.
...

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FIG. 2 Flexure Loading Configurations  
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FIG. 1 Four-Point-1/4-Point Flexure Loading Configuration  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
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5.1 For advanced ceramics, Knoop indenters are used to create indentations. The surface projection of the long diagonal is measured with optical microscopes.  
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1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Units—When Knoop and Vickers hardness tests were developed, the force levels were specified in units of grams-force (gf) and kilograms-force (kgf). This standard specifies the units of force and length in the International System of Units (SI); that is, force in newtons (N) and length in mm or μm. However, because of the historical precedent and continued common usage, force values in gf and kgf units are occasionally provided for information. This test method specifies that Knoop hardness be reported either in units of GPa or as a dimensionless Knoop hardness number.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM C1495-16(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Effect of Surface Grinding on Flexure Strength of Advanced Ceramics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Surface grinding can cause a significant decrease4 in the flexure strength of advanced ceramic materials. The magnitude of the loss in strength is determined by the grinding conditions and the response of the material. This test method can be used to obtain a detailed characterization of the relationship between grinding conditions and flexure strength for an advanced ceramic material. The effect on flexure strength of varying a single grinding parameter or several grinding parameters can be measured. The method may also be used to compare and rank different materials according to their response to one or more different grinding conditions. Results obtained by this method can be used to develop an optimum grinding process with respect to maximizing material removal rate for a specified flexure strength requirement. The test method can assist in the development of improved grinding-damage-tolerant ceramic materials. It may also be used for quality control purposes to monitor and assure the consistency of a grinding process in the fabrication of parts from advanced ceramic materials. The test method is applicable to grinding methods that generate a planar surface and is not directly applicable to grinding methods that produce non-planar surfaces such as cylindrical and centerless grinding.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the effect of surface grinding on the flexure strength of advanced ceramics. Surface grinding of an advanced ceramic material can introduce microcracks and other changes in the near surface layer, generally referred to as damage (see Fig. 1 and Ref. (1)).2 Such damage can result in a change—most often a decrease—in flexure strength of the material. The degree of change in flexure strength is determined by both the grinding process and the response characteristics of the specific ceramic material. This method compares the flexure strength of an advanced ceramic material after application of a user-specified surface grinding process with the baseline flexure strength of the same material. The baseline flexure strength is obtained after application of a surface grinding process specified in this standard. The baseline flexure strength is expected to approximate closely the inherent strength of the material. The flexure strength is measured by means of ASTM flexure test methods.
FIG. 1 Microcracks Associated with Grinding (Ref. (1))2  
1.2 Flexure test methods used to determine the effect of surface grinding are C1161 Test Method for Flexure Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures and C1211 Test Method for Flexure Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures.  
1.3 Materials covered in this standard are those advanced ceramics that meet criteria specified in flexure testing standards C1161 and C1211.  
1.4 The flexure test methods supporting this standard (C1161 and C1211) require test specimens that have a rectangular cross section, flat surfaces, and that are fabricated with specific dimensions and tolerances. Only grinding processes that are capable of generating the specified flat surfaces, that is, planar grinding modes, are suitable for evaluation by this method. Among the applicable machine types are horizontal and vertical spindle reciprocating surface grinders, horizontal and vertical spindle rotary surface grinders, double disk grinders, and tool-and-cutter grinders. Incremental cross-feed, plunge, and creep-feed grinding methods may be used.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was develop...

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ASTM
ASTM C1211-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method may be used for material development, quality control, characterization, and design data generation purposes. This test method is intended to be used with ceramics whose flexural strength is ∼50 MPa (∼7 ksi) or greater.  
4.2 The flexure stress is computed based on simple beam theory, with assumptions that the material is isotropic and homogeneous, the moduli of elasticity in tension and compression are identical, and the material is linearly elastic. The average grain size should be no greater than 1/50 of the beam thickness. The homogeneity and isotropy assumptions in the test method rule out the use of it for continuous fiber-reinforced composites for which Test Method C1341 is more appropriate.  
4.3 The flexural strength of a group of test specimens is influenced by several parameters associated with the test procedure. Such factors include the testing rate, test environment, specimen size, specimen preparation, and test fixtures. Specimen and fixture sizes were chosen to provide a balance between the practical configurations and resulting errors as discussed in Test Method C1161, and Refs (1-3).4 Specific fixture and specimen configurations were designated in order to permit the ready comparison of data without the need for Weibull size scaling.  
4.4 The flexural strength of a ceramic material is dependent on both its inherent resistance to fracture and the size and severity of flaws. Variations in these cause a natural scatter in test results for a sample of test specimens. Fractographic analysis of fracture surfaces, although beyond the scope of this test method, is highly recommended for all purposes, especially if the data will be used for design as discussed in Ref (4) and Practices C1322 and C1239.  
4.5 This method determines the flexural strength at elevated temperature and ambient environmental conditions at a nominal, moderately fast testing rate. The flexural strength under these conditions may or may not necessarily be the...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the flexural strength of advanced ceramics at elevated temperatures.2 Four-point-1/4-point and three-point loadings with prescribed spans are the standard as shown in Fig. 1. Rectangular specimens of prescribed cross-section are used with specified features in prescribed specimen-fixture combinations. Test specimens may be 3 by 4 by 45 to 50 mm in size that are tested on 40-mm outer span four-point or three-point fixtures. Alternatively, test specimens and fixture spans half or twice these sizes may be used. The test method permits testing of machined or as-fired test specimens. Several options for machining preparation are included: application matched machining, customary procedures, or a specified standard procedure. This test method describes the apparatus, specimen requirements, test procedure, calculations, and reporting requirements. The test method is applicable to monolithic or particulate- or whisker-reinforced ceramics. It may also be used for glasses. It is not applicable to continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1323-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Ultimate Strength of Advanced Ceramics with Diametrally Compressed C-Ring Specimens at Ambient Temperature

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, and characterization. Extreme care should be exercised when generating design data.  
4.2 For a C-ring under diametral compression, the maximum tensile stress occurs at the outer surface. Hence, the C-ring specimen loaded in compression will predominately evaluate the strength distribution and flaw population(s) on the external surface of a tubular component in the hoop direction. Accordingly, the condition of the inner surface may be of lesser consequence in specimen preparation and testing.
Note 1: A C-ring in tension or an O-ring in compression may be used to evaluate the internal surface.  
4.2.1 The flexure stress is computed based on simple curved beam theory (1-5).3 It is assumed that the material is isotropic and homogeneous, the moduli of elasticity are identical in compression or tension, and the material is linearly elastic. These homogeneity and isotropy assumptions preclude the use of this standard for continuous fiber reinforced composites. Average grain size(s) should be no greater than one fiftieth (1/50 ) of the C-ring thickness. The curved beam stress solution from engineering mechanics is in good agreement (within 2 %) with an elasticity solution as discussed in (6) for the test specimen geometries recommended for this standard. The curved beam stress equations are simple and straightforward, and therefore it is relatively easy to integrate the equations for calculations for effective area or effective volume for Weibull analyses as discussed in Appendix X1.  
4.2.2 The simple curved beam and theory of elasticity stress solutions both are two-dimensional plane stress solutions. They do not account for stresses in the axial (parallel to b) direction, or variations in the circumferential (hoop, σθ) stresses through the width (b) of the test piece. The variations in the circumferential stresses increase with increases in width (b) and ring thicknes...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of ultimate strength under monotonic loading of advanced ceramics in tubular form at ambient temperatures. The ultimate strength as used in this test method refers to the strength obtained under monotonic compressive loading of C-ring specimens such as shown in Fig. 1, where monotonic refers to a continuous nonstop test rate with no reversals from test initiation to final fracture. This method permits a range of sizes and shapes since test specimens may be prepared from a variety of tubular structures. The method may be used with microminiature test specimens.
FIG. 1 C-Ring Test Geometry with Defining Geometry and Reference Angle (θ) for the Point of Fracture Initiation on the Circumference  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and IEEE/ASTM SI 10.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1292-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Shear Strength of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites can be candidate materials for structural applications requiring high degrees of wear and corrosion resistance, and damage tolerance at high temperatures.  
5.2 Shear tests provide information on the strength and deformation of materials under shear stresses.  
5.3 This test method may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.  
5.4 For quality control purposes, results derived from standardized shear test specimens may be considered indicative of the response of the material from which they were taken for given primary processing conditions and post-processing heat treatments.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of shear strength of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites (CFCCs) at ambient temperature. The test methods addressed are (1) the compression of a double-notched test specimen to determine interlaminar shear strength, and (2) the Iosipescu test method to determine the shear strength in any one of the material planes of laminated composites. Test specimen fabrication methods, testing modes (load or displacement control), testing rates (load rate or displacement rate), data collection, and reporting procedures are addressed.  
1.2 This test method is used for testing advanced ceramic or glass matrix composites with continuous fiber reinforcement having unidirectional (1D) or bidirectional (2D) fiber architecture. This test method does not address composites with 3D fiber architecture or discontinuous fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced, or particulate-reinforced ceramics.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard and are in accordance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in 8.1 and 8.2.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1469-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Shear Strength of Joints of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Advanced ceramics can be candidate materials for structural applications requiring high degrees of wear and corrosion resistance, often at elevated temperatures.  
5.2 Joints are produced to enhance the performance and applicability of materials. While the joints between similar materials are generally made for manufacturing complex parts and repairing components, those involving dissimilar materials usually are produced to exploit the unique properties of each constituent in the new component. Depending on the joining process, the joint region may be the weakest part of the component. Since under mixed-mode and shear loading the load transfer across the joint requires reasonable shear strength, it is important that the quality and integrity of joint under in-plane shear forces be quantified. Shear strength data are also needed to monitor the development of new and improved joining techniques.  
5.3 Shear tests provide information on the strength and deformation of materials under shear stresses.  
5.4 This test method may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.  
5.5 For quality control purposes, results derived from standardized shear test specimens may be considered indicative of the response of the material from which they were taken for given primary processing conditions and post-processing heat treatments.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of shear strength of joints in advanced ceramics at ambient temperature using asymmetrical four-point flexure. Test specimen geometries, test specimen fabrication methods, testing modes (that is, force or displacement control), testing rates (that is, force or displacement rate), data collection, and reporting procedures are addressed.  
1.2 This test method is used to measure shear strength of ceramic joints in test specimens extracted from larger joined pieces by machining. Test specimens fabricated in this way are not expected to warp due to the relaxation of residual stresses but are expected to be much straighter and more uniform dimensionally than butt-jointed test specimens prepared by joining two halves, which is not recommended. In addition, this test method is intended for joints, which have either low or intermediate strengths with respect to the substrate material to be joined. Joints with high strengths should not be tested by this test method because of the high probability of invalid tests resulting from fractures initiating at the reaction points rather than in the joint. Determination of the shear strength of joints using this test method is appropriate particularly for advanced ceramic matrix composite materials but also may be useful for monolithic advanced ceramic materials.  
1.3 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and IEEE/ASTM SI 10.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are noted in 8.1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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