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ASTM D1524-94(2004)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Visual Examination of Used Electrical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin in the Field

Standard Test Method for Visual Examination of Used Electrical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin in the Field

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
By use of this test method the color and condition of a test specimen of oil may be estimated during a field inspection, thus assisting in the decision as to whether or not the sample should be sent to a central laboratory for full evaluation. Cloudiness, particles of insulation, products of metal corrosion, or other undesirable suspended materials, as well as any unusual change in color may be detected. For precise determination of color in the laboratory, Test Method D 1500 should be used.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method for visual examination is applicable to mineral oils of petroleum origin that have been used in transformers, oil circuit breakers, or other electrical apparatus as insulating or cooling media, or both.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2004
ICS
29.040.10 - Insulating oils
Technical Committee
D27 - Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases
Drafting Committee
D27.07 - Physical Test
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D1524-94(1999) - Standard Test Method for Visual Examination of Used Electrical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin in the Field
Effective Date
01-Oct-2004
Replaced By
ASTM D1524-94(2010) - Standard Test Method for Visual Examination of Used Electrical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin in the Field
Effective Date
01-May-2010
Referred By
ASTM D8240-22e1 - Standard Specification for Less-Flammable Synthetic Ester Liquids Used in Electrical Apparatus
Effective Date
01-Oct-2004
Referred By
ASTM D6871-17 - Standard Specification for Natural (Vegetable Oil) Ester Fluids Used in Electrical Apparatus
Effective Date
01-Oct-2004
Referred By
ASTM D3487-16e1 - Standard Specification for Mineral Insulating Oil Used in Electrical Apparatus
Effective Date
01-Oct-2004
Referred By
ASTM D117-22 - Standard Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications for Electrical Insulating Liquids
Effective Date
01-Oct-2004
Referred By
ASTM D8180-23 - Standard Specification for Rerefined Mineral Insulating Liquid Used in Electrical Apparatus
Effective Date
01-Oct-2004
Referred By
ASTM D5222-23 - Standard Specification for Less Flammable High Molecular Weight Hydrocarbon Mineral Electrical Insulating Liquids
Effective Date
01-Oct-2004

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ASTM D1524-94(2004) - Standard Test Method for Visual Examination of Used Electrical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin in the FieldASTM D1524-94(2004) - Standard Test Method for Visual Examination of Used Electrical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin in the Field
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ASTM D1524-94(2004) - Standard Test Method for Visual Examination of Used Electrical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin in the Field
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:D1524–94 (Reapproved 2004)
Standard Test Method for
Visual Examination of Used Electrical Insulating Oils of
Petroleum Origin in the Field
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1524; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope or other undesirable suspended materials, as well as any
unusual change in color may be detected. For precise determi-
1.1 This test method for visual examination is applicable to
nationofcolorinthelaboratory,TestMethodD1500shouldbe
mineral oils of petroleum origin that have been used in
used.
transformers, oil circuit breakers, or other electrical apparatus
as insulating or cooling media, or both.
5. Apparatus
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5.1 Color Comparator —A color comparator suitable for
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
estimating the color of petroleum products on theASTM Color
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Scale,andfortheexaminationofthetestspecimenbyreflected
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
light (Tyndall beam effect).
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.2 Light—Alight source such as a pen light with a No. 222
2. Referenced Documents bulb.
5.3 Cloth—Photographer’s focusing cloth.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Prod-
6. Preparation of Apparatus
ucts (ASTM Color Scale)
6.1 Open the front cover of the comparator housing, and
3. Summary of Test Method place the center of the color disk on the ring with the number
plates facing the operator. Close the cover. As the disk is
3.1 The color of the test specimen is estimated by visually
rotated, the number plates representingASTM Color Numbers
comparing the color of a specified thickness of the sample with
can be read through the upper opening on the right-hand side
a series of artificial standard color disk filters in a specified
of the front cover.The alignment is such that only one figure is
comparator.
visible when a glass color standard is completely in the field of
3.2 The condition of the test specimen is estimated by
view.
observation of cloudiness, foreign particles, or suspended
6.2 The observation fields for colorimetric comparison can
matter in the sample by reflected light.
be seen through the two central openings. Through the prism
4. Significance and Use
attachment, they are seen as half-fields. The right-hand field is
produced by the test specimen in a tube which is placed in the
4.1 By use of this test method the color and condition of a
opening at the right of the instrument, while the left-hand field
test specimen of oil may be estimated during a field inspection,
is formed by one of the glass color standards.
thus assisting in the decision as to whether or not the sample
should be sent to a central laboratory for full evaluation.
7. Procedure
Cloudiness,particlesofinsulation,productsofmetalcorrosion,
7.1 Color Determinations—Fill a tube with the test speci-
men to a height convenient for full exposure in the observation
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D27 on
field and place it in the right-hand opening of the apparatus.
Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
mittee of D27.07 on Physical Tests.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2004. Published November 2004. Originally
approved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D1524 – 94 (1999). The Hellige Oil Comparator, catalog No. 605-HT, with catalog No. 620C-55
DOI: 10.1520/D1524-94R04. colordisk,availablefromOrbcoHellige,185TMarineSt.,Farmingdale,NY11735,
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or has been found to be suitable. This equipment may be modified to accommodate a
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM TyndallBeamAccessory.Aprismmagnifierattachment,CatalogNo.600-PA,isalso
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on availableifdesired.AHelligeComparator,catalogNo.607-OC,hasalsobeenfound
the ASTM website. suitable but is less convenient for field use.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
...

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Standard Test Method for Corrosive Sulfur in Electrical Insulating Liquids

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 In most of their uses, insulating liquids are continually in contact with metals that are subject to corrosion. The presence of elemental sulfur or corrosive sulfur compounds will result in deterioration of these metals and cause conductive or high resistive films to form. The extent of deterioration is dependent upon the quantity and type of corrosive agent and time and temperature factors. Detection of these undesirable impurities, even though not in terms of quantitative values, is a means for recognizing the hazard involved.  
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1.1 This test method describes the detection of corrosive sulfur compounds (both inorganic and organic) in electrical insulating liquids.  
1.2 New and in-service insulating liquids may contain elemental sulfur or sulfur compounds, or both, that cause corrosion under certain conditions of use. This test method is designed to detect the presence of, or the propensity to form, free (elemental) sulfur and corrosive sulfur compounds by subjecting copper or silver to contact with an insulating liquid under prescribed conditions.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units are included for informational purposes.  
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ASTM D923-15(2023)(Practice)
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4.1 Accurate sampling, whether of the complete contents or only parts thereof, is extremely important from the standpoint of evaluating the quality of the liquid insulant sampled. Obviously, examination of a test specimen that, because of careless sampling procedure or contamination in sampling equipment, is not directly representative, leads to erroneous conclusions concerning quality and in addition results in a loss of time, effort, and expense in securing, transporting, and testing the sample.  
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1.2 Representative samples of electrical insulating liquids are taken for test specimens so that the quality pertinent to their use may be determined. The quality in different portions of a given container, or the average quality of the whole bulk may be ascertained if desired.  
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1.4 These practices also include special techniques and devices for sampling for dissolved gases-in-oil (DGA) (D3612), water (D1533) and particles (D6786).  
1.5 For ease of use, this document has been indexed as follows:    
Section Title  
Section/Paragraph  
Mandatory Conditions and General Information  
Section 5  
Description of Sampling Devices and Containers  
Section 6, Annex A1, Appendix X2  
Most Frequently Used Sampling Techniques for Electrical Apparatus  
Collecting Samples from Electrical Equipment Using Bottles and Cans  
Section 7, Appendix X1, Appendix X2  
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Section 8  
Collecting Samples from Electrical Equipment Using Stainless Steel Cylinders (DGA and Water Analysis)  
Section 9  
Sampling of Cans, Drums, Tank Cars, Tank Trucks and Small Electrical Equipment  
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Section 10  
Sampling Using the Pressure-Type Device  
Section 11, Annex A1.1  
Sampling Using the Tank Car-Type Device  
Section 12, Annex A1.2  
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Section 13  
General Considerations  
Section 14  
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Section 15, Annex A1.3  
Cleaning, Preparation, Storage, and Handling of Sampling Containers  
Section 16  
Storage, Packaging and Shipping of Samples  
Section 17  
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Section 18  
Sample Information  
Section 19  
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Annex A1  
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Appendix X1  
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Appendix X2  
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Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Inhibited Mineral Insulating Oil by Pressure Vessel

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1.1 This test method covers and is intended as a rapid method for the evaluation of the oxidation stability of new mineral insulating oils containing a synthetic oxidation inhibitor. This test is considered of value in checking the oxidation stability of new mineral insulating oils containing 2,6-ditertiary-butyl para-cresol or 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol, or both, in order to control the continuity of this property from shipment to shipment. The applicability of this procedure for use with inhibited mineral insulating oils of more than 12 cSt at 40 °C (approximately 65 SUS at 100 °F) has not been established.  
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Standard Practice for Calculating Carbon-Type Composition of Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The primary purpose of this practice is to characterize the carbon-type composition of an oil. It is also applicable in observing the effect on oil constitution, of various refining processes such as hydrotreating, solvent extraction, and so forth. It has secondary application in relating the chemical nature of an oil to other phenomena that have been demonstrated to be related to oil composition.  
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1.2 Carbon-type composition is expressed as percentage of aromatic carbons, percentage of naphthenic carbons, and percentage of paraffinic carbons. These values can be obtained from the correlation chart, Fig. 1, if both the viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) and refractivity intercept (ri) of the oil are known. Viscosity, density and relative density (specific gravity), and refractive index are the only experimental data required for use of this test method.
FIG. 1 Correlation Chart for Determining % CA, % CN, and % CP  
1.3 This practice is useful for determining the carbon-type composition of electrical insulating oils of the types commonly used in electric power transformers and transmission cables. It is primarily intended for use with new oils, either inhibited or uninhibited.  
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4.1 Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor)—This is a measure of the dielectric losses in an electrical insulating liquid when used in an alternating electric field and of the energy dissipated as heat. A low dissipation factor or power factor indicates low ac dielectric losses. Dissipation factor or power factor may be useful as a means of quality control, and as an indication of changes in quality resulting from contamination and deterioration in service or as a result of handling.  
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1.1 This test method describes testing of new electrical insulating liquids as well as liquids in service or subsequent to service in cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus.  
1.2 This test method provides a procedure for making referee tests at a commercial frequency of between 45 Hz and 65 Hz.  
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1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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1.6 Mercury has been designated by the EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for details and the EPA's website for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state may be prohibited by state law.  
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ASTM D8180-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Rerefined Mineral Insulating Liquid Used in Electrical Apparatus

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1.1 This specification covers rerefined previously used mineral insulating liquid of petroleum origin for reuse as an insulating and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatus, such as transformers, regulators, reactors, liquid filled circuit breakers, switchgear, and attendant equipment.  
1.2 This specification is intended to define a rerefined mineral insulating liquid that is functionally interchangeable and miscible with existing mineral insulating liquids, is compatible with existing apparatus, and with appropriate field maintenance2 will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristics in its application in electrical equipment. This specification applies only to rerefined mineral insulating liquid as received prior to any processing. Liquids that undergo treatment in-situ are not covered by this specification.  
1.3 Formulated rerefined mineral insulating liquids may contain additives such as inhibitors, passivators, pour point depressants, flow modifiers, gassing tendency modifiers, and other compounds. This specification will address some of these but not all. It is the responsibility of the supplier to disclose information concerning the presence of all known additives and their concentration to the user.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D5222-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Less Flammable High Molecular Weight Hydrocarbon Mineral Electrical Insulating Liquids

ABSTRACT
This specification describes a high fire-point mineral oil based electrical insulating fluid, for use as a dielectric and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatuses, such as transformers and switchgear. The material discussed here is miscible with other petroleum based insulating oils, and may not be miscible with electrical insulating liquids of non-petroleum origin. The insulating oils shall be compatible with typical material of construction of existing apparatus and will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristic in its application. This specification applies only to new insulating material oil as received prior to any processing. Sampled specimens shall undergo appropriate tests, and shall conform correspondingly to specified physical (appearance upon visual examination, color in ASTM units, fire point, flash point, aniline point, interfacial tension, pour point, relative density, and kinematic viscosity), electrical (dielectric breakdown voltage, gassing tendency, and dissipation factor), and chemical (corrosion behavior against sulfur, inorganic chlorides and sulfates content, acid number, water content, oxidation stability, oxidation inhibitor content, and PCB content) property requirements.
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1.1 This specification describes a less flammable mineral electrical insulating liquid, for use as a dielectric and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatus, such as transformers and switchgear.  
1.2 Less flammable insulating liquid differs from conventional mineral insulating liquid by possessing a fire-point of at least 300 °C. This property is necessary in order to comply with certain application requirements of the National Electrical Code (Article 450-23) or other agencies. The material discussed in this specification is miscible with other petroleum based insulating liquids. Mixing less flammable liquids with lower fire point hydrocarbon insulating liquids (for example, Specification D3487 mineral liquid) may result in fire points of less than 300 °C.  
1.3 This specification is intended to define a less flammable electrical mineral insulating liquid that is compatible with typical material of construction of existing apparatus and will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristic in this application. The material described in this specification may not be miscible with electrical insulating liquids of non-petroleum origin. The user should contact the manufacturer of the less flammable insulating liquid for guidance in this respect.  
1.4 This specification applies only to new electrical insulating liquid as received prior to any processing. Information on in-service maintenance testing is available in appropriate guides.2 The user should contact the manufacturers of the equipment or liquid if questions of recommended characteristics or maintenance procedures arise.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This specification covers less-flammable (high fire point) synthetic ester insulating liquids for use as a dielectric and cooling in new and existing electrical power apparatus including power and distribution transformers, switchgear, and other associated equipment  
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1.3 This specification is intended to define synthetic ester electrical insulating liquids that are compatible with typical materials of construction of existing apparatus and are expected to maintain their functional characteristics in these applications. The material described in this specification is not always miscible with other electrical insulating liquids. The user should contact the manufacturer of the synthetic ester insulating liquid for guidance in this respect.  
1.4 This specification applies only to unused synthetic ester insulating liquids as received prior to any processing. The user should contact the manufacturer of the equipment or liquid, or both, if questions of recommended characteristics or liquid maintenance procedures arise.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D1524-15(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Visual Examination of Used Electrical Insulating Liquids in the Field

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 By use of this test method and Test Methods D1500 or D2129 the color and condition of a test specimen of electrical insulating liquid may be estimated during a field inspection, thus assisting in the decision as to whether or not the sample should be sent to a central laboratory for full evaluation. Cloudiness, particles of insulation, products of metal corrosion, or other undesirable suspended materials, as well as any unusual change in color may be detected.
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