D27.07 - Physical Test

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The primary purpose of this practice is to characterize the carbon-type composition of an oil. It is also applicable in observing the effect on oil constitution, of various refining processes such as hydrotreating, solvent extraction, and so forth. It has secondary application in relating the chemical nature of an oil to other phenomena that have been demonstrated to be related to oil composition.  
5.2 Results obtained by this practice are similar to, but not identical with, results obtained from Test Method D3238. The relationship between the two and the equations used in deriving Fig. 1 are discussed in the literature.4  
5.3 Although this practice tends to give consistent results, it may not compare with direct measurement test methods such as Test Method D2007.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice may be used to determine the carbon-type composition of mineral insulating oils by correlation with basic physical properties. For routine analytical purposes it eliminates the necessity for complex fractional separation and purification procedures. The practice is applicable to oils having average molecular weights from 200 to above 600, and 0 to 50 aromatic carbon atoms.  
1.2 Carbon-type composition is expressed as percentage of aromatic carbons, percentage of naphthenic carbons, and percentage of paraffinic carbons. These values can be obtained from the correlation chart, Fig. 1, if both the viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) and refractivity intercept (ri) of the oil are known. Viscosity, density and relative density (specific gravity), and refractive index are the only experimental data required for use of this test method.
FIG. 1 Correlation Chart for Determining % CA, % CN, and % CP  
1.3 This practice is useful for determining the carbon-type composition of electrical insulating oils of the types commonly used in electric power transformers and transmission cables. It is primarily intended for use with new oils, either inhibited or uninhibited.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Accurate sampling, whether of the complete contents or only parts thereof, is extremely important from the standpoint of evaluating the quality of the liquid insulant sampled. Obviously, examination of a test specimen that, because of careless sampling procedure or contamination in sampling equipment, is not directly representative, leads to erroneous conclusions concerning quality and in addition results in a loss of time, effort, and expense in securing, transporting, and testing the sample.  
4.2 A study of gases and moisture contained in insulating oils from transformers and other electrical power apparatus can frequently give an early indication of abnormal behavior of the apparatus, and may indicate appropriate action be taken on the equipment before it suffers greater damage. Specific gas and moisture content can be determined from oil sampled for this purpose.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices cover sampling of new electrical insulating liquids including oils, askarels, silicones, synthetic liquids, and natural ester insulating liquids as well as those insulating liquids in service or subsequent to service in cables, transformers, circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus. These practices apply to liquids having a viscosity of less than 6.476 × 10-4 m2/s (540 cSt) at 40 °C (104 °F).  
1.2 Representative samples of electrical insulating liquids are taken for test specimens so that the quality pertinent to their use may be determined. The quality in different portions of a given container, or the average quality of the whole bulk may be ascertained if desired.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are regarded as the standard where applicable. Inch pound units are used where there is no SI equivalent.  
1.4 These practices also include special techniques and devices for sampling for dissolved gases-in-oil (DGA) (D3612), water (D1533) and particles (D6786).  
1.5 For ease of use, this document has been indexed as follows:    
Section Title  
Section/Paragraph  
Mandatory Conditions and General Information  
Section 5  
Description of Sampling Devices and Containers  
Section 6, Annex A1, Appendix X2  
Most Frequently Used Sampling Techniques for Electrical Apparatus  
Collecting Samples from Electrical Equipment Using Bottles and Cans  
Section 7, Appendix X1, Appendix X2  
Collecting Samples from Electrical Equipment Using Glass Syringes (DGA and Water Analysis)  
Section 8  
Collecting Samples from Electrical Equipment Using Stainless Steel Cylinders (DGA and Water Analysis)  
Section 9  
Sampling of Cans, Drums, Tank Cars, Tank Trucks and Small Electrical Equipment  
Sampling Using the Dip-Type Device (drum thief)  
Section 10  
Sampling Using the Pressure-Type Device  
Section 11, Annex A1.1  
Sampling Using the Tank Car-Type Device  
Section 12, Annex A1.2  
Sampling Cable Feeders  
Mandatory Conditions  
Section 13  
General Considerations  
Section 14  
Sampling Using the Manifold-Type Device  
Section 15, Annex A1.3  
Cleaning, Preparation, Storage, and Handling of Sampling Containers  
Section 16  
Storage, Packaging and Shipping of Samples  
Section 17  
Cleaning and Storage of Sampling Devices  
Section 18  
Sample Information  
Section 19  
Mandatory Information—Construction of Sampling Devices  
Annex A1  
Determination of Electrical Apparatus Temperature  
Appendix X1  
Sample Container Types  
Appendix X2  
1.6 Handle askarels containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) according to federal and local regulations existing for that country. For example, the federal regulations concerning PCBs in the United States can be found in 40 CFR Part 761.  
1.7 Properly contain, package and dispose of any liquid or material resulting from the use of these practices in a manner that is in accordance with local and state regulations specific to the country in w...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Particles in insulating oil can have a detrimental effect on the dielectric properties of the fluid, depending on the size, concentration, and nature of the particles. The source of these particles can be external contaminants, oil degradation by-products, or internal materials such as metals, carbon, or cellulose fibers.  
5.2 Particle counts provide a general degree of contamination level and may be useful in assessing the condition of specific types of electrical equipment. Particle counts can also be used to determine filtering effectiveness when processing oil.  
5.3 If more specific knowledge of the nature of the particles is needed, other tests such as metals analysis or fiber identification and counting must be performed.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of particle concentration and particle size distribution in mineral insulating oil. It is suitable for testing oils having a viscosity of 6 mm2/s to 20 mm2/s at 40 °C. The test method is specific to liquid automatic particle analyzers that use the light extinction principle.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 By use of this test method and Test Methods D1500 or D2129 the color and condition of a test specimen of electrical insulating liquid may be estimated during a field inspection, thus assisting in the decision as to whether or not the sample should be sent to a central laboratory for full evaluation. Cloudiness, particles of insulation, products of metal corrosion, or other undesirable suspended materials, as well as any unusual change in color may be detected.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method for visual examination is applicable to electrical insulating liquids that have been used in transformers, oil circuit breakers, or other electrical apparatus as insulating or cooling media, or both.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Knowledge of gas solubility is of extreme importance in the lubrication of gas compressors. It is believed to be a substantial factor in boundary lubrication, where the sudden release of dissolved gas may cause cavitation erosion, or even collapse of the fluid film. In hydraulic and seal oils, gas dissolved at high pressure can cause excessive foaming on release of the pressure. In aviation oils and fuels, the difference in pressure between take-off and cruise altitude can cause foaming in storage vessels and interrupt flow to pumps.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for estimating the equilibrium solubility of several common gases in petroleum and synthetic lubricants, fuels, and solvents, at temperatures between 0 and 488 K.  
1.2 This test method is limited to systems in which polarity and hydrogen bonding are not strong enough to cause serious deviations from regularity. Specifically excluded are such gases as HCl, NH3, and SO2, and hydroxy liquids such as alcohols, glycols, and water. Estimating the solubility of CO2 in nonhydrocarbons is also specifically excluded.  
1.3 Highly aromatic oils such as diphenoxy phenylene ethers violate the stated accuracy above 363 K, at which point the estimate for nitrogen solubility is 43 % higher than the observation.  
1.4 Lubricants are given preference in this test method to the extent that certain empirical factors were adjusted to the lubricant data. Estimates for distillate fuels are made from the lubricant estimates by a further set of empirical factors, and are less accurate. Estimates for halogenated solvents are made as if they were hydrocarbons, and are the least accurate of the three.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Knowledge of gas solubility is of extreme importance in the lubrication of gas compressors. It is believed to be a substantial factor in boundary lubrication, where the sudden release of dissolved gas may cause cavitation erosion, or even collapse of the fluid film. In hydraulic and seal oils, gas dissolved at high pressure can cause excessive foaming on release of the pressure. In aviation oils and fuels, the difference in pressure between take-off and cruise altitude can cause foaming out of the storage vessels and interrupt flow to the pumps.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the equilibrium solubility of several common gases encountered in the aerospace industry in hydrocarbon liquids. These include petroleum fractions with densities in the range from 0.63 to 0.90 at 288 K (59°F). The solubilities can be estimated over the temperature range 228 K (−50°F) to 423 K (302°F).  
1.2 This test method is based on the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, Henry's law, and the perfect gas law, with empirically assigned constants for the variation with density and for each gas.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Interfacial tension measurements on electrical insulating liquids provide a sensitive means of detecting small amounts of soluble polar contaminants and products of oxidation. A high value for new mineral insulating oil indicates the absence of most undesirable polar contaminants. The test is frequently applied to service-aged mineral oils as an indication of the degree of deterioration.
Note 1: Different liquid matrixes are reviewed in Appendix X1.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the interfacial tension between insulating liquid that has a relative density (specific gravity) less than water and water, under non-equilibrium conditions.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 7.2 for a specific warning statement.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 A gas sample from above the insulating liquid in transformers and other electrical power apparatus can be used to give an early indication of developing fault conditions. Combustible gases are formed from the breakdown of the insulating materials under thermal and electrical stress. Excessive concentrations of combustible gases indicate the need to take appropriate action.  
2.2 It is important that gas samples from equipment be taken from the gas space directly above the liquid level, and not from remote expansion compartments, such as tank bracing bands.  
2.3 The procedure described should be carefully followed to ensure that the sample is not diluted by air or nitrogen, or contaminated by residual materials in the sampling bottle.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the sampling of gas above the insulating liquid of a transformer. A gas sampling bottle collects the gas sample from the gas space that is at a positive pressure.  
1.2 Representative samples of gas are taken for analysis to determine their compositions.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Color is significant chiefly as an indicator of contamination in electrical insulating liquids. Frequently this contamination is the result of solvent action in the apparatus involved or it may indicate possible contamination. No definite relationship can be established between color and the physical and electrical characteristics of the liquid; for that reason color in itself has limited value as a measure of condition. For more precise determination of color, Test Method D1209 may be used.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard describes a test method for the visual determination of the color of clear insulating liquids.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Certain gases have excellent dielectric and electric arc interruption characteristics which make their use in electrical installations very desirable.  
5.2 Water content, as the test parameter, is of great importance in determining the dielectric effectiveness of the gas. Under certain conditions, water may condense and become a conducting liquid resulting in a catastrophic dielectric breakdown of the insulation. The water content of these insulating gases as expressed by dew point is listed in Specifications D1933, D2472, and D3283.  
5.3 Once the dew point is determined, a conversion to moisture content may be performed using Table 1. Once moisture content is known, the lowest temperature at which gas insulated equipment can be safely operated can usually be determined by reviewing manufacturers' specifications for the equipment. (A) Vapor pressures in atmospheres at various dew points can be obtained by dividing the values for “volume percent'' in this table by 100. Calculations for this table were made by using the International Critical Table values for the vapor pressure of ice and liquid water. The vapor pressure of liquid water was used for values from 50 to 0°C. The vapor pressure of ice was used from 0 to − 81°C.  
5.4 The dew point of the test gas is independent of the gas temperature but does depend on its pressure. Many moisture measurement test instruments are sensitive to pressure, and display moisture values at the instrument inlet pressure and not necessarily at the pressure of the system being sampled. It is therefore important to account for this condition to avoid serious measurement errors.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe the determination of the water vapor content of electrical insulating gases by direct or indirect measurement of the dew point and the calculation of the water vapor content.  
1.2 The following four test methods are provided:  
1.2.1 Method A describes the automatic chilled mirror method for measurement of dew point as low as − 73°C (−99°F).  
1.2.2 Method B describes the manual chilled mirror or dew cup method for measurement of dew point as low as − 73°C (−99°F).  
1.2.3 Method C describes the adiabatic expansion method for measurement of dew point as low as − 62°C (−80°F).  
1.2.4 Method D describes the capacitance method for measurement of dew point as low as − 110°C (−166°F).  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warnings, see 8.1.1, 9.2, 10.1.2 and 10.2.5.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Knowledge of the coefficient of thermal expansion of a liquid is essential to compute the required size of a container to accommodate a volume of liquid over the full temperature range to which it will be subjected. It is also used to compute the volume of void space that would exist in an inelastic device filled with the liquid after the liquid has cooled to a lower temperature.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the coef-ficient of thermal expansion of electrical insulating liquids of petroleum origin, and askarels, containing PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), when used as an insulating or cooling medium, or both, in cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers, capacitors, or similar apparatus.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The primary purpose of this practice is to characterize the carbon-type composition of an oil. It is also applicable in observing the effect on oil constitution, of various refining processes such as hydrotreating, solvent extraction, and so forth. It has secondary application in relating the chemical nature of an oil to other phenomena that have been demonstrated to be related to oil composition.  
5.2 Results obtained by this practice are similar to, but not identical with, results obtained from Test Method D3238. The relationship between the two and the equations used in deriving Fig. 1 are discussed in the literature.4  
5.3 Although this practice tends to give consistent results, it may not compare with direct measurement test methods such as Test Method D2007.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice may be used to determine the carbon-type composition of mineral insulating oils by correlation with basic physical properties. For routine analytical purposes it eliminates the necessity for complex fractional separation and purification procedures. The practice is applicable to oils having average molecular weights from 200 to above 600, and 0 to 50 aromatic carbon atoms.  
1.2 Carbon-type composition is expressed as percentage of aromatic carbons, percentage of naphthenic carbons, and percentage of paraffinic carbons. These values can be obtained from the correlation chart, Fig. 1, if both the viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) and refractivity intercept (ri) of the oil are known. Viscosity, density and relative density (specific gravity), and refractive index are the only experimental data required for use of this test method.
FIG. 1 Correlation Chart for Determining % CA, % CN, and % CP  
1.3 This practice is useful for determining the carbon-type composition of electrical insulating oils of the types commonly used in electric power transformers and transmission cables. It is primarily intended for use with new oils, either inhibited or uninhibited.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The primary purpose of this practice is to characterize the carbon-type composition of an oil. It is also applicable in observing the effect on oil constitution, of various refining processes such as hydrotreating, solvent extraction, and so forth. It has secondary application in relating the chemical nature of an oil to other phenomena that have been demonstrated to be related to oil composition.  
5.2 Results obtained by this practice are similar to, but not identical with, results obtained from Test Method D3238. The relationship between the two and the equations used in deriving Fig. 1 are discussed in the literature.3  
5.3 Although this practice tends to give consistent results, it may not compare with direct measurement test methods such as Test Method D2007.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice may be used to determine the carbon-type composition of mineral insulating oils by correlation with basic physical properties. For routine analytical purposes it eliminates the necessity for complex fractional separation and purification procedures. The practice is applicable to oils having average molecular weights from 200 to above 600, and 0 to 50 aromatic carbon atoms.  
1.2 Carbon-type composition is expressed as percentage of aromatic carbons, percentage of naphthenic carbons, and percentage of paraffinic carbons. These values can be obtained from the correlation chart, Fig. 1, if both the viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) and refractivity intercept (ri) of the oil are known. Viscosity, density and relative density (specific gravity), and refractive index are the only experimental data required for use of this test method.  
1.3 This practice is useful for determining the carbon-type composition of electrical insulating oils of the types commonly used in electric power transformers and transmission cables. It is primarily intended for use with new oils, either inhibited or uninhibited.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 By use of this test method and Test Methods D1500 or D2129 the color and condition of a test specimen of electrical insulating liquid may be estimated during a field inspection, thus assisting in the decision as to whether or not the sample should be sent to a central laboratory for full evaluation. Cloudiness, particles of insulation, products of metal corrosion, or other undesirable suspended materials, as well as any unusual change in color may be detected.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method for visual examination is applicable to electrical insulating liquids that have been used in transformers, oil circuit breakers, or other electrical apparatus as insulating or cooling media, or both.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Accurate sampling, whether of the complete contents or only parts thereof, is extremely important from the standpoint of evaluating the quality of the liquid insulant sampled. Obviously, examination of a test specimen that, because of careless sampling procedure or contamination in sampling equipment, is not directly representative, leads to erroneous conclusions concerning quality and in addition results in a loss of time, effort, and expense in securing, transporting, and testing the sample.  
4.2 A study of gases and moisture contained in insulating oils from transformers and other electrical power apparatus can frequently give an early indication of abnormal behavior of the apparatus, and may indicate appropriate action be taken on the equipment before it suffers greater damage. Specific gas and moisture content can be determined from oil sampled for this purpose.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices cover sampling of new electrical insulating liquids including oils, askarels, silicones, synthetic liquids, and natural ester insulating liquids as well as those insulating liquids in service or subsequent to service in cables, transformers, circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus. These practices apply to liquids having a viscosity of less than 6.476 × 10-4 m2/s (540 cSt) at 40°C (104°F).  
1.2 Representative samples of electrical insulating liquids are taken for test specimens so that the quality pertinent to their use may be determined. The quality in different portions of a given container, or the average quality of the whole bulk may be ascertained if desired.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are regarded as the standard where applicable. Inch pound units are used where there is no SI equivalent.  
1.4 These practices also include special techniques and devices for sampling for dissolved gases-in-oil (DGA) (D3612), water (D1533) and particles (D6786).  
1.5 For ease of use, this document has been indexed as follows:    
Section Title  
Section/Paragraph  
Mandatory Conditions and General Information  
Section 5  
Description of Sampling Devices and Containers  
Section 6, Annex A1, Appendix X2  
Most Frequently Used Sampling Techniques for Electrical Apparatus  
Collecting Samples from Electrical Equipment Using Bottles and Cans  
Section 7, Appendix X1, Appendix X2  
Collecting Samples from Electrical Equipment Using Glass Syringes (DGA and Water Analysis)  
Section 8  
Collecting Samples from Electrical Equipment Using Stainless Steel Cylinders (DGA and Water Analysis)  
Section 9  
Sampling of Cans, Drums, Tank Cars, Tank Trucks and Small Electrical Equipment  
Sampling Using the Dip-Type Device (drum thief)  
Section 10  
Sampling Using the Pressure-Type Device  
Section 11, Annex A1.1  
Sampling Using the Tank Car-Type Device  
Section 12, Annex A1.2  
Sampling Cable Feeders  
Mandatory Conditions  
Section 13  
General Considerations  
Section 14  
Sampling Using the Manifold-Type Device  
Section 15, Annex A1.3  
Cleaning, Preparation, Storage, and Handling of Sampling Containers  
Section 16  
Storage, Packaging and Shipping of Samples  
Section 17  
Cleaning and Storage of Sampling Devices  
Section 18  
Sample Information  
Section 19  
Mandatory Information—Construction of Sampling Devices  
Annex A1  
Determination of Electrical Apparatus Temperature  
Appendix X1  
Sample Container Types  
Appendix X2  
1.6 Handle askarels containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) according to federal and local regulations existing for that country. For example, the federal regulations concerning PCBs in the United States can be found in 40 CFR Part 761.  
1.7 Properly contain, package and dispose of any liquid or material resulting from the use of these practices in a manner that is in accordance with local and state regulations specific to the country in whi...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Particles in insulating oil can have a detrimental effect on the dielectric properties of the fluid, depending on the size, concentration, and nature of the particles. The source of these particles can be external contaminants, oil degradation by-products, or internal materials such as metals, carbon, or cellulose fibers.  
5.2 Particle counts provide a general degree of contamination level and may be useful in assessing the condition of specific types of electrical equipment. Particle counts can also be used to determine filtering effectiveness when processing oil.  
5.3 If more specific knowledge of the nature of the particles is needed, other tests such as metals analysis or fiber identification and counting must be performed.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of particle concentration and particle size distribution in mineral insulating oil. It is suitable for testing oils having a viscosity of 6 to 20 mm2/s at 40°C. The test method is specific to liquid automatic particle analyzers that use the light extinction principle.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Interfacial tension measurements on electrical insulating oils provide a sensitive means of detecting small amounts of soluble polar contaminants and products of oxidation. A high value for new mineral insulating oil indicates the absence of most undesirable polar contaminants. The test is frequently applied to service-aged oils as an indication of the degree of deterioration.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the interfacial tension between mineral oil and water, under non-equilibrium conditions.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Knowledge of gas solubility is of extreme importance in the lubrication of gas compressors. It is believed to be a substantial factor in boundary lubrication, where the sudden release of dissolved gas may cause cavitation erosion, or even collapse of the fluid film. In hydraulic and seal oils, gas dissolved at high pressure can cause excessive foaming on release of the pressure. In aviation oils and fuels, the difference in pressure between take-off and cruise altitude can cause foaming in storage vessels and interrupt flow to pumps.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for estimating the equilibrium solubility of several common gases in petroleum and synthetic lubricants, fuels, and solvents, at temperatures between 0 and 488 K.
1.2 This test method is limited to systems in which polarity and hydrogen bonding are not strong enough to cause serious deviations from regularity. Specifically excluded are such gases as HCl, NH3, and SO2, and hydroxy liquids such as alcohols, glycols, and water. Estimating the solubility of CO2 in nonhydrocarbons is also specifically excluded.
1.3 Highly aromatic oils such as diphenoxy phenylene ethers violate the stated accuracy above 363 K, at which point the estimate for nitrogen solubility is 43 % higher than the observation.
1.4 Lubricants are given preference in this test method to the extent that certain empirical factors were adjusted to the lubricant data. Estimates for distillate fuels are made from the lubricant estimates by a further set of empirical factors, and are less accurate. Estimates for halogenated solvents are made as if they were hydrocarbons, and are the least accurate of the three.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Knowledge of gas solubility is of extreme importance in the lubrication of gas compressors. It is believed to be a substantial factor in boundary lubrication, where the sudden release of dissolved gas may cause cavitation erosion, or even collapse of the fluid film. In hydraulic and seal oils, gas dissolved at high pressure can cause excessive foaming on release of the pressure. In aviation oils and fuels, the difference in pressure between take-off and cruise altitude can cause foaming out of the storage vessels and interrupt flow to the pumps.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the equilibrium solubility of several common gases encountered in the aerospace industry in hydrocarbon liquids. These include petroleum fractions with densities in the range from 0.63 to 0.90 at 288 K (59°F). The solubilities can be estimated over the temperature range 228 K (−50°F) to 423 K (302°F).
1.2 This test method is based on the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, Henry's law, and the perfect gas law, with empirically assigned constants for the variation with density and for each gas.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Color is significant chiefly as an indicator of contamination in electrical insulating liquids. Frequently this contamination is the result of solvent action in the apparatus involved or it may indicate possible contamination. No definite relationship can be established between color and the physical and electrical characteristics of the liquid; for that reason color in itself has limited value as a measure of condition. For more precise determination of color, Test Method D1209 may be used.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard describes a test method for the visual determination of the color of clear insulating liquids.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
A gas sample from above the insulating liquid in transformers and other electrical power apparatus can be used to give an early indication of developing fault conditions. Combustible gases are formed from the breakdown of the insulating materials under thermal and electrical stress. Excessive concentrations of combustible gases indicate the need to take appropriate action.
It is important that gas samples from equipment be taken from the gas space directly above the liquid level, and not from remote expansion compartments, such as tank bracing bands.
The procedure described should be carefully followed to ensure that the sample is not diluted by air or nitrogen, or contaminated by residual materials in the sampling bottle.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the sampling of gas above the insulating liquid of a transformer. A gas sampling bottle collects the gas sample from the gas space that is at a positive pressure.
1.2 Representative samples of gas are taken for analysis to determine their compositions.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
By use of this test method the color and condition of a test specimen of oil may be estimated during a field inspection, thus assisting in the decision as to whether or not the sample should be sent to a central laboratory for full evaluation. Cloudiness, particles of insulation, products of metal corrosion, or other undesirable suspended materials, as well as any unusual change in color may be detected. For precise determination of color in the laboratory, Test Method  should be used.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method for visual examination is applicable to mineral oils of petroleum origin that have been used in transformers, oil circuit breakers, or other electrical apparatus as insulating or cooling media, or both.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
High values may indicate contamination of the silicone with other materials, inadequate removal of volatile components by the producer, or the presence of a depolymerization catalyst.
The outcome will be affected directly by the presence of any high vapor pressure material in the sample, such as solvents or low molecular weight silicones.
A high volatile content could also indicate the presence of a depolymerization catalyst in the fluid. The time and temperature specified in this test method are ideal for detecting the effect of such a material, as the depolymerization takes place at a highly accelerated rate and the low molecular weight components are rapidly evaporated. The result is a very significant weight loss during the test period. The exact amount depends on the type and amount of catalyst present. The conditions specified in the method should not cause measureable depolymerization of silicone if such a catalyst is not present.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the volatile matter in silicone fluids used for electrical insulation.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Certain gases have excellent dielectric and electric arc interruption characteristics which make their use in electrical installations very desirable.
Water content, as the test parameter, is of great importance in determining the dielectric effectiveness of the gas. Under certain conditions, water may condense and become a conducting liquid resulting in a catastrophic dielectric breakdown of the insulation. The water content of these insulating gases as expressed by dew point is listed in Specifications D 1933, D 2473, and D 3283.
Once the dew point is determined, a conversion to moisture content may be performed using Table 1. Once moisture content is known, the lowest temperature at which gas insulated equipment can be safely operated can usually be determined by reviewing manufacturers' specifications for the equipment.
The dew point of the test gas is independent of the gas temperature but does depend on its pressure. Many moisture measurement test instruments are sensitive to pressure, and display moisture values at the instrument inlet pressure and not necessarily at the pressure of the system being sampled. It is therefore important to account for this condition to avoid serious measurement errors.
TABLE 1 Relationship Between Dew Point and Moisture Content of Gases
Note—With a known dew point which is indicated by the dew point indicator or recorder, the moisture content can be read directly from the table. The table shows the amount of water in air or other gas at various dew points at a pressure of 1 atm (14.7) psi.  Dew PointMoisture ContentDew PointMoisture Content °C°Flb/1000
ft3mg/LvolumeA
percent°C °Flb/1000
ft3mg/LvolumeA
percent  50 122.05.1682.712.2−16 3.20.0791.27 0.149  49 120.24.9278.911.6−171.40.0721.16 0.136  48 118.44.6975.111.0−18 −0.40.0661.06 0.123  47 116.64.4871.910.5−19 −2.20.0600.965 0.112  46 114.84.2668.49.95−20 −4.00.0550.882 0.102  45113.04.06 65.09.45−21−5.80.0500.8090.093  44111.23.88 62.18.99−22−7.60.0460.7330...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe the determination of the water vapor content of electrical insulating gases by direct or indirect measurement of the dew point and the calculation of the water vapor content.  
1.2 The following four test methods are provided:
1.2.1 Method A describes the automatic chilled mirror method for measurement of dew point as low as − 73°C (−99°F).
1.2.2 Method B describes the manual chilled mirror or dew cup method for measurement of dew point as low as − 73°C (−99°F).
1.2.3 Method C describes the adiabatic expansion method for measurement of dew point as low as − 62°C (−80°F).
1.2.4 Method D describes the capacitance method for measurement of dew point as low as − 110°C (−166°F).
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warnings, see 8.1.1, 9.2, 10.1.2 and 10.2.5.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The primary purpose of this practice is to characterize the carbon-type composition of an oil. It is also applicable in observing the effect on oil constitution, of various refining processes such as hydrotreating, solvent extraction, and so forth. It has secondary application in relating the chemical nature of an oil to other phenomena that have been demonstrated to be related to oil composition.
Results obtained by this practice are similar to, but not identical with, results obtained from Test Method D 3238. The relationship between the two and the equations used in deriving Fig. 1 are discussed in the literature.  
Although this practice tends to give consistent results, it may not compare with direct measurement test methods such as Test Method D 2007.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice may be used to determine the carbon-type composition of mineral insulating oils by correlation with basic physical properties. For routine analytical purposes it eliminates the necessity for complex fractional separation and purification procedures. The practice is applicable to oils having average molecular weights from 200 to above 600, and 0 to 50 aromatic carbon atoms.
1.2 Carbon-type composition is expressed as percentage of aromatic carbons, percentage of naphthenic carbons, and percentage of paraffinic carbons. These values can be obtained from the correlation chart, Fig. 1, if both the viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) and refractivity intercept (ri) of the oil are known. Viscosity, density and relative density (specific gravity), and refractive index are the only experimental data required for use of this test method.
1.3 This practice is useful for determining the carbon-type composition of electrical insulating oils of the types commonly used in electric power transformers and transmission cables. It is primarily intended for use with new oils, either inhibited or uninhibited.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
FIG. 1 Correlation Chart for Determining %  CA, %  CN, and %  CP

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Knowledge of the coefficient of thermal expansion of a liquid is essential to compute the required size of a container to accommodate a volume of liquid over the full temperature range to which it will be subjected. It is also used to compute the volume of void space that would exist in an inelastic device filled with the liquid after the liquid has cooled to a lower temperature.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the coef-ficient of thermal expansion of electrical insulating liquids of petroleum origin, and askarels, containing PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), when used as an insulating or cooling medium, or both, in cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers, capacitors, or similar apparatus.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Particles in insulating oil can have a detrimental effect on the dielectric properties of the fluid, depending on the size, concentration, and nature of the particles. The source of these particles can be external contaminants, oil degradation by-products, or internal materials such as metals, carbon, or cellulose fibers.
Particle counts provide a general degree of contamination level and may be useful in accessing the condition of specific types of electrical equipment. Particle counts can also be used to determine filtering effectiveness when processing oil.
If more specific knowledge of the nature of the particles is needed, other tests such as metals analysis or fiber identification and counting must be performed.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of particle concentration and particle size distribution in mineral insulating oil. It is suitable for testing oils having a viscosity of 6 to 20 cSt at 40°C. The test method is specific to liquid automatic particle analyzers that use the light extinction principle.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Particles in insulating oil can have a detrimental effect on the dielectric properties of the fluid, depending on the size, concentration, and nature of the particles. The source of these particles can be external contaminants, oil degradation by-products, or internal materials such as metals, carbon, or cellulose fibers.
Particle counts provide a general degree of contamination level and may be useful in accessing the condition of specific types of electrical equipment. Particle counts can also be used to determine filtering effectiveness when processing oil.
If more specific knowledge of the nature of the particles is needed, other tests such as metals analysis or fiber identification and counting must be performed.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of particle concentration and particle size distribution in mineral insulating oil. It is suitable for testing oils having a viscosity of 6 to 20 cSt at 40°C. The test method is specific to liquid automatic particle analyzers that use the light extinction principle.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 These practices cover sampling of new electrical insulating liquids including oils, askarels, silicones, synthetic liquids, and natural ester insulating liquids as well as those insulating liquids in service or subsequent to service in cables, transformers, circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus. These practices apply to liquids having a viscosity of less than 6.476 10-4 m2/s (540 cSt) at 40°C (104°F).
1.2 Representative samples of electrical insulating liquids are taken for test specimens so that the quality pertinent to their use may be determined. The quality in different portions of a given container, or the average quality of the whole bulk may be ascertained if desired.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are regarded as the standard where applicable. Inch pound units are used where there is no SI equivalent.
1.4 These practices also include special techniques and devices for sampling for dissolved gases-in-oil (DGA) (D 3612), water (D 1533) and particles (D 6786).
1.5 For ease of use, this document has been indexed as follows:
1.6 Handle askarels containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) according to federal and local regulations existing for that country. For example, the federal regulations concerning PCBs in the United States can be found in 40 CFR Part 761.
1.7 Properly contain, package and dispose of any liquid or material resulting from the use of these practices in a manner that is in accordance with local and state regulations specific to the country in which the samples are taken.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in 1.6, 1.7, Section 5, 10.1, 13.2, 15.2.3, Section 16, and 18.2. These practices involve close contact with the electrical insulating liquids being sampled as well as liquids and other materials used to clean the sampling tools and devices. When required, or as a matter of diligence to personal safety, use personal protective equipment (PPE).

SCOPE
1.1 These practices cover sampling of new electrical insulating liquids including oils, askarels, silicones, and synthetic liquids as well as such liquids in service or subsequent to service in cables, transformers, circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus. This test method shall apply to liquids having a viscosity of less than 3000 SUS (Saybolt Universal s) (647.3 cSt) and 100°F (37.8°C).
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 Sampling procedures using syringe-type devices, tin plated steel cans with flexible sides and stainless steel cylinders are described in Methods D3613. This method describes preferred techniques to use when sampling for dissolved gas analysis and water content in insulating fluid.
1.4 The procedures appear in the following order:  Procedure Section/Paragraph Dip-Type Device 6.2, 13, and X1.1 Pressure-Type Device 6.3, 14, and X1.2 Tank Car-Type Device 6.4, 15, and X1.3 Manifold-Type Device 6.5, 20, and X1.4 Electric Equipment Sample Outlet 6.6 and 18
1.5 Handle askarels as outlined in ANSI C107.1 to avoid environmental contamination. For methods of testing askarels see Methods D901.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.> Specific precautionary statements are given in 12.7, 14.2, Section 17, 19.2, and 21.2.3.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
These practices cover sampling of new electrical insulating liquids including oils, askarels, silicones, and synthetic liquids as well as such liquids in service or subsequent to service in cables, transformers, circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus. These practices apply to liquids having a viscosity of less than 6.476 104 m 2/s (540 cSt) at 40C (100F).
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D27 on Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases, these Practices were withdrawn in August 2006 in accordance with section 10.5.3.1 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Color is significant chiefly as an indicator of contamination in electrical insulating liquids. Frequently this contamination is the result of solvent action in the apparatus involved or it may indicate possible contamination. No definite relationship can be established between color and the physical and electrical characteristics of the liquid; for that reason color in itself has limited value as a measure of condition. For more precise determination of color, Test Method D 1209 may be used.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard describes a test method for the visual determination of the color of clear insulating liquids.
1.2 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the refractive index and the specific optical dispersion of electrical insulating liquids such as are used in capacitors, transformers, circuit breakers, and oil-filled cables.  
1.2 Two test methods are described, a routine method and a more precise referee method. Both methods are applicable to transparent, light-colored, insulating liquids.  
1.2.1 The routine method is used to determine refractive index and specific optical dispersion as described in these test methods.  
1.2.2 The referee method is used when a test of high accuracy is desired. These methods are described in Test Method D1218. Specific optical dispersion is calculated by dividing the refractive dispersion value determined in Test Method D1218 by the relative density (specific gravity) (see Test Method D1298) of the liquid under test.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
A gas sample from above the insulating liquid in transformers and other electrical power apparatus can be used to give an early indication of developing fault conditions. Combustible gases are formed from the breakdown of the insulating materials under thermal and electrical stress. Excessive concentrations of combustible gases indicate the need to take appropriate action.
It is important that gas samples from equipment be taken from the gas space directly above the liquid level, and not from remote expansion compartments, such as tank bracing bands.
The procedure described should be carefully followed to ensure that the sample is not diluted by air or nitrogen, or contaminated by residual materials in the sampling bottle.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the sampling of gas above the insulating liquid of a transformer. A gas sampling bottle collects the gas sample from the gas space that is at a positive pressure.  
1.2 Representative samples of gas are taken for analysis to determine their compositions.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
By use of this test method the color and condition of a test specimen of oil may be estimated during a field inspection, thus assisting in the decision as to whether or not the sample should be sent to a central laboratory for full evaluation. Cloudiness, particles of insulation, products of metal corrosion, or other undesirable suspended materials, as well as any unusual change in color may be detected. For precise determination of color in the laboratory, Test Method D 1500 should be used.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method for visual examination is applicable to mineral oils of petroleum origin that have been used in transformers, oil circuit breakers, or other electrical apparatus as insulating or cooling media, or both.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
High values may indicate contamination of the silicone with other materials, inadequate removal of volatile components by the producer, or the presence of a depolymerization catalyst.
The outcome will be affected directly by the presence of any high vapor pressure material in the sample, such as solvents or low molecular weight silicones.
A high volatile content could also indicate the presence of a depolymerization catalyst in the fluid. The time and temperature specified in this test method are ideal for detecting the effect of such a material, as the depolymerization takes place at a highly accelerated rate and the low molecular weight components are rapidly evaporated. The result is a very significant weight loss during the test period. The exact amount depends on the type and amount of catalyst present. The conditions specified in the method should not cause measureable depolymerization of silicone if such a catalyst is not present.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the volatile matter in silicone fluids used for electrical insulation.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Interfacial tension measurements on electrical insulating oils provide a sensitive means of detecting small amounts of soluble polar contaminants and products of oxidation. A high value for new mineral insulating oil indicates the absence of most undesirable polar contaminants. The test is frequently applied to service-aged oils as an indication of the degree of deterioration.
FIG. 1 Interfacial Tensiometer
FIG. 2 Top View of Interfacial Tensiometer
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the interfacial tension between mineral oil and water, under non-equilibrium conditions.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Sediment in insulating oil may deposit on transformer parts and interfere with heat transfer and may choke oil ducts; thus hindering oil circulation and heat dissipation. Inorganic sediment usually indicates contamination of some type and organic sediment indicates either deterioration of the oil or contamination.
Soluble sludge indicates deterioration of the oil, presence of contaminants, or both. It serves as a warning that formation of sediment may be imminent.
The determination of sediment and soluble sludge in a used insulating oil assists in deciding whether the oil may continue to be used in its existing condition or should be replaced, reclaimed, or reconditioned.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of sediment and soluble sludge in service-aged insulating oils of petroleum origin. Also, provision is made for determining organic and inorganic content of the sediment. The method is intended primarily for oils of comparatively low viscosity; for example 5.7 to 13.0 cSt (mm²/s) at 40°C (104°F). Suitability for high viscosity oils have not been determined.
1.2 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The primary purpose of this test method is to characterize the carbon-type composition of an oil. It is also applicable in observing the effect on oil constitution, of various refining processes such as hydrotreating, solvent extraction, and so forth. It has secondary application in relating the chemical nature of an oil to other phenomena that have been demonstrated to be related to oil composition.
Results obtained by this method are similar to, but not identical with, results obtained from Test Method D 3238. The relationship between the two methods and the equations used in deriving Fig. 1 are discussed in the literature.5  
Although this test method tends to give consistent results, it may not compare with direct measurement test methods such as Test Method D 2007.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method may be used to determine the carbon-type composition of mineral insulating oils by correlation with basic physical properties. For routine analytical purposes it eliminates the necessity for complex fractional separation and purification procedures. The test method is applicable to oils having average molecular weights from 200 to above 600, and 0 to 50 aromatic carbon atoms.  
1.2 Carbon-type composition is expressed as percentage of aromatic carbons, percentage of naphthenic carbons, and percentage of paraffinic carbons. These values can be obtained from the correlation chart, Fig. 1, if both the viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) and refractivity intercept (rI) of the oil are known. Viscosity, density and specific gravity, and refractive index are the only experimental data required for use of this test method.  
1.3 This test method is useful for determining the carbon-type composition of electrical insulating oils of the types commonly used in electric power transformers and transmission cables. It is primarily intended for use with new oils, either inhibited or uninhibited.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Knowledge of the coefficient of thermal expansion of a liquid is essential to compute the required size of a container to accommodate a volume of liquid over the full temperature range to which it will be subjected. It is also used to compute the volume of void space that would exist in an inelastic device filled with the liquid after the liquid has cooled to a lower temperature.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the coefficient of thermal expansion of electrical insulating liquids of petroleum origin, and askarels, for use in cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers, capacitors, and similar apparatus as an insulating or cooling medium, or both, in cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers, capacitors, or similar apparatus.  
1.2 The values given in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Particles in insulating oil can have a detrimental effect on the dielectric properties of the fluid, depending on the size, concentration, and nature of the particles. The source of these particles can be external contaminants, oil degradation by-products, or internal materials such as metals, carbon, or cellulose fibers.
Particle counts provide a general degree of contamination level and may be useful in accessing the condition of specific types of electrical equipment. Particle counts can also be used to determine filtering effectiveness when processing oil.
If more specific knowledge of the nature of the particles is needed, other tests such as metals analysis or fiber identification and counting must be performed.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of particle concentration and particle size distribution in mineral insulating oil. It is suitable for testing oils having a viscosity of 6 to 20 cSt at 40°C. The test method is specific to liquid automatic particle analyzers that use the light extinction principle.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the sampling of gas above the insulating liquid of a transformer. A gas sampling bottle collects the gas sample from the gas space that is at a positive pressure.  
1.2 Representative samples of gas are taken for analysis to determine their compositions.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the refractive index and the specific optical dispersion of electrical insulating liquids such as are used in capacitors, transformers, circuit breakers, and oil-filled cables.  
1.2 Two test methods are described, a routine method and a more precise referee method. Both methods are applicable to transparent, light-colored, insulating liquids.  
1.2.1 The routine method is used to determine refractive index and specific optical dispersion as described in these test methods.  
1.2.2 The referee method is used when a test of high accuracy is desired. These methods are described in Test Method D1218. Specific optical dispersion is calculated by dividing the refractive dispersion value determined in Test Method D1218 by the relative density (specific gravity) (see Test Method D1298) of the liquid under test.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of, under nonequilibrium conditions, the interfacial tension of mineral oils  against water.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. >

SCOPE
1.1 This test method for visual examination is applicable to mineral oils of petroleum origin that have been used in transformers, oil circuit breakers, or other electrical apparatus as insulating or cooling media, or both.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the volatile matter in silicone fluids used for electrical insulation.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the volatile matter in silicone fluids used for electrical insulation.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice is used for sampling gas from a transformer gas space or from a gas-collector relay where the volume of gas available is small and will not permit the use of Practice D2759.  
1.2 This practice covers sampling, using a gas-tight syringe as the sampling apparatus and container.  
1.3 If the apparatus to be sampled is found to be under a negative pressure, the apparatus pressure should be raised by the addition of nitrogen gas until a positive pressure is obtained.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the visual determination of the color of askarels and other clear liquids.  
1.2 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of sediment and soluble sludge in service-aged insulating oils of petroleum origin. Also, provision is made for determining organic and inorganic content of the sediment. The method is intended primarily for oils of comparatively low viscosity; for example 5.7 to 13.0 cSt at 40°C (104°F). Suitability for high viscosity oils have not been determined.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory procedure that ascertains the quantity of suspensions in insulating oils of petroleum origin using a nephelometric measurement technique to determine the fluid's turbidity. This test method is designed to reveal changes that may occur to these oils.  
1.2 This test method is applicable for turbidities in the range of 0.1 to 500 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.