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ASTM E1139-97

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Continuous Monitoring of Acoustic Emission from Metal Pressure Boundaries

Standard Practice for Continuous Monitoring of Acoustic Emission from Metal Pressure Boundaries

SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides guidelines for continuous monitoring of acoustic emission (AE) from metal pressure boundaries in industrial systems during operation. Examples are pressure vessels, piping, and other system components which serve to contain system pressure. Pressure boundaries other than metal, such as composites, are specifically not covered by this document.  
1.2 The functions of AE monitoring are to detect, locate, and characterize AE sources to provide data to evaluate their significance relative to pressure boundary integrity. These sources are those activated during system operation, i.e., no special stimulus is applied to produce AE. Other methods of nondestructive testing (NDT) may be used, when the pressure boundary is accessible, to further evaluate or substantiate the significance of detected AE sources.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-1996
ICS
17.140.01 - Acoustic measurements and noise abatement in general
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.04 - Acoustic Emission Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E1139-02 - Standard Practice for Continuous Monitoring of Acoustic Emission from Metal Pressure Boundaries
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002

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ASTM E1139-97 - Standard Practice for Continuous Monitoring of Acoustic Emission from Metal Pressure BoundariesASTM E1139-97 - Standard Practice for Continuous Monitoring of Acoustic Emission from Metal Pressure Boundaries
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ASTM E1139-97 - Standard Practice for Continuous Monitoring of Acoustic Emission from Metal Pressure Boundaries
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Standards Content (Sample)

Designation: E 1139 – 97
Standard Practice for
Continuous Monitoring of Acoustic Emission from Metal
1
Pressure Boundaries
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1139; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
3
1. Scope Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 ASNT Standard for Qualification and
1.1 This practice provides guidelines for continuous moni-
3
Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
toring of acoustic emission (AE) from metal pressure bound-
MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualifica-
aries in industrial systems during operation. Examples are
4
tion and Certification
pressure vessels, piping, and other system components which
serve to contain system pressure. Pressure boundaries other
3. Terminology
than metal, such as composites, are specifically not covered by
3.1 Definitions:
this document.
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer to
1.2 The functions of AE monitoring are to detect, locate,
Terminology E 1316.
and characterize AE sources to provide data to evaluate their
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
significance relative to pressure boundary integrity. These
3.2.1 continuous monitoring—the process of monitoring a
sources are those activated during system operation, i.e., no
pressure boundary continuously to detect acoustic emission
special stimulus is applied to produce AE. Other methods of
during system operation and also during system shut-down
nondestructive testing (NDT) may be used, when the pressure
testing such as hydrostatic testing.
boundary is accessible, to further evaluate or substantiate the
3.2.2 raw data—data values determined directly from mea-
significance of detected AE sources.
surement of analog inputs. These could include emission count
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
or emission event count, or both, relative time of signal arrival
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
at different sensors (delta time), signal rise time, peak signal
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
amplitude, RMS signal level, pressure system pressure and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
temperature, and the like.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
3.2.3 processed data—data resulting from analysis of raw
precautionary statements, see Section 6.
data. Included would be AE source location coordinates, AE
2. Referenced Documents versus time from a given source area, AE signal amplitude
versus time, and the like.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E 543 Practice for Evaluating Agencies that Perform Non-
4. Summary of Practice
2
destructive Testing
4.1 This practice describes the use of a passive monitoring
E 569 Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Struc-
2 system to detect, locate, and characterize AE sources, in order
tures During Controlled Stimulation
to evaluate their significance to the integrity of metal pressure
E 650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission
2 boundaries.
Sensors
4.2 The practice provides guidelines for selection, qualifi-
E 750 Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instru-
2 cation, calibration, and installation of the AE monitoring
mentation
system. Qualification of personnel is also addressed.
E 976 Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acous-
2 4.3 The practice provides guidelines for using the AE
tic Emission Sensor Response
2 information to estimate the significance of a detected AE
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Testing
source with respect to continued pressure system operation.
2.2 Other Documents:
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Nondestructive
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Acoustic emission examination of a structure requires
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-7 on Nonde-
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E 07.04 on
3
Acoustic Emission. Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1711 Arlingate
Current edition approved May 10, 1997. Published February 1998. Originally Plaza, PO Box 28518, Columbus, Ohio 43228-0518.
4
published as E 1139 – 87. Last previous edition E 1139 – 92. Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Building 4 Section D,
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03. 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5904, Attn: NPODS.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E 1139
application of a mechanical or thermal stimulus. In this case, vals or sooner if the system appears to be malfunctioning or the
the system operating conditions provide the stimulation. Dur- data appe
...

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1.1 This practice covers a general procedure for using the Impulse Excitation Method (IEM) to facilitate natural frequency measurement and detection of defects and material variations in metallic and non-metallic parts. This test method is also known as Impulse Excitation Technique (IET), Acoustic Resonance Testing (ART), ping testing, tap testing, and other names. IEM is listed as a Resonance Ultrasound Spectroscopy (RUS) method. The method applies an impulse load to excite and then record resonance frequencies of a part. These recorded resonance frequencies are compared to a reference population or within subgroups/families of examples of the same part, or modeled frequencies, or both.  
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1.1 This guide covers techniques for conducting acoustic emission (AE) examinations of small parts. It is confined to examination objects (or defined regions of larger objects) where there is low AE signal attenuation throughout the examination region. This eliminates the consideration of complex attenuation factor corrections and multiple sensor and array placements based on overcoming signal losses over distances.  
1.2 The guide assumes a typical AE examination as one where there is a controlled or measured stress acting upon the part being monitored by AE. Particular emphasis is placed on sensor and system selection, sensor placements, stressing considerations, noise reduction/rejection techniques, spatial filtering, location determination, use of guard sensors, collection of AE data, AE data analysis and report. The purpose of the AE examination is to analyze how an object under evaluation is withstanding the applied load.  
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3.1 Acoustic emission data is affected by several characteristics of the instrumentation. The most obvious of these is the system sensitivity. Of all the parameters and components contributing to the sensitivity, the acoustic emission sensor is the one most subject to variation. This variation can be a result of damage or aging, or there can be variations between nominally identical sensors. To detect such variations, it is desirable to have a method for measuring the response of a sensor to an acoustic wave. Specific purposes for checking sensors include: (1) checking the stability of its response with time; (2) checking the sensor for possible damage after accident or abuse; (3) comparing a number of sensors for use in a multichannel system to ensure that their responses are adequately matched; and (4) checking the response after thermal cycling or exposure to a hostile environment. It is very important that the sensor characteristics be always measured with the same sensor cable length and impedance as well as the same preamplifier or equivalent. This guide presents several procedures for measuring sensor response. Some of these procedures require a minimum of special equipment.  
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4.1 Transfer Standards—One purpose of this test method is for the direct calibration of displacement transducers for use as secondary standards for the calibration of AE sensors for use in nondestructive evaluation. For this purpose, the transfer standard should be high fidelity and very well behaved and understood. If this can be established, the stated accuracy should apply over the full frequency range up to 1 MHz.
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1.1 This test method covers the requirements for the absolute calibration of acoustic emission (AE) sensors. The calibration yields the frequency response of a transducer to waves, at a surface, of the type normally encountered in acoustic emission work. The transducer voltage response is determined at discrete frequency intervals of approximately 10 kHz up to 1 MHz. The input is a given well-established dynamic displacement normal to the mounting surface. The units of the calibration are output voltage per unit mechanical input (displacement, velocity, or acceleration).  
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4.1 The purpose of this practice is to enable the transfer of calibration from sensors that have been calibrated by primary calibration to other sensors.
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1.1 This practice covers requirements for the secondary calibration of acoustic emission (AE) sensors. The secondary calibration yields the frequency response of a sensor to waves of the type normally encountered in acoustic emission work. The source producing the signal used for the calibration is mounted on the same surface of the test block as the sensor under testing (SUT). Rayleigh waves are dominant under these conditions; the calibration results represent primarily the sensor's sensitivity to Rayleigh waves. The sensitivity of the sensor is determined for excitation within the range of 100 kHz to 1 MHz. Sensitivity values are usually determined at frequencies approximately 10 kHz apart. The units of the calibration are volts per unit of mechanical input (displacement, velocity, or acceleration).  
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5.2 These procedures are intended to evaluate the characteristics of single-element piezoelectric search units.  
5.3 Implementation may require more detailed procedural instructions in a format of the using facility.  
5.4 The measurement data obtained may be employed by users of this practice to specify, describe, or provide a performance criteria for procurement and quality assurance, or service evaluation of the operating characteristics of ultrasonic search units. All or portions of the practice may be used as determined by the user.  
5.5 The measurements are made primarily under pulse-echo conditions. To determine the relative performance of a search unit as either a transmitter or a receiver may require additional tests.  
5.6 While these procedures relate to many of the significant parameters, others that may be important in specific applications may not be treated. These might include power handling capability, breakdown voltage, wear properties of contact units, radio-frequency interference, and the like.  
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5.8 Interpretation of some test results, such as the shape of the frequency response curve, may be subjective. Small irregularities may be significant. Interpretation of the test results is beyond the scope of this practice.  
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SCOPE
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SCOPE
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1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standards.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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