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ASTM D1283-05

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Alkali-Soluability of Wools

Standard Test Method for Alkali-Soluability of Wools

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Alkali-solubility is an indication of the degree of damage to wool resulting from certain chemical treatments, particularly when test results on the same wool, before such treatment, are available.
5.1.1 Undamaged scoured wool has typical alkali-solubility in the range of 9 to 15 %. Fine, undamaged wool normally will exhibit higher solubility than coarse wool, because of greater surface area per unit mass of fiber.
This test method is not recommended for use on wool known to have sustained alkali damage.
5.2.1 Alkali-damaged wool has had material solubilized that ordinarily would be included in the alkali-solubility test results.
Although results in one laboratory cannot usually be verified in another laboratory, this test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing because it has been used extensively in the trade for this purpose and because it is the only available method for assessing damage to wool by an alkali solubility procedure. Comparative tests as directed in 5.3.1 are advisable before Test Method D 1283 is used for acceptance testing.
5.3.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D 1283 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average result from the two laboratories should be compared using Student’t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a chemical procedure for determination of the amount of wool substance soluble in alkali under standard conditions and is applicable to wool in scoured fiber form, or as fiber obtained from yarn or from woven or nonwoven fabric.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in SI units are provided for information only. This test method is applicable to other animal fibers although the level of alkali-solubility may be different from wool. With individual animal fibers, undamaged solubility should be determined before attempting to assess damage on an unknown sample.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Aug-2005
ICS
59.060.10 - Natural fibres
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.13 - Wool and Felt
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D1283-85(2001) - Standard Test Method for Alkali-Soluability of Wools
Effective Date
01-Sep-2005
Referred By
ASTM D4845-10(2018) - Standard Terminology Relating to Wool
Effective Date
01-Sep-2005

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ASTM D1283-05 - Standard Test Method for Alkali-Soluability of Wools
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D1283 − 05
StandardTest Method for
1
Alkali-Solubility of Wools
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1283; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
alkali-solubility, wool.
1.1 This test method covers a chemical procedure for
determinationoftheamountofwoolsubstancesolubleinalkali 3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, see Termi-
under standard conditions and is applicable to wool in scoured nology D123.
fiber form, or as fiber obtained from yarn or from woven or
4. Summary of Test Method
nonwoven fabric.
4.1 Specimens are maintained at a stipulated constant tem-
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound are to be regarded as
peratureinacausticsolutionforaspecifiedperiodoftime.The
standard. The values stated in SI units are provided for
percentage of alkali-solubility is calculated from the loss in
information only.
mass of the specimen.
NOTE 1—This test method is applicable to other animal fibers although
the level of alkali-solubility may be different from wool. With individual
5. Significance and Use
animal fibers, undamaged solubility should be determined before attempt-
ing to assess damage on an unknown sample. 5.1 Alkali-solubility is an indication of the degree of dam-
age to wool resulting from certain chemical treatments, par-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ticularly when test results on the same wool, before such
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
treatment, are available.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5.1.1 Undamaged scoured wool has typical alkali-solubility
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
in the range of 9 to 15 %. Fine, undamaged wool normally will
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
exhibit higher solubility than coarse wool, because of greater
2. Referenced Documents surface area per unit mass of fiber.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: 5.2 This test method is not recommended for use on wool
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles known to have sustained alkali damage.
D1060 PracticeforCoreSamplingofRawWoolinPackages 5.2.1 Alkali-damagedwoolhashadmaterialsolubilizedthat
for Determination of Percentage of Clean Wool Fiber ordinarilywouldbeincludedinthealkali-solubilitytestresults.
Present
5.3 Although results in one laboratory cannot usually be
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
verified in another laboratory, this test method is considered
D4845 Terminology Relating to Wool
satisfactory for acceptance testing because it has been used
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
extensively in the trade for this purpose and because it is the
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
only available method for assessing damage to wool by an
Sieves
alkali solubility procedure. Comparative tests as directed in
5.3.1 are advisable before Test Method D1283 is used for
3. Terminology
acceptance testing.
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.13, Wool and Wool
5.3.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
Felt, refer to Terminology D4845.
reported test results when using Test Method D1283 for
acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and
the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.13 on Wool and Wool Felt.
statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2005. Published September 2005. Originally
bias.As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
approved in 1953. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D1283 – 85(2001).
DOI: 10.1520/D1283-05.
specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. to each laboratory for testing. The average result from the two
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1283 − 05
laboratories should be compared using Student’s t-test
...

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5.1 Test Method D2462 for testing for moisture in wool is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable.  
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1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D2525-22(Practice)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This recommended practice furnishes directions for the sampling of wool of the various forms indicated in Section 1, in order that correct probability statements may be made about the relationship between the sample mean and the population mean. If these statements are to be correct, certain conditions, which are stated, must hold.  
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5.3 In any case where insufficient information about the variability of the sampling units within the lot is available, directions are given for calculating confidence limits for the sample mean so that a correct probability statement can still be made.
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ASTM D2130-22(Test Method)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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1.3 This test method is applicable to wool in any form which can be hand-combed into small bundles of parallelized fibers.  
Note 1: Other test methods for measuring breaking tenacity of fiber bundles include Test Methods D1294, D1445, and D540.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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ASTM D1576-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Moisture in Wool by Oven-Drying

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2462 for the determination of the moisture in wool by distillation with toluene is the preferred method for testing wool for moisture for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments. If, however, the purchaser and the supplier agree, Test Method D1576 for the determination of the moisture in wool by oven drying may be used instead. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1, may be advisable.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of moisture present in ordinary commercial and industrial samples of wool in all forms except grease wool, using the oven-drying technique.  
1.2 Formulas for calculating the moisture content (as-received basis) and moisture regain (oven-dried basis) are given. It is always important to use the correct term which corresponds to the basis used in the calculation (see 12.2.1).  
Note 1: The determination of moisture content for textile materials in general is covered in Test Methods D2654, and an optimal method for determining the moisture in wool by distillation with toluene is covered in Test Method D2462. A method for sampling wool for the determination of moisture in wool is covered in Practice D2525. The oven-drying method has been adapted for cotton in Test Method D2495.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Test Method for Extractable Matter in Wool and Other Animal Fibers

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5.1 Test Method D1574 is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing since the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D1574 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.  
5.2 This test method may be used to estimate the quantity of oil, grease, and waxy materials remaining on or in wool fibers after scouring, or the quantity of lubricant added before carding or remaining after carding, or the quantity of such materials added or removed in subsequent processing operations.  
5.3 The residues obtained in this test may be subjected to chemical analysis for identification and assay of the component materials, if desired.  
5.4 The specified solvent in this test method does not remove some materials, such as soaps, that may be present in wool and hence in some cases may reflect more closely the added content of some extractables in wool such as oils. When such materials are present and an estimate of their quantity is desired, some other solvent or combination of solvents should be used as spec...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of extractable matter in samples of all forms of wool, except grease wool, that is extractable with a non-flammable vapor degreasing and cleaning solvent.  
1.2 This test method does not cover the determination of the amounts of different components in the extracted matter nor their identification.  
1.3 This test method is suitable for use with other animal fibers.  
Note 1: The determination of extractable matter in yarns and in felts is covered in Test Methods D2257 and D461. For the determination of alcohol-extractable matter in oven-dry scoured wool, refer to Test Methods D584 and D1334.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 5.4 and Note 3.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D1294-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength and Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fiber Bundles 1-in. (25.4 mm) Gage Length

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1294 for the determination of tensile strength may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wool, but caution is advised since technicians may fail to get good agreement between results. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogenous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking force (or load) and estimation of the tensile strength and tenacity of wool fiber bundles with a 1-in. (25.4 mm) gage length. A procedure for preparation of the fiber bundle is included.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Because the instrument is calibrated in inch-pound units, inch-pound units are shown first, contrary to Committee D13 policy.  
Note 1: For other methods of measuring breaking tenacity of fiber bundles, refer to Test Methods D1445 and D2524.
Note 2: This test method can be used for other fibers that lend themselves to the same kind of preparation but the difference in density must be taken into account when calculating the tensile strength. It is not necessary to know or correct for the density of a fiber when calculating breaking tenacity.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Cotton fiber that is on average finer and more mature is more desirable than coarse or immature fiber, although distinction between these qualities cannot be made quickly and accurately using current test methods. Immature fibers break more easily during processing and have a tendency to form into neps (small entanglements) during processing in the spinning mill. These consequences adversely affect yarn and fabric quality and appearance. Yarn and fabric produced from immature fiber is typically also less lustrous and does not take up dye consistently so yarn and fabric appearance may be different after dyeing.  
5.2 Maturity has a high positive correlation with fiber length and strength but genetic differences and differences in fiber wall thickness caused by plant diseases, soil, and water conditions during the growing season interfere with this relationship.  
5.2.1 Fine fibers are required for fine count yarn manufacture and fiber fineness affects yarn count, evenness and strength. Both fineness and ribbon width are strong genetic traits evident between species and affected by growing conditions within species.  
5.2.2 Micronaire has traditionally been used as a measure of fiber fineness although the value actually measures fiber specific surface area or surface area per unit weight. As a result, micronaire varies concomitantly with both maturity and fineness (see Fig. 2). Maturity and fineness are related to micronaire via Lord’s equation.4
FIG. 2 Relationship Between Micronaire (X), Fineness (H), and Maturity (M)  
5.3 Cottonscope values have been judged against fineness, maturity and ribbon width values produced by examination of thousands of individual, magnified fiber cross-sections. Relationships with equivalent values by these and other older test methods are highly significant5,6 particularly if the number of cross-sections analyzed is high (>3000) and the cross-sections are carefully prepared and measured. Cottonscope measures approximately 20,...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of linear density (gravimetric fineness hereafter stated as fineness), maturity, micronaire, and ribbon width of cotton fibers from a loose, chemically untreated sample taken before harvest, during ginning, during mill processing or unraveled from raw (undyed) yarn or fabric.  
1.2 This test method requires the use of an integrated instrument, for example, the Cottonscope (see Fig. 1), that measures the maturity, fineness, ribbon width, and micronaire of cotton fiber.2
FIG. 1 Cottonscope Instrument
Note 1: For another test method to determine the maturity of cotton fibers, refer to Test Method D1442.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6961/D6961M-09(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Color Measurement of Flax Fiber

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Few standards exist to objectively judge flax quality. Color is an important factor in the quality of flax fiber. Natural variations in raw flax fiber, various processing steps, fiber blending, and a wide range of end uses contribute to the need for a standard method of objectively measuring the color of flax fiber. Spectrophotometic data provide an accurate, precise determination of the color of flax fiber. Colorimetric data are obtained through specimen measurement by combining specimen spectral data with data representing a CIE standard observer and a CIE standard illuminant, as described in Practice E308.  
5.2 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two (or more) laboratories, comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that fiber sample type must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the instrumental color measurement of flax fiber.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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