ASTM D4535-85(2004)

Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Thermal Expansion of Rock Using a Dilatometer

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the laboratory measurement of the linear (one-dimensional) thermal expansion of rocks using a dilatometer.
1.2 These test methods are applicable between temperatures of 25oC to 300oC. Both bench top and confined measurement techniques are presented. Rocks of varying moisture content can be tested.
1.3 For satisfactory results in conformance with these test methods, the principles governing the size, construction, and use of the apparatus described in these methods should be followed. If the results are to be reported as having been obtained by this method, then all pertinent requirements prescribed in this method shall be met.
1.4 These test methods do not establish details of construction and procedure to cover all test situations that might offer difficulties to a person without technical knowledge concerning the theory of heat flow, temperature measurement, and general testing practices. Standardization of these test methods does not reduce the need for such technical knowledge. It is recognized also that it would be unwise, because of the standardization of this method, to resist in any way the further development of improved or new methods or procedures by research workers.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Oct-2004
• ICS: 93.020 - Earthworks. Excavations. Foundation construction. Underground works
• Technical Committee: D18 - Soil and Rock
• Drafting Committee: D18.12 - Rock Mechanics

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D4535-85(2000) - Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Thermal Expansion of Rock Using a Dilatometer
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2004
• Replaced By: ASTM D4535-08 - Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Thermal Expansion of Rock Using Dilatometer
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2008

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D 4535 – 85 (Reapproved 2004)
Standard Test Methods for
Measurement of Thermal Expansion of Rock Using a
1
Dilatometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4535; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E228 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid
Materials with Vitreous a Silica Dilatometer
1.1 Thesetestmethodscoverthelaboratorymeasurementof
the linear (one-dimensional) thermal expansion of rocks using
3. Terminology
a dilatometer.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.2 Thesetestmethodsareapplicablebetweentemperatures
3.1.1 sample thermal strain, e— change in length of a unit
t
of 25°C to 300°C. Both bench top and confined measurement
length of sample when the sample is subjected to heat. The
techniques are presented. Rocks of varying moisture content
mathematical expression is:
can be tested.
1.3 For satisfactory results in conformance with these test e 5 ~L 2 L !/L (1)
t 2 1 0
methods, the principles governing the size, construction, and
where:
use of the apparatus described in these methods should be
L and L = specimen lengths corresponding to tempera-
1 2
followed. If the results are to be reported as having been
tures T and T , and
1 2
obtained by this method, then all pertinent requirements
L = the original specimen length at some refer-
0
prescribed in this method shall be met.
ence temperature T .
0
1.4 These test methods do not establish details of construc-
Thermal strain is also equal to the specimen thermal dis-
tion and procedure to cover all test situations that might offer
placement, d, divided by the original sample length:
t
difficultiestoapersonwithouttechnicalknowledgeconcerning
e 5d/L (2)
the theory of heat flow, temperature measurement, and general t t 0
testing practices. Standardization of these test methods does
3.1.2 mean coeffıcient of linear expression, a —between
m
not reduce the need for such technical knowledge. It is
two temperatures, T and T , is defined as follows:
1 2
recognized also that it would be unwise, because of the
a 5 ~L 2 L !/[L ~T 2 T !# (3)
m 2 1 0 2 1
standardization of this method, to resist in any way the further
development of improved or new methods or procedures by
where:
research workers. L and L = specimen lengths at temperatures T and T ,
1 2 1 2
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the respectively. Therefore, a is obtained by
m
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the dividing the linear thermal strain, (L − L )/
1 2
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- L , by the change in temperature units are
0
inch/inch or centimetre/centimetre per tem-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. perature change in °F or °C, respectively. a
m
is often expressed in parts per million per
2. Referenced Documents
degree.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.3 Uponheating( T > T ),anincreaseinthelengthofthe
2 1
E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten- rock sample will give a positive value of a . If a decrease in
m
someters
length (contraction) is observed, a will become negative.
m
4. Summary of Test Methods
1
ThesetestmethodsareunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoil
4.1 The application of heat to a rock causes it to expand.
and Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock
This expansion divided by the original length of the rock
Mechanics.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2004. Published December 2004. Originally
specimens is the thermal strain from which coefficients of
approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D4535–85(2000)
expansioncanbecalculated.Thisstandardcoverstwomethods
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standardsvolume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
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1

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D 4535 – 85 (2004)
formeasuringrockexpansion.Theprimarydifferencebetween 5.3 Rocks are also often anisotropic, thus displaying differ-
the two methods is in the type of dilatometer used. ent thermal strains depending on the orientation of strain
4.1.1 Test Method I—Test Method I is the procedure used measurement.Thesemethodsallowformeasuringstraininone
when making unconfined or bench top measurements. The directiononly.Ifanisotr
...