ASTM D4970/D4970M-16
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester
Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with caution because interlaboratory data are not available. In some cases the purchaser or supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely outside the United States.
5.2 If there is a disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using this test method, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier should be determined with comparison being based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. A minimum of two parties should take a group of test specimens, which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average test results from the two laboratories should be compared using an acceptable statistical protocol and probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is started. Appropriate statistical disciplines for comparing data must be used when the purchaser and supplier cannot agree. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future results with consideration for the known bias.
5.3 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex property because it is affected by many factors that include type of fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, and fabric f...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to the formation of pills and other related surface changes on textile fabrics using the Martindale tester. The procedure generally is applicable to all types of fabrics, being particularly suitable for woven fabrics.
Note 1: For other methods, if testing the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D3511/D3511M, D3512/D3512M, and D3514.
1.2 This test method is not suitable for fabrics thicker than 3 mm [0.125 in.] because such fabrics cannot be mounted in the specimen holder.
1.3 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned before testing.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D4970/D4970M − 16
Standard Test Method for
Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of
1
Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4970/D4970M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D3512/D3512M Test Method for Pilling Resistance and
Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Ran-
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis-
dom Tumble Pilling Tester
tancetotheformationofpillsandotherrelatedsurfacechanges
D3514 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related
on textile fabrics using the Martindale tester. The procedure
Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric Pad
generally is applicable to all types of fabrics, being particularly
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
suitable for woven fabrics.
Methods
NOTE 1—For other methods, if testing the pilling resistance of textiles,
D7018 Terminology Relating to Glass Fiber and Its Products
refer to Test Methods D3511/D3511M, D3512/D3512M, and D3514.
3
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
1.2 This test method is not suitable for fabrics thicker than
ADJD3512 Set of 5 Photographic Standards for Random
3 mm [0.125 in.] because such fabrics cannot be mounted in
Tumble Pilling Test
the specimen holder.
3. Terminology
1.3 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned before
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test
testing.
Methods, General, refer to Terminologies D4850 and D7018.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
cycle, fuzz, movement, pilling resistance, pills.
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
3.2 For all other terms related to textiles, refer to Terminol-
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
ogy D123.
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
with the standard.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 Pilling and other changes in the surface appearance,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
such as fuzzing, that occur in normal wear are simulated on a
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
laboratory testing machine. Fabrics are mounted on the Mar-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
tindale Tester, and the face of the test specimen is rubbed
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
against the face of the same mounted fabric in the form of a
geometric figure, that is, a straight line, which becomes a
2. Referenced Documents
gradually widening ellipse, until it forms another straight line
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
in the opposite direction and traces the same figure again under
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
light pressure for a specific number of movements. The degree
D3511/D3511M Test Method for Pilling Resistance and
of fabric pilling or surface appearance change produced by this
Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush
action is evaluated by comparison of the tested specimen with
Pilling Tester
visual standards that may be actual fabrics, or photographs of
fabrics, showing a range of pilling resistance. The observed
resistance to pilling is reported using an arbitrary rating scale.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
5. Significance and Use
Specific.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2016. Published February 2016. Originally
5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics
ɛ1
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D4970 – 10 . DOI:
resistancetopillingisnotrecommendedforacceptancetesting.
10.1520/D4970-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
the ASTM website. ADJD3512.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4970/D4970M − 16
If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with
caution because interlaboratory data are not available. In some
cases the purchaser or supplier may have to test a commercial
shipmentofoneormorespecificmaterialsbythebe
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D4970/D4970M − 10 D4970/D4970M − 16
Standard Test Method for
Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of
1
Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4970/D4970M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—12.1.1 was corrected editorially in September 2010.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to the formation of pills and other related surface changes on
textile fabrics using the Martindale tester. The procedure generally is applicable to all types of fabrics, being particularly suitable
for woven fabrics.
NOTE 1—For other methods, if testing the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D3511/D3511M, D3512/D3512M, and D3514.
1.2 This test method is not suitable for fabrics thicker than 3 mm [0.125 in.] because such fabrics cannot be mounted in the
specimen holder.
1.3 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned before testing.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D3511/D3511M Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling Tester
D3512/D3512M Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random Tumble
Pilling Tester
D3514 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric Pad
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
D7018 Terminology Relating to Glass Fiber and Its Products
3
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
ADJD3512 Set of 5 Photographic Standards for Random Tumble Pilling Test
3. Terminology
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test Methods, General, refer to Terminologies D4850 and D7018.
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: cycle,fuzz,movement,pilling resistance,pills.
3.2 For all other terms related to textiles, refer to Terminology D123.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods, Specific.
Current edition approved June 1, 2010Jan. 1, 2016. Published August 2010February 2016. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 20072010 as
ɛ1
D4970 – 07.D4970 – 10 . DOI: 10.1520/D4970-10E01.10.1520/D4970-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJD3512.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4970/D4970M − 16
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Pilling and other changes in the surface appearance, such as fuzzing, that occur in normal wear are simulated on a laboratory
testing machine. Fabrics are mounted on the Martindale Tester, and the face of the test specimen is rubbed against the face of the
same mounted fabric in the form of a geometric figure, that is, a straight line, which becomes a gradually widening ellipse, until
it forms another straight line in the opposite direction and traces the same figure again under light pressure for a specific number
of movements. The degree of fabric pilling or surface appearance change produced by this action is evaluated by comparison of
the tested specimen with visual standards that may be actual fabrics, or photographs of fabrics, showing a range of pilling
resistance. The observed resistance to pi
...
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