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ASTM D4871-11

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Universal Oxidation/Thermal Stability Test Apparatus

Standard Guide for Universal Oxidation/Thermal Stability Test Apparatus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This standard describes an apparatus that provides the versatility required to conduct oxidation or thermal stability tests on liquids using a wide variety of test conditions. It is sufficiently flexible so that new test conditions can be chosen in response to the changing demands of the marketplace.
Procedures using this apparatus are described in the following ASTM standard test methods: D5763, D5846, and D6514. Other procedures may be in use, but they have not been developed as ASTM standard test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers an apparatus used to measure the oxidation or thermal stability of liquids by subjecting them to temperatures in the range from 50 to 375°C in the presence of air, oxygen, nitrogen, or other gases at flow rates of 1.5 to 13 L/h, or in the absence of gas flow. Stability may be measured in the presence or absence of water or soluble or insoluble catalysts. Gases evolved may be allowed to escape, condensed and collected, or condensed and returned to the test cell.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2011
ICS
19.040 - Environmental testing
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.09.0D - Oxidation of Lubricants
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4871-06 - Standard Guide for Universal Oxidation/Thermal Stability Test Apparatus
Effective Date
01-Dec-2011
Referred By
ASTM D6514-03(2019)e1 - Standard Test Method for High Temperature Universal Oxidation Test for Turbine Oils
Effective Date
01-Dec-2011
Referred By
ASTM D5770-23 - Standard Test Method for Semiquantitative Micro Determination of Acid Number of Lubricating Oils During Oxidation Testing
Effective Date
01-Dec-2011
Referred By
ASTM D5763-22a - Standard Test Method for Oxidation and Thermal Stability Characteristics of Gear Oils Using Universal Glassware
Effective Date
01-Dec-2011
Referred By
ASTM D5846-07(2017) - Standard Test Method for Universal Oxidation Test for Hydraulic and Turbine Oils Using the Universal Oxidation Test Apparatus
Effective Date
01-Dec-2011

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4871 − 11
StandardGuide for
1
Universal Oxidation/Thermal Stability Test Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4871; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* (ASTM Color Scale)
D3339 Test Method forAcid Number of Petroleum Products
1.1 This guide covers an apparatus used to measure the
by Semi-Micro Color Indicator Titration
oxidation or thermal stability of liquids by subjecting them to
D5763 Test Method for Oxidation and Thermal Stability
temperatures in the range from 50 to 375°C in the presence of
Characteristics of Gear Oils Using Universal Glassware
air, oxygen, nitrogen, or other gases at flow rates of 1.5 to
D5770 Test Method for Semiquantitative Micro Determina-
13 L⁄h, or in the absence of gas flow. Stability may be
tion of Acid Number of Lubricating Oils During Oxida-
measured in the presence or absence of water or soluble or
tion Testing
insoluble catalysts. Gases evolved may be allowed to escape,
D5846 Test Method for Universal Oxidation Test for Hy-
condensed and collected, or condensed and returned to the test
draulic and Turbine Oils Using the Universal Oxidation
cell.
Test Apparatus
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D6514 Test Method for High Temperature Universal Oxida-
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
tion Test for Turbine Oils
standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3. Summary of Guide
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1 An apparatus is described in which a sample of test
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
fluid, typically from 100 ml or 100 g, is subjected to thermal or
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
oxidative degradation or both. Insoluble or soluble catalyst
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
may be added. Gas may be bubbled through the liquid to
provide agitation or to promote oxidation or both. Water or
2. Referenced Documents
water vapor may be added.At the end of the test or at intervals
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
throughout the test, the liquid is monitored for change in
D91 Test Method for Precipitation Number of Lubricating
neutralization number, viscosity, weight loss, formation of
Oils
sludge, or for other parameters. The corrosivity of the fluid
D156 Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Products
toward any catalyst metals can be determined from the
(Saybolt Chromometer Method)
appearance and weight change of the metal test specimens, if
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
present, or by monitoring the oil and any sludge or water for
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
metal content. The test is terminated after a fixed time period
ity)
or when a selected parameter reaches a condemning value.
D664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products
NOTE 1—The volume of liquid at test temperature should be sufficient
by Potentiometric Titration
to cover the catalysts and should not extend beyond the heated portion of
D974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-
the bath.
Indicator Titration
D1500 Test Method forASTM Color of Petroleum Products
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This standard describes an apparatus that provides the
versatility required to conduct oxidation or thermal stability
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum
tests on liquids using a wide variety of test conditions. It is
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
mittee D02.09.0D on Oxidation of Lubricants.
sufficientlyflexiblesothatnewtestconditionscanbechosenin
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2011. Published January 2012. Originally
response to the changing demands of the marketplace.
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D4871–06. DOI:
10.1520/D4871-11.
4.2 Procedures using this apparatus are described in the
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
following ASTM standard test methods: D5763, D5846, and
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
D6514.Otherproceduresmaybeinuse,buttheyhavenotbeen
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. developed as ASTM standard test methods.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D48
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D4871–06 Designation: D4871 – 11
Standard Guide for
1
Universal Oxidation/Thermal Stability Test Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4871; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This guide covers an apparatus used to measure the oxidation or thermal stability of liquids by subjecting them to
temperatures in the range from 50 to 375°C in the presence of air, oxygen, nitrogen, or other gases at flow rates of 1.5 to 13 L/h,
orintheabsenceofgasflow.Stabilitymaybemeasuredinthepresenceorabsenceofwaterorsolubleorinsolublecatalysts.Gases
evolved may be allowed to escape, condensed and collected, or condensed and returned to the test cell.
1.2
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D91 Test Method for Precipitation Number of Lubricating Oils
D156 Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Products (Saybolt Chromometer Method)
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
D664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric Titration
D974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator Titration
D1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Products (ASTM Color Scale)
D3339 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Semi-Micro Color Indicator Titration
D5763 Test Method for Oxidation and Thermal Stability Characteristics of Gear Oils Using Universal Glassware
D5770 Test Method for Semiquantitative Micro Determination of Acid Number of Lubricating Oils During Oxidation Testing
D5846 Test Method for Universal OxidationTest for Hydraulic andTurbine Oils Using the Universal OxidationTestApparatus
D6514 Test Method for High Temperature Universal Oxidation Test for Turbine Oils
3. Summary of Guide
3.1 Anapparatusisdescribedinwhichasampleoftestfluid,typicallyfrom100mlor100g,issubjectedtothermaloroxidative
degradation or both. Insoluble or soluble catalyst may be added. Gas may be bubbled through the liquid to provide agitation or
to promote oxidation or both. Water or water vapor may be added. At the end of the test or at intervals throughout the test, the
liquid is monitored for change in neutralization number, viscosity, weight loss, formation of sludge, or for other parameters. The
corrosivity of the fluid toward any catalyst metals can be determined from the appearance and weight change of the metal test
specimens, if present, or by monitoring the oil and any sludge or water for metal content. The test is terminated after a fixed time
period or when a selected parameter reaches a condemning value.
NOTE 1—The volume of liquid at test temperature should be sufficient to cover the catalysts and should not extend beyond the heated portion of the
bath.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This standard describes an apparatus that provides the versatility required to conduct oxidation or thermal stability tests on
liquids using a wide variety of test conditions. It is sufficiently flexible so that new test conditions can be chosen in response to
the changing demands of the marketplace.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.09.0D on
Oxidation of Lubricants.
Current edition approved MayDec. 1, 2006.2011. Published May 2006.January 2012. Originally approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 20002006 as
D4871–00.D4871–06. DOI: 10.1520/D4871-06.10.1520/D4871-11.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book ofASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Unit
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This standard describes an apparatus that provides the versatility required to conduct oxidation or thermal stability tests on liquids using a wide variety of test conditions. It is sufficiently flexible so that new test conditions can be chosen in response to the changing demands of the marketplace.  
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1.1 This guide covers an apparatus used to measure the oxidation or thermal stability of liquids by subjecting them to temperatures in the range from 50 °C to 375 °C in the presence of air, oxygen, nitrogen, or other gases at flow rates of 1.5 L/h to 13 L/h, or in the absence of gas flow. Stability may be measured in the presence or absence of water or soluble or insoluble catalysts. Gases evolved may be allowed to escape, condensed and collected, or condensed and returned to the test cell.  
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4.1 Results obtained from this practice can be used to compare the relative durability of materials subjected to the specific test cycle used. No accelerated test can be specified as a perfect simulation of natural or field exposures. Results obtained from this practice can be considered as representative of natural weathering only when a sufficient magnitude of mathematical correlation exists between exposures.  
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4.1 The purpose of this guide is to introduce the hazards and risks associated with oxygen-enriched systems. This guide explains common hazards that often are overlooked. It provides an overview of the standards and documents produced by ASTM Committee G04 and other knowledgable sources as well as their uses. It does not highlight standard test methods that support the use of these practices. Table 1 provides a graphic representation of the relationship of ASTM G04 standards. Table 2 provides a list of standards published by ASTM and other organizations.  
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Standard Practice for Operating Fluorescent Ultraviolet (UV) Lamp Apparatus for Exposure of Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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5.2 This practice provides general procedures for operating fluorescent UV lamp weathering devices that allow for a wide range of exposure conditions. Therefore, no reference shall be made to results from the use of this practice unless accompanied by a report detailing the specific operating conditions in conformance with Section 10.  
5.2.1 It is recommended that a similar material of known performance (a control) be exposed simultaneously with the test specimen to provide a standard for comparative purposes. Generally, two controls are recommended: one known to have poor durability and one known to have good durability. It is recommended that at least three replicates of each material evaluated be exposed in each test to allow for statistical evaluation of results.  
5.2.2 Comparison of results obtained from specimens exposed in the same model of apparatus should not be made unless reproducibility has been established among devices for the material to be tested.  
5.2.3 Comparison of results obtained from specimens exposed in different models of apparatus should not be made unless correlation has been established among devices for the material to be tested (see Guide D6631 for guidance).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is limited to the basic principles for operating a fluorescent UV lamp and water apparatus; on its own, it does not deliver a specific result.  
1.2 It is intended to be used in conjunction with a practice or method that defines specific exposure conditions for an application along with a means to evaluate changes in material properties. This practice is intended to reproduce the weathering effects that occur when materials are exposed to sunlight (either direct or through window glass) and moisture as rain or dew in actual usage. This practice is limited to the procedures for obtaining, measuring, and controlling conditions of exposure.
Note 1: Practice G151 describes general procedures to be used when exposing nonmetallic materials in accelerated test devices that use laboratory light sources.
Note 2: A number of exposure procedures are listed in an appendix; however, this practice does not specify the exposure conditions best suited for the material to be tested.  
1.3 Test specimens are exposed to fluorescent UV light under controlled environmental conditions. Different types of fluorescent UV lamp sources are described.
Note 3: In this standard, the terms UV light and UV radiation are used interchangeably.  
1.4 Specimen preparation and evaluation of the results are covered in ASTM methods or specifications for specific materials. General guidance is given in Practice G151 and ISO 4892-1.
Note 4: General information about methods for determining the change in properties after exposure and reporting these results is described in ISO 4582 and Practice D5870.  
1.5 This practice is not intended for corrosion testing of bare metals.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard is technically similar to ISO 4892-3 and ISO 16474-3.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and...

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ASTM
ASTM D6677-18(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluating Adhesion by Knife

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Coatings, to perform satisfactorily, must adhere to the substrates on which they are applied. This test method has been found useful as a simple means of assessing the adhesion of coatings. Although this method is a qualitative (subjective) test it has been used in industry for many years and can provide valuable information.  
4.2 Other adhesion test methods may be useful in obtaining quantitative results. See Test Methods D2197, D3359, D4541, and D7234.  
4.3 The Performance Evaluation Scale (see Table 1) is based on both the degree of difficulty to remove the coating from the substrate and the size of removed coating chip.  
4.4 This test method does not have a known correlation to other adhesion test methods (pull-off, tape, etc.).  
4.5 A coating that has a high degree of cohesive strength may appear to have worse adhesion than one that is brittle and hence fractures easily when probed.  
4.6 This method is not to be used on overly thick coatings, that is, those which cannot be cut to the substrate with a utility knife in one stroke.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for assessing the adhesion of coating films to substrate by using a knife.  
1.2 This test method is used to establish whether the adhesion of a coating to a substrate or to another coating (in multi-coat systems) is at a generally adequate level.
Note 1: The term “substrate” relates to the basic surface on which a coating adheres (may be steel, concrete, etc. or other coating).  
1.3 This method can be used in the laboratory and field.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F2111-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Measuring Intergranular Attack or End Grain Pitting on Metals Caused by Aircraft Chemical Processes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 If not properly qualified, chemicals and chemical processes can attack metals used during aircraft maintenance and production. It is important to qualify only processes and chemical formulas that do not have any deleterious effects on aircraft metallic skins, fittings, components, and structures. This test procedure is used to detect and measure intergranular attack or pitting depth caused by aircraft maintenance chemical processes, hence, this test procedure is useful in selecting a process that will not cause intergranular attack or end grain pitting on aircraft alloys.  
4.2 The purpose of this practice is to aid in the qualification or process conformance testing or production of maintenance chemicals for use on aircraft.  
4.2.1 Actual aircraft processes in the production environment shall give the most representative results; however, the test results cannot be completely evaluated with respect to ambient conditions which normally vary from day to day. Additionally, when testing chemicals requiring dilutions, water quality and composition can play a role in the corrosion rates and mechanism affecting the results.  
4.2.2 Some examples of maintenance and production chemicals include: organic solvents, paint strippers, cleaners, deoxidizers, water-based or semi-aqueous cleaners, or etching solutions and chemical milling solutions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for testing and measuring intergranular attack (IGA) and end grain pitting on aircraft metals and alloys caused by maintenance or production chemicals.  
1.2 The standard does not purport to address all qualification testing parameters, methods, critical testing, or criteria for aircraft production or maintenance chemical qualifications. Specific requirements and acceptance testing along with associated acceptance criteria shall be found where applicable in procurement specifications, materials specifications, appropriate process specifications, or previously agreed upon specifications.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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