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ASTM C1321-14

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Installation and Use of Interior Radiation Control Coating Systems (IRCCS) in Building Construction

Standard Practice for Installation and Use of Interior Radiation Control Coating Systems (IRCCS) in Building Construction

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice recognizes that effectiveness, safety, and durability of an IRCCS depends not only on the quality of the materials, but also on the proper installation.  
4.2 Improper installation of an IRCCS will reduce its thermal effectiveness, cause fire risks and other unsafe conditions, and promote deterioration of the structure in which it is installed. Improper installation has the potential to create specific hazards that include: heat buildup in recessed lighting fixtures, deterioration of failure of electrical wiring components, and deterioration of wood structures and paint failure due to moisture accumulation.  
4.3 This practice provides directions for the installation of IRCCS materials in a safe and effective manner. Actual conditions in existing buildings will vary greatly.  
4.4 Requirements that are presented in this practice are both general and specific in nature. They are not intended as specific instructions unless so indicated. The user shall consult the manufacturer for application and installation methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice has been prepared for use by the designer, specifier, and applicator of IRCCS (Interior Radiation Control Coating Systems) for use in building construction. The scope contains instructions related to the use and installation of IRCCS, including a surface(s) having a far-infrared emittance of 0.25 or less that is sprayed or painted.2 Some examples that this practice is intended to address include: (1) low emittance surfaces in vented building envelope cavities intended to retard radiant transfer across the vented airspace; (2) low emittance surfaces at interior building surfaces intended to retard radiant transfer to or from building inhabitants; and (3) low emittance surfaces at interior building surfaces intended to reduce radiant transfer to or from heating or cooling systems. See Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 for typical applications.  
Note 1—Apply IRCCS to cover the exposed roof deck area. The low-emittance surface of the IRCCS must face the interior of the attic.FIG. 1 Typical Residential Use
Note 1—Apply the IRCCS to cover the entire interior surface area. The low-emittance surface of the IRCCS must face the interior of the bldg.FIG. 2 Typical Industrial, Commercial, and Agricultural Use  
1.2 This practice covers the installation process from pre-installation inspection through post-installation. It does not cover the production of the Interior Radiation Control Coating Materials.  
1.3 This practice is not intended to replace the manufacturer's installation instructions, but it shall be used in conjunction with such instructions. This practice is not intended to supersede local, state, or federal codes.  
1.4 This practice assumes that the installer possesses a good working knowledge of the application codes and regulations, safety practices, tools, equipment, and methods necessary for the installation of Interior Coating Materials. It also assumes that the installer understands the fundamentals of building construction that affect the installation of an IRCCS.  
1.5 When the installation or use of Interior Radiation Control Coating Materials, accessories, and systems pose safety or health problems, the manufacturer shall provide the user appropriate current information regarding any known problems associated with the intended use of the products and shall also provide direction on protective measures to be employed for safe utilization. The user shall establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are contained in Sections 5 and 7.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Jan-2014
ICS
91.120.10 - Thermal insulation of buildings
Technical Committee
C16 - Thermal Insulation
Drafting Committee
C16.21 - Reflective Insulation
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C1321-09 - Standard Practice for Installation and Use of Interior Radiation Control Coating Systems (IRCCS) in Building Construction
Effective Date
01-Feb-2014
Replaced By
ASTM C1321-15 - Standard Practice for Installation and Use of Interior Radiation Control Coating Systems (IRCCS) in Building Construction
Effective Date
15-Nov-2015
Referred By
ASTM C1841-23 - Standard Specification for Interior Radiation Control Coating (IRCC) for Building Applications
Effective Date
01-Feb-2014

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ASTM C1321-14 - Standard Practice for Installation and Use of Interior Radiation Control Coating Systems (IRCCS) in Building ConstructionASTM C1321-14 - Standard Practice for Installation and Use of Interior Radiation Control Coating Systems (IRCCS) in Building Construction
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REDLINE ASTM C1321-14 - Standard Practice for Installation and Use of Interior Radiation Control Coating Systems (IRCCS) in Building ConstructionREDLINE ASTM C1321-14 - Standard Practice for Installation and Use of Interior Radiation Control Coating Systems (IRCCS) in Building Construction
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C1321 − 14
StandardPractice for
Installation and Use of Interior Radiation Control Coating
1
Systems (IRCCS) in Building Construction
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1321; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope problems associated with the intended use of the products and
shall also provide direction on protective measures to be
1.1 This practice has been prepared for use by the designer,
employed for safe utilization. The user shall establish appro-
specifier, and applicator of IRCCS (Interior Radiation Control
priate safety and health practices and determine the applicabil-
Coating Systems) for use in building construction. The scope
ity of regulatory requirements prior to use.
contains instructions related to the use and installation of
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
IRCCS, including a surface(s) having a far-infrared emittance
2
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
of 0.25 or less that is sprayed or painted. Some examples that
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
this practice is intended to address include: (1) low emittance
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
surfaces in vented building envelope cavities intended to retard
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
radiant transfer across the vented airspace; (2) low emittance
tionary statements are contained in Sections 5 and 7.
surfaces at interior building surfaces intended to retard radiant
transfer to or from building inhabitants; and (3) low emittance
2. Referenced Documents
surfaces at interior building surfaces intended to reduce radiant
3
transfer to or from heating or cooling systems. See Fig. 1 and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Fig. 2 for typical applications.
C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
C1371 Test Method for Determination of Emittance of
1.2 This practice covers the installation process from pre-
Materials Near Room Temperature Using Portable Emis-
installation inspection through post-installation. It does not
someters
cover the production of the Interior Radiation Control Coating
E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of
Materials.
Building Materials
1.3 This practice is not intended to replace the manufactur-
E96/E96M Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of
er’s installation instructions, but it shall be used in conjunction
Materials
with such instructions. This practice is not intended to super-
4
2.2 NFPA Standards:
sede local, state, or federal codes.
NFPA 54 National Fuel Gas Code
1.4 This practice assumes that the installer possesses a good
NFPA 211 Standard for Chimneys, Fireplaces and Vents
working knowledge of the application codes and regulations,
2.3 Other Documents:
safety practices, tools, equipment, and methods necessary for
CPSC Product Safety Fact Sheet No. 18 “The Home Elec-
the installation of Interior Coating Materials. It also assumes
5
trical System”
that the installer understands the fundamentals of building
construction that affect the installation of an IRCCS.
3. Terminology
1.5 When the installation or use of Interior Radiation
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this
Control Coating Materials, accessories, and systems pose
practice, refer to Terminology C168.
safety or health problems, the manufacturer shall provide the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
user appropriate current information regarding any known
1 3
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Insulationand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.21 on Reflective contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Insulation. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2014. Published March 2014. Originally the ASTM website.
4
approved 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C1321–09. DOI: Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch
10.1520/C1321-14. Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http://www.nfpa.org.
2 5
The as-manufactured emittance of Interior Radiation Control Coating product, AvailablefromConsumerSpecialtyProductsAssociation(CSPA),90017thSt.,
as determined on a typical substrate, should be stated on the label (see 7.2.1). NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20006, http://www.cspa.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. U
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1321 − 09 C1321 − 14
Standard Practice for
Installation and Use of Interior Radiation Control Coating
1
Systems (IRCCS) in Building Construction
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1321; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice has been prepared for use by the designer, specifier, and applicator of IRCCS (Interior Radiation Control
Coating Systems) for use in building construction. The scope is limited to recommendations contains instructions related to the
2
use and installation of IRCCS, including a surface(s) having a far-infrared emittance of 0.25 or less that is sprayed or painted.
Some examples that this practice is intended to address include: (1) low emittance surfaces in vented building envelope cavities
intended to retard radiant transfer across the vented airspace; (2) low emittance surfaces at interior building surfaces intended to
retard radiant transfer to or from building inhabitants; and (3) low emittance surfaces at interior building surfaces intended to
reduce radiant transfer to or from heating or cooling systems. See Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 for typical applications.
1.2 This practice covers the installation process from pre-installation inspection through post-installation. It does not cover the
production of the Interior Radiation Control Coating Materials.
1.3 This practice is not intended to replace the manufacturer’s installation instructions, but it shall be used in conjunction with
such instructions. This practice is not intended to supersede local, state, or federal codes.
1.4 This practice assumes that the installer possesses a good working knowledge of the application codes and regulations, safety
practices, tools, equipment, and methods necessary for the installation of Interior Coating Materials. It also assumes that the
installer understands the fundamentals of building construction that affect the installation of an IRCCS.
1.5 When the installation or use of Interior Radiation Control Coating Materials, accessories, and systems pose safety or health
problems, the manufacturer shall provide the user appropriate current information regarding any known problems associated with
the recommendedintended use of the company’s products and shall also recommend provide direction on protective measures to
be employed in their for safe utilization. The user shall establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are contained in Sections 5 and 7.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
C1371 Test Method for Determination of Emittance of Materials Near Room Temperature Using Portable Emissometers
E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
E96/E96M Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Materials
4
2.2 NFPA Standards:
NFPA 54 National Fuel Gas Code
NFPA 211 Standard for Chimneys, Fireplaces and Vents
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal Insulationand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.21 on Reflective Insulation.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009Feb. 1, 2014. Published December 2009March 2014. Originally approved 1996. Last previous edition approved in 20042009 as
C1321–04.–09. DOI: 10.1520/C1321-09.10.1520/C1321-14.
2
The as-manufactured emittance of Interior Radiation Control Coating product, as determined on a typical substrate, should be stated on the label (see 7.2.1).
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from National Fire Protection Association, Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269.02169-7471, http://www.nfpa.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C7
...

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ASTM C1373/C1373M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determination of Thermal Resistance of Attic Insulation Systems Under Simulated Winter Conditions

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The thermal resistance of a ceiling system is used to characterize its steady-state thermal performance.  
4.2 The thermal resistance of insulation is related to the density and thickness of the insulation. Test data on thermal resistance are obtained at a thickness and density representative of the end use applications. In addition, the thermal resistance of the insulation system will be different from that of the thermal insulation alone because of the system construction and materials.  
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1.1 This practice presents a laboratory procedure to determine the thermal resistance of attic insulation systems under simulated steady-state winter conditions. The practice applies only to attic insulation systems that face an open attic air space.  
1.2 The thermal resistance of the insulation is inferred from calculations based on measurements on a ceiling system consisting of components consistent with the system being studied. For example, such a system might consist of a gypsum board or plywood ceiling, wood ceiling joists, and attic insulation with its top exposed to an open air space. The temperature applied to the gypsum board or plywood shall be in the range of 18 to 24°C [64 to 75°F]. The air temperature above the insulation shall correspond to winter conditions and ranges from –46°C to 10°C [–51 to 50°F]. The gypsum board or plywood ceiling shall be sealed to prevent direct airflow between the warm and cold sides of the system.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The thermal resistance, R, of an insulation is used to describe its thermal performance.  
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4.3 In normal use, the thickness of these products range from less than 100 mm (4 in.) to greater than 150 mm (6 in.). Installed densities depend upon the product type, the installed thickness, the installation equipment used, the installation techniques, and the geometry of the insulated space.  
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1.1 This practice presents a laboratory guide to determine the thermal resistance of pneumatically installed loose-fill building insulations for enclosed applications of the building thermal envelope behind netting at mean temperatures between –10 and 35°C (14 to 95°F).  
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ABSTRACT
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1.1 This specification covers the composition and physical properties of polyimide foam insulation with nominal densities from 1.0 lb/ft3 to 8.0 lb/ft3 (16 kg/m3 to 128 kg/m3) and intended for use as thermal and sound-isolating insulation for temperatures from −423°F to +600°F (−253°C to +316°C) in commercial and industrial environments.  
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* = Not available consult manufacturer for additional information.
NA = Not Applicable
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* = Not available consult manufacturer for additional information.
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1.1 This practice covers standard mean temperatures for reporting thermal properties of thermal insulations, products, and materials, and of related systems and components, both insulated and uninsulated.  
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Note 1: Standard referenced materials are needed to span the temperature range of the tests.  
1.3 This practice recommends standard conditions for use in testing and evaluating thermal properties as a function of temperature by standard test methods.  
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1.4.1 Building envelopes,  
1.4.2 Mechanical systems or processes, and  
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Standard Specification for Self-Supported Spray Applied Cellulosic Thermal Insulation

ABSTRACT
This specification covers self-supported spray applied cellulosic thermal insulation for use as thermal insulation or acoustical absorbent material, or both. The chemically-treated cellulosic materials that are also covered in this specification are used for pneumatic applications operating within a specific temperature range. The materials are classified into two types based on the type of adhesive used and exposure of the application. Specimens for testing should be prepared and tested using the prescribed methods and should conform to the specified values of density, thermal resistance, surface bonding characteristics, adhesive strength, cohesive strength, smoldering combustion, fungi resistance, corrosion, moisture vapor absorption, odor, flame resistance permanency, substrate deflection, and air erosion.
SCOPE
1.1 The specification covers the physical properties of self-supported spray applied cellulosic fibers intended for use as thermal insulation or an acoustical absorbent material, or both.  
1.2 This specification covers chemically treated cellulosic materials intended for pneumatic applications where temperatures do not exceed 82.2°C and where temperatures will routinely remain below 65.6°C.  
1.2.1 Type I—Material applied with liquid adhesive and suitable for either exposed or enclosed applications.  
1.2.2 Type II—Materials containing a dry adhesive that is activated by water during installation and intended only for enclosed or covered applications.  
1.3 This is a material specification only and is not intended to deal with methods of application that are supplied by the manufacturer.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1919-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Measurement of the Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties of Small Specimens Using the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Thermal conductivity measurements on small insulation specimens are important during new product development processes or when larger specimens cannot be collected during forensic investigation (that is, failure analysis) (1, 2).  
5.2 Numerous research projects have recently been initiated to develop insulation materials that have very high thermal resistivities (greater than 83 (m K)/W). Projects ranging from coatings to improve the thermal performance of single pane/layer glazing systems to the development of novel insulation products for building envelopes are being undertaken (1-4). All these projects have struggled in the development of new material technologies due to the difficulty associated with the measurement of thermal conductivity of small sections (approximately 0.025 m by 0.025 m) of high thermal resistance materials. As new materials are being developed, the size of each test specimen impacts the cost of development. Most of the existing test equipment and the methods do not align with the researcher’s need; the equipment requires a large specimen size is time consuming, and expensive to produce.  
5.3 This practice provides a standardized procedure to enable the thermal characterization of small specimens of insulation materials. Accurate, and reliable thermal metrology to assess thermal properties of new insulation materials, such as novel very low thermal conductivity (  
5.4 The ratio of the area of the specimen and the heat flux transducer has a significant impact on the uncertainty of the results obtained from this practice. As the specimen area decreases this ratio decreases, a smaller percentage of the total heat flow is associated with the unknown specimen. Information from the literature (4) shows that some heat-flow-meter apparatus, generally not available commercially and used by the research laboratories only, can be modified to change out the heat flux transducer so that transducers of varying sizes can be deployed. The observat...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the measurement of steady state thermal transmission properties of the small flat slab thermal insulation specimen using a heat-flow-meter apparatus.  
1.2 This practice provides a supplemental procedure for use in conjunction with Test Method C518 for testing a small specimen. This practice is limited to only small specimens and, in all other particulars, the requirements of Test Method C518 apply.  
1.3 This practice characterizes small specimens having lateral dimensions less than the lateral dimensions of the heat flux transducer used to measure the heat flow. The procedure in Test Method C518 shall be used for specimens having lateral dimensions equal to or larger than the lateral dimensions of the heat flux transducer.
Note 1: The lower limit for specimen size is typically determined by the user for their particular material. As an example, Ref. (1)2 established a lower limit for specimen dimensions of 0.1 m by 0.1 m for several different thermal insulation materials for a 0.3 m by 0.3 m heat-flow-meter apparatus having a heat flux transducer 0.15 m by 0.15 m.  
1.4 This practice is intended only for research purposes, in particular, when larger specimens are unavailable. This practice shall not be used in conjunction with Test Method C518 for certification testing of products; compliance with ASTM Specifications; or compliance with regulatory or building code requirements.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this practice.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationall...

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ASTM
ASTM C1199-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Steady-State Thermal Transmittance of Fenestration Systems Using Hot Box Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method details the calibration and testing procedures and necessary additional temperature instrumentation required in applying Test Method C1363 to measure the thermal transmittance of fenestration systems mounted vertically in the thermal chamber.  
4.2 The thermal transmittance of a test specimen is affected by its size and three-dimensional geometry. Care must be exercised when extrapolating to product sizes smaller or larger than the test specimen. Therefore, it is recommended that fenestration systems be tested at the recommended sizes specified in Practice E1423 or NFRC 100.  
4.3 Since both temperature and surface heat transfer coefficient conditions affect results, use of recommended conditions will assist in reducing confusion caused by comparing results of tests performed under dissimilar conditions. Standardized test conditions for determining the thermal transmittance of fenestration systems are specified in Practice E1423 and Section 6.2. The performance of a test specimen measured at standardized test conditions is potentially different than the performance of the same fenestration product when installed in the wall of a building located outdoors. Standardized test conditions often represent extreme summer or winter design conditions, which are potentially different than the average conditions typically experienced by a fenestration product installed in an exterior wall. For the purpose of comparison, it is essential to calibrate with surface heat transfer coefficients on the Calibration Transfer Standard (CTS) which are as close as possible to the conventionally accepted values for building design; however, this procedure can be used at other conditions for research purposes or product development.  
4.4 Similarly, it would be desirable to have a surround panel that closely duplicates the actual wall where the fenestration system would be installed. Since there are such a wide variety of fenestration system openings in North American...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers requirements and guidelines and specifies calibration procedures required for the measurement of the steady-state thermal transmittance of fenestration systems installed vertically in the test chamber. This test method specifies the necessary measurements to be made using measurement systems conforming to Test Method C1363 for determination of fenestration system thermal transmittance.  
Note 1: This test method allows the testing of projecting fenestration products (that is, garden windows, skylights, and roof windows) installed vertically in a surround panel. Current research on skylights, roof windows, and projecting products hopefully will provide additional information that can be added to the next version of this test method so that skylight and roof windows can be tested horizontally or at some angle typical of a sloping roof.  
1.2 This test method refers to the thermal transmittance, U of a fenestration system installed vertically in the absence of solar radiation and air leakage effects.
Note 2: The methods described in this document may also be adapted for use in determining the thermal transmittance of sections of building wall, and roof and floor assemblies containing thermal anomalies, which are smaller than the hot box metering area.  
1.3 This test method describes how to determine the thermal transmittance, US of a fenestration product (also called test specimen) at well-defined environmental conditions. The thermal transmittance is also a reported test result from Test Method C1363. If only the thermal transmittance is reported using this test method, the test report must also include a detailed description of the environmental conditions in the thermal chamber during the test as outlined in 10.1.14.  
1.4 For rating purposes, this test method also describes how to calculate a standardized thermal transmittance,  UST, which can be used to compare test results from labor...

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ASTM
ASTM C1155-95(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining Thermal Resistance of Building Envelope Components from the In-Situ Data

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Significance of Thermal Resistance Measurements—Knowledge of the thermal resistance of new buildings is important to determine whether the quality of construction satisfies criteria set by the designer, by the owner, or by a regulatory agency. Differences in quality of materials or workmanship may cause building components not to achieve design performance.  
5.1.1 For Existing Buildings—Knowledge of thermal resistance is important to the owners of older buildings to determine whether the buildings should receive insulation or other energy-conserving improvements. Inadequate knowledge of the thermal properties of materials or heat flow paths within the construction or degradation of materials may cause inaccurate assumptions in calculations that use published data.  
5.2 Advantage of In-Situ Data—This practice provides information about thermal performance that is based on measured data. This may determine the quality of new construction for acceptance by the owner or occupant or it may provide justification for an energy conservation investment that could not be made based on calculations using published design data.  
5.3 Heat Flow Paths—This practice assumes that net heat flow is perpendicular to the surface of the building envelope component within a given subsection. Knowledge of surface temperature in the area subject to measurement is required for placing sensors appropriately. Appropriate use of infrared thermography is often used to obtain such information. Thermography reveals nonuniform surface temperatures caused by structural members, convection currents, air leakage, and moisture in insulation. Practices C1060 and C1153 detail the appropriate use of infrared thermography. Note that thermography as a basis for extrapolating the results obtained at a measurement site to other similar parts of the same building is beyond the scope of this practice.  
5.4 User Knowledge Required—This practice requires that the user have knowledge that the data empl...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers how to obtain and use data from in-situ measurement of temperatures and heat fluxes on building envelopes to compute thermal resistance. Thermal resistance is defined in Terminology C168 in terms of steady-state conditions only. This practice provides an estimate of that value for the range of temperatures encountered during the measurement of temperatures and heat flux.  
1.2 This practice presents two specific techniques, the summation technique and the sum of least squares technique, and permits the use of other techniques that have been properly validated. This practice provides a means for estimating the mean temperature of the building component for estimating the dependence of measured R-value on temperature for the summation technique. The sum of least squares technique produces a calculation of thermal resistance which is a function of mean temperature.  
1.3 Each thermal resistance calculation applies to a subsection of the building envelope component that was instrumented. Each calculation applies to temperature conditions similar to those of the measurement. The calculation of thermal resistance from in-situ data represents in-service conditions. However, field measurements of temperature and heat flux may not achieve the accuracy obtainable in laboratory apparatuses.  
1.4 This practice permits calculation of thermal resistance on portions of a building envelope that have been properly instrumented with temperature and heat flux sensing instruments. The size of sensors and construction of the building component determine how many sensors shall be used and where they should be placed. Because of the variety of possible construction types, sensor placement and subsequent data analysis require the demonstrated good judgement of the user.  
1.5 Each calculation pertains only to a defined subsection of the building envelope. Combining results from different subsections to characterize...

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ASTM
ASTM C518-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a rapid means of determining the steady-state thermal transmission properties of thermal insulations and other materials with a high level of accuracy when the apparatus has been calibrated appropriately.  
4.2 Proper calibration of the heat flow meter apparatus requires that it be calibrated using specimen(s) having thermal transmission properties determined previously by Test Methods C177, or C1114.
Note 1: Calibration of the apparatus typically requires specimens that are similar to the types of materials, thermal conductances, thicknesses, mean temperatures, and temperature gradients as expected for the test specimens.  
4.3 The thermal transmission properties of specimens of a given material or product may vary due to variability of the composition of the material; be affected by moisture or other conditions; change with time; change with mean temperature and temperature difference; and depend upon the prior thermal history. It must be recognized, therefore, that the selection of typical values of thermal transmission properties representative of a material in a particular application should be based on a consideration of these factors and will not apply necessarily without modification to all service conditions.  
4.3.1 As an example, this test method provides that the thermal properties shall be obtained on specimens that do not contain any free moisture although in service such conditions may not be realized. Even more basic is the dependence of the thermal properties on variables, such as mean temperature and temperature difference. These dependencies should be measured or the test made at conditions typical of use.  
4.4 Special care shall be taken in the measurement procedure for specimens exhibiting appreciable inhomogeneities, anisotropies, rigidity, or especially high or low resistance to heat flow (see Practice C1045). The use of a heat flow meter apparatus when there are thermal bridges present in the specimen may ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of steady state thermal transmission through flat slab specimens using a heat flow meter apparatus.  
1.2 The heat flow meter apparatus is used widely because it is relatively simple in concept, rapid, and applicable to a wide range of test specimens. The precision and bias of the heat flow meter apparatus can be excellent provided calibration is carried out within the range of heat flows expected. This means calibration shall be carried out with similar types of materials, of similar thermal conductances, at similar thicknesses, mean temperatures, and temperature gradients, as expected for the test specimens.  
1.3 This a comparative, or secondary, method of measurement since specimens of known thermal transmission properties shall be used to calibrate the apparatus. Properties of the calibration specimens must be traceable to an absolute measurement method. The calibration specimens should be obtained from a recognized national standards laboratory.  
1.4 The heat flow meter apparatus establishes steady state one-dimensional heat flux through a test specimen between two parallel plates at constant but different temperatures. By appropriate calibration of the heat flux transducer(s) with calibration standards and by measurement of the plate temperatures and plate separation. Fourier’s law of heat conduction is used to calculate thermal conductivity, and thermal resistivity or thermal resistance and thermal conductance.  
1.5 This test method shall be used in conjunction with Practice C1045. Many advances have been made in thermal technology, both in measurement techniques and in improved understanding of the principles of heat flow through materials. These advances have prompted revisions in the conceptual approaches to the measurement of the thermal transmission properties (1-4).2 All users of this test method should be aware of these concepts.  
1.6 This test method is ...

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