ASTM D4871-11(2016)

Standard Guide for Universal Oxidation/Thermal Stability Test Apparatus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This standard describes an apparatus that provides the versatility required to conduct oxidation or thermal stability tests on liquids using a wide variety of test conditions. It is sufficiently flexible so that new test conditions can be chosen in response to the changing demands of the marketplace.  
4.2 Procedures using this apparatus are described in the following ASTM standard test methods: D5763, D5846, and D6514. Other procedures may be in use, but they have not been developed as ASTM standard test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers an apparatus used to measure the oxidation or thermal stability of liquids by subjecting them to temperatures in the range from 50 °C to 375 °C in the presence of air, oxygen, nitrogen, or other gases at flow rates of 1.5 L/h to 13 L/h, or in the absence of gas flow. Stability may be measured in the presence or absence of water or soluble or insoluble catalysts. Gases evolved may be allowed to escape, condensed and collected, or condensed and returned to the test cell.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Sep-2016
• ICS: 19.040 - Environmental testing
• Technical Committee: D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
• Drafting Committee: D02.09.0D - Oxidation of Lubricants

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4871 − 11 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Guide for
Universal Oxidation/Thermal Stability Test Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4871; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope (ASTM Color Scale)
D3339 Test Method forAcid Number of Petroleum Products
1.1 This guide covers an apparatus used to measure the
by Semi-Micro Color Indicator Titration
oxidation or thermal stability of liquids by subjecting them to
D5763 Test Method for Oxidation and Thermal Stability
temperatures in the range from 50 °C to 375 °C in the presence
Characteristics of Gear Oils Using Universal Glassware
of air, oxygen, nitrogen, or other gases at flow rates of 1.5 L⁄h
D5770 Test Method for Semiquantitative Micro Determina-
to 13 L⁄h, or in the absence of gas flow. Stability may be
tion of Acid Number of Lubricating Oils During Oxida-
measured in the presence or absence of water or soluble or
tion Testing
insoluble catalysts. Gases evolved may be allowed to escape,
D5846 Test Method for Universal Oxidation Test for Hy-
condensed and collected, or condensed and returned to the test
draulic and Turbine Oils Using the Universal Oxidation
cell.
Test Apparatus
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D6514 Test Method for High Temperature Universal Oxida-
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
tion Test for Turbine Oils
standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3. Summary of Guide
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1 An apparatus is described in which a sample of test
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
fluid, typically from 100 mL or 100 g, is subjected to thermal
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
or oxidative degradation or both. Insoluble or soluble catalyst
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
may be added. Gas may be bubbled through the liquid to
provide agitation or to promote oxidation or both. Water or
2. Referenced Documents
water vapor may be added.At the end of the test or at intervals
2.1 ASTM Standards:
throughout the test, the liquid is monitored for change in
D91 Test Method for Precipitation Number of Lubricating
neutralization number, viscosity, weight loss, formation of
Oils
sludge, or for other parameters. The corrosivity of the fluid
D156 Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Products
toward any catalyst metals can be determined from the
(Saybolt Chromometer Method)
appearance and weight change of the metal test specimens, if
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
present, or by monitoring the oil and any sludge or water for
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
metal content. The test is terminated after a fixed time period
ity)
or when a selected parameter reaches a condemning value.
D664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products
NOTE 1—The volume of liquid at test temperature should be sufficient
by Potentiometric Titration
to cover the catalysts and should not extend beyond the heated portion of
D974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-
the bath.
Indicator Titration
D1500 Test Method forASTM Color of Petroleum Products
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This standard describes an apparatus that provides the
versatility required to conduct oxidation or thermal stability
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum
tests on liquids using a wide variety of test conditions. It is
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
mittee D02.09.0D on Oxidation of Lubricants.
sufficientlyflexiblesothatnewtestconditionscanbechosenin
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2016. Published November 2016. Originally
response to the changing demands of the marketplace.
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D4871 – 11. DOI:
10.1520/D4871-11R16.
4.2 Procedures using this apparatus are described in the
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
following ASTM standard test methods: D5763, D5846, and
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
D6514.Otherproceduresmaybeinuse,buttheyhavenotbeen
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. developed as ASTM standard test methods.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4871 − 11 (2016)
FIG. 1 Universal Oxidation Test Apparatus
5. Apparatus insulation on all sides, top and bottom. An insulation of
thermally efficient ceramic fiber material is suggested.
5.1 Heating Block, as shown at the lower right in Fig. 1,to
5.1.5 The exterior jacket, sides and top are stainless steel or
provide a controlled constant temperature for conducting tests.
5.1.1 Test cells are maintained at constant elevated tempera- equivalent.
ture by means of a heated aluminum block which surrounds
5.1.6 The block is equipped with a well for a temperature
each test cell.
measuring device and a thermometer.
5.1.2 Holes in the aluminum block to accommodate the test
5.2 Temperature Control System, as shown at lower left in
cells shall provide 1.0 mm max clearance for 38 mm outside
Fig. 1, to maintain the heating block at a set temperature.
diameter glass tubes. The glass test cells shall fit into the block
to a depth of 225 mm 6 5 mm. 5.2.1 The temperature controller shall be capable of main-
taining the block temperature within 60.5 °C of the desired
NOTE 2—The original test blocks were made with spaces for ten test
test temperature for the duration of the test. The preferred
cells. Blocks with different number of holes are acceptable if other
controller shall have proportional and integral control modes,
requirements are met.
and a heater malfunction alarm.
5.1.3 The heating system shall be geometrically and ther-
5.2.2 The range for operation is from at least 50 °C to
mally balanced. For thermal balance, sizes and locations of the
heaters are proportioned against heat losses. 375 °C. (Warning—An adjustable deviation alarm that auto-
matically shuts down the system if temperature varies outside
5.1.4 The block is cylindrical and constructed from forged
aluminum. The block has a minimum thickness of 38 mm of preset limits is desirable as a safety feature and to avoid
D4871 − 11 (2016)
erroneous test results. A separate adjustable high temperature
monitor and shutoff is desirable as a safety device.)
5.2.3 Temperature control and uniformity is the most im-
portant parameter affecting test result precision. Therefore, the
heating system design is critical. Temperature from hole-to-
hole and at all sides of each hole in the block shall be uniform
within the 0.5 °C tolerance of the total system.
5.3 GasFlowControlSystem,asshowninFig.1,toprovide
air or other gases to each test cell.
5.3.1 A gas flow controller is required for each test cell, to
provideairorotherdesiredgases.(Warning—Ifreactivegases
are to be used in the test procedure, all fittings in the gas
control system must be compatible with these gases.)
5.3.2 The standard gas flow range shall be from 1.5 L⁄h to
13 L⁄h. Flowmeters shall have a scale length sufficiently long
to permit accurate reading and control
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4871 − 11 D4871 − 11 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Guide for
Universal Oxidation/Thermal Stability Test Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4871; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*Scope
1.1 This guide covers an apparatus used to measure the oxidation or thermal stability of liquids by subjecting them to
temperatures in the range from 5050 °C to 375°C375 °C in the presence of air, oxygen, nitrogen, or other gases at flow rates of
1.51.5 L ⁄h to 13 L ⁄h, or in the absence of gas flow. Stability may be measured in the presence or absence of water or soluble or
insoluble catalysts. Gases evolved may be allowed to escape, condensed and collected, or condensed and returned to the test cell.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D91 Test Method for Precipitation Number of Lubricating Oils
D156 Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Products (Saybolt Chromometer Method)
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
D664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric Titration
D974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator Titration
D1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Products (ASTM Color Scale)
D3339 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Semi-Micro Color Indicator Titration
D5763 Test Method for Oxidation and Thermal Stability Characteristics of Gear Oils Using Universal Glassware
D5770 Test Method for Semiquantitative Micro Determination of Acid Number of Lubricating Oils During Oxidation Testing
D5846 Test Method for Universal Oxidation Test for Hydraulic and Turbine Oils Using the Universal Oxidation Test Apparatus
D6514 Test Method for High Temperature Universal Oxidation Test for Turbine Oils
3. Summary of Guide
3.1 An apparatus is described in which a sample of test fluid, typically from 100 ml or 100 g, 100 mL or 100 g, is subjected
to thermal or oxidative degradation or both. Insoluble or soluble catalyst may be added. Gas may be bubbled through the liquid
to provide agitation or to promote oxidation or both. Water or water vapor may be added. At the end of the test or at intervals
throughout the test, the liquid is monitored for change in neutralization number, viscosity, weight loss, formation of sludge, or for
other parameters. The corrosivity of the fluid toward any catalyst metals can be determined from the appearance and weight change
of the metal test specimens, if present, or by monitoring the oil and any sludge or water for metal content. The test is terminated
after a fixed time period or when a selected parameter reaches a condemning value.
NOTE 1—The volume of liquid at test temperature should be sufficient to cover the catalysts and should not extend beyond the heated portion of the
bath.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This standard describes an apparatus that provides the versatility required to conduct oxidation or thermal stability tests on
liquids using a wide variety of test conditions. It is sufficiently flexible so that new test conditions can be chosen in response to
the changing demands of the marketplace.
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.09.0D on Oxidation of Lubricants.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2011Oct. 1, 2016. Published January 2012November 2016. Originally approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 20062011
as D4871D4871 – 11.–06. DOI: 10.1520/D4871-11.10.1520/D4871-11R16.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4871 − 11 (2016)
FIG. 1 Universal Oxidation Test Apparatus
4.2 Procedures using this apparatus are described in the following ASTM standard test methods: D5763, D5846, and D6514.
Other procedures may be in use, but they have not been developed as ASTM standard test methods.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Heating Block, as shown at the lower right in Fig. 1, to provide a controlled constant temperature for conducting tests.
5.1.1 Test cells are maintained at constant elevated temperature by means of a heated aluminum block which surrounds each
test cell.
5.1.2 Holes in the aluminum block to accommodate the test cells shall provide 1.0 mm 1.0 mm max clearance for 38-mm38 mm
outside diameter glass tubes. The glass test cells shall fit into the block to a depth of 225225 mm 6 5 mm.5 mm.
NOTE 2—The original test blocks were made with spaces for ten test cells. Blocks with different number of holes are acceptable if other requirements
are met.
5.1.3 The heating system shall be geometrically and thermally balanced. For thermal balance, sizes and locations of the heaters
are proportioned against heat losses.
5.1.4 The block is cylindrical and constructed from forged aluminum. The block has a minimum thickness of 38 mm of
insulation on all sides, top and bottom. An insulation of thermally efficient ceramic fiber material is suggested.
5.1.5 The exterior jacket, sides and top are stainless steel or equivalent.
5.1.6 The block is equipped with a well for a temperature measuring device and a thermometer.
5.2 Temperature Control System, as shown at lower left in Fig. 1, to maintain the heating block at a set temperature.
D4871 − 11 (2016)
FIG. 2 Apparatus
5.2.1 The temperature controller shall be capable of maintaining the block temperature within 60.5°C60.5 °C of the desired
test temperature for the duration of the test. The preferred controller shall have proportional and integral control modes, and a
heater malfunction alarm.
5.2.2 The range for operation is from at least 5050 °C to 375°C.375 °C. (Warning—An adjustable deviation alarm that
automatically shuts down the system if temperature varies outside preset limits is desirable as a safety feature and to avoid
erroneous test results. A separate adjustable high temperature monitor and shutoff is desirable as a safety device.)
5.2.3 Temperature control and uniformity is the most important parameter affecting test result precision. Therefore, the heating
system design is critical. Temperature from hole-to-hole and at all sides of each hole in the block shall be uniform within the
0.5°C0.5 °C tolerance of the total system.
5.3 Gas Flow Control System, as shown in Fig. 1, to provide air or other gases to each test cell.
5.3.1 A gas flow controller is required for each test cell, to provide air or other desired gases. (Warning—If reactive gases are
to be used in the test procedure, all fittings in the gas control system must be compatible with these gases.)
5.3.2 The standard gas flow range shall be from 1.51.5 L ⁄h to 1313 L L/h. ⁄h. Flowmeters shall have a scale length sufficiently
long to permit accurate reading and control to within 65 % of full scale. Floats and tubes may be interchangeabl
...