ASTM D2047-99

Standard Test Method for Static Coefficient of Friction of Polish-Coated Floor Surfaces as Measured by the James Machine

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the static coefficient of friction of floor surfaces for the James Machine. The apparatus is not suitable for use on wet, rough, or corrugated surfaces. The apparatus is suitable for laboratory testing.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Dec-1999
• ICS: 71.100.99 - Other products of the chemical industry
• ICS: 97.080 - Cleaning appliances
• Technical Committee: D21 - Polishes
• Drafting Committee: D21.06 - Slip Resistance

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM D2047-04 - Standard Test Method for Static Coefficient of Friction of Polish-Coated Flooring Surfaces as Measured by the James Machine
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2004
• Referred By: ASTM F3059-18 - Standard Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Gratings Used in Marine Construction and Shipbuilding
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-1999
• Referred By: ASTM D6205-20 - Standard Practice for Calibration of the James Static Coefficient of Friction Machine
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-1999
• Referred By: ASTM C1486-18(2023) - Standard Practice for Testing Chemical-Resistant Broadcast and Slurry-Broadcast Resin Monolithic Floor Surfacings
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-1999
• Referred By: ASTM D4078-02(2021) - Standard Specification for Water Emulsion Floor Polish
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-1999
• Referred By: ASTM D3757-16 - Standard Guide for Preparing Specifications for Solvent-based Floor Polishes
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-1999
• Referred By: ASTM D7032-21 - Standard Specification for Establishing Performance Ratings for Wood-Plastic Composite and Plastic Lumber Deck Boards, Stair Treads, Guards, and Handrails
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-1999
• Referred By: ASTM D7031-11(2019) - Standard Guide for Evaluating Mechanical and Physical Properties of Wood-Plastic Composite Products
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-1999
• Referred By: ASTM D2825-21e1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Polishes and Related Materials
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-1999
• Referred By: ASTM G115-10(2018) - Standard Guide for Measuring and Reporting Friction Coefficients
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-1999
• Referred By: ASTM D3440-13(2019) - Standard Guide for Preparing Specifications for Water-Emulsion Floor Polishes
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-1999
• Referred By: ASTM C722-18(2023) - Standard Specification for Chemical-Resistant Monolithic Floor Surfacings
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-1999

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 2047 – 99
Standard Test Method for
Static Coefficient of Friction of Polish-Coated Floor
Surfaces as Measured by the James Machine
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2047; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.3 static coeffıcient of friction—the ratio of the horizontal
component of force applied to a body that just overcomes the
1.1 This laboratory test method covers the use of the James
friction or resistance to slipping to the vertical component of
Machine for the measurement of the static coefficient of
the weight of the object or force applied to it. The vertical
friction of polish-coated flooring surfaces with respect to
component shall result in a contact pressure of not less than 1
human locomotion safety. The test method is not intended for
psi (6.9 kPa) nor more than 13 psi (90 kPa) applied uniformly
use on wet surfaces.
over the area in mutual contact.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.4 dynamic coeffıcient of friction—the ratio of the hori-
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
zontal component of force required to cause a body to slide at
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
a relatively constant velocity to the vertical component of the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
weight of the object or force applied to it. The relatively
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
constant velocity used to cause the body to slide over the
1 1
2. Referenced Documents
surface is to be not less than ⁄8 nor more than ⁄2 ft/s (38 to 152
mm/s). The vertical component shall result in a constant
2.1 ASTM Standards:
pressure of not less than 1 psi (6.9 kPa) nor more than 13 psi
D 1630 Test Method for Rubber Property—Abrasion Resis-
(90 kPa) applied uniformly over the area in mutual contact.
tance (Footwear Abrader)
3.1.5 slip resistance—that property of a floor surface which
D 2825 Terminology Relating to Polishes and Related Ma-
is designed to prevent slipping. A surface having a static
terials
coefficient of friction of 0.5 or greater as measured in accor-
D 4103 Practice for Preparation of Substrate Surfaces for
dance with this test method is considered to be a slip-resistant
Coefficient of Friction Testing
surface. (See also Definitions D 2825.)
2.2 Federal Specification:
KK-L-165C Leather, Cattlehide, Vegetable Tanned and
4. Significance and Use
Chrome Retanned, Impregnated, and Soles
4.1 This test method is generally accepted for the measure-
3. Terminology
ment of static coefficient of friction between test surfaces or
walkway surfaces and applied materials; such as, a shoe sole or
3.1 Definitions:
heel material. The measurements made by this apparatus are
3.1.1 friction—the resistance developed between the physi-
related to the slip resistance of surface to shoe material tested.
cal contacting surface of two bodies when there is movement
4.2 Floor polishes having a coefficient of static friction, as
or tendency for movement of one body relative to the other
measured by this test method, and specified for interlaboratory
parallel to the plane of contact.
and specification testing of not less than 0.5, traditionally have
3.1.2 coeffıcient of friction—the ratio of the horizontal
been recognized as providing nonhazardous walkway surfaces.
component of force required to overcome or have a tendency to
overcome friction, to the vertical component of the object
NOTE 1—This value of not less than 0.5 meets the requirements for
weight or normal force applied through the object, which tends
compliance to Rule 5 on “The use of terms slip retardant, slip resistant, or
to cause the friction. terms of similar import,” of the Proposed Trade Practice Rules for the
Floor Wax and Floor Polish Industry as issued by the Federal Trade
Commission on March 17, 1953.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-21 on
5. Apparatus
Polishes and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D21.06 on Slip Resistance.
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 1999. Published March 2000. Originally
5.1 James Machine —See Fig. 1.
published as D 2047–64T. Last previous edition D 2047–93.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.04.
4 5
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700 Available from AIDE Inc., 1833 Oakdale Ave., Racine, WI 53405, and T.M.I.,
Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS. 400 Bayview Ave., Amityville, NY 11701.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D2047–99
a—Weights h—Strut
b—Cushion i—Specimen
c—Chart j—Shoe
d—Chart Board k—Test Table
e—Spring Clip l—Retaining Bar
f—Recording Pencil m—Back Plate
g—Set Screw n—Ball Bearing Rollers
FIG. 1 James Machine
5.2 Shoe Material —For interlaboratory testing the shoe 6. Test Surfaces
material shall be leather, conforming to Federal Specification
6.1 For interlaboratory and specification testing, the OTVAT
KK-L-165C. Other materials commonly employed as footwear
tiles or wood panels shall be prepared in accordance with
sole or heel material may be used. If a standard rubber shoe
Practice D 4103.
material is required the test rubber in accordance with Test
Method D 1630 is suggested.
7. Test Shoe Material
5.3 Substrate—For interlaboratory and specification testing,
tiles of OTVAT or wood panels shall be used.
7.1 The size of the shoe material used by the apparatus is 3
by 3 in. square by 0.25 in. thick (76.2 by 76.2 by 6.4 mm).
7.2 For interlaboratory and specification testing, the shoe
Available from Chemical Specialities Manufacturing Assn., 1913 Eye St., material shall be leather manufactured in accordance with
N.W., Washington, DC 20006, and Parsons Tanning Co., 333 Skokie Blvd., Suite
Federal Specification KK-L-165C. Cut the 3 by 3-in. square
105, Northbrook, IL. 60062, request Type I, Class 6. For pre-cut ready to mount on
specimen from the center portion of the hide by any suitable
shoe (3 by 3 in. square), available from Measurement Products, 1826 E. Midwick
Dr., Altadena, CA 91001. method. The alignment of the sides of the test specimen shall
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D2047–99
be along the length and width of the hide. Do not compress the 8.8 Use three panels for each test, conducting four tests on
leather during cutting. Dress the cut edges square. each panel. Rotate the tiles 90° between each of the four tests
7.3 Other shoe material may be used for individual and so that a fresh surface is tested each time and that directional
specific testing purposes. If rubber is used, a standard rubber effects, if any, are avoided. If there
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