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ASTM E2191/E2191M-10

(Test Method)

Standard Practice for Examination of Gas-Filled Filament-Wound Composite Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic Emission

Standard Practice for Examination of Gas-Filled Filament-Wound Composite Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic Emission

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Due to safety considerations, the Compressed Gas Association (CGA) and others have produced guidelines which address in-service inspection of NGV fuel containers (see 2.2-2.4). AE examination is listed as an alternative to the minimum three-year visual examination which generally requires that the container be removed from the vehicle to expose the entire container surface. The AE method allows “in-situ” examination of the container.
Slow-fill pressurization must proceed at flow rates that do not produce background noise from flow of the pressurizing medium. Acoustic emission data are recorded throughout a pressurization range (that is, 50 % to 100 % of AE examination pressure).
Fast-fill pressurization can be used if hold periods are provided. Acoustic emission data are recorded only during the hold periods.
Note 1—Fast-fill pressurization is less appropriate for carbon (or graphite) composites due to the lower sensitivity of carbon fibers to stress rupture compared to other fibers.
Background noise above the threshold will contaminate the AE data and render them useless. Users must be aware of the following common causes of background noise: high fill rate (measurable flow noise); mechanical contact with the vessel by objects; electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI) from nearby broadcasting facilities and from other sources; leaks at pipe or hose connections and airborne particles, insects, rain and snow. This practice should not be used if background noise cannot be eliminated or controlled.
5.2 Sensitivity is influenced by factors that affect elastic wave propagation, sensor coupling and signal processor settings.
5.3 It is possible to measure AE from AE sources that cannot be verified by other NDE methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides guidelines for acoustic emission (AE) examination of filament-wound composite pressure vessels, for example, the type used for fuel tanks in vehicles which use natural gas fuel.
1.2 This practice requires pressurization to a level equal to or greater than what is encountered in normal use. The tanks' pressurization history must be known in order to use this practice. Pressurization medium may be gas or liquid.
1.3 This practice is limited to vessels designed for less than 690 bar [10,000 psi] maximum allowable working pressure and water volume less than 1 m3 or 1000 L [35.4 ft3].
1.4 AE measurements are used to detect emission sources. Other nondestructive examination (NDE) methods may be used to gain additional insight into the emission source. Procedures for other NDE methods are beyond the scope of this practice.
1.5 This practice applies to examination of new and in-service filament-wound composite pressure vessels.
1.6 This practice applies to examinations conducted at ambient temperatures above 20°C [70°F]. This practice may be used at ambient temperatures below 20°C [70°F] if provision has been made to fill to the tank's rated pressure at 20°C [70°F].
1.7 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2010
ICS
17.140.01 - Acoustic measurements and noise abatement in general
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.04 - Acoustic Emission Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E2191-08 - Standard Practice for Examination of Gas-Filled Filament-Wound Composite Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic Emission
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Replaced By
ASTM E2191/E2191M-16 - Standard Practice for Examination of Gas-Filled Filament-Wound Composite Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic Emission
Effective Date
01-Feb-2016
Referred By
ASTM E2533-21 - Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Polymer Matrix Composites Used in Aerospace Applications
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010

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ASTM E2191/E2191M-10 - Standard Practice for Examination of Gas-Filled Filament-Wound Composite Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic EmissionASTM E2191/E2191M-10 - Standard Practice for Examination of Gas-Filled Filament-Wound Composite Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic Emission
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ASTM E2191/E2191M-10 - Standard Practice for Examination of Gas-Filled Filament-Wound Composite Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic Emission
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REDLINE ASTM E2191/E2191M-10 - Standard Practice for Examination of Gas-Filled Filament-Wound Composite Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic EmissionREDLINE ASTM E2191/E2191M-10 - Standard Practice for Examination of Gas-Filled Filament-Wound Composite Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic Emission
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2191/E2191M − 10
StandardPractice for
Examination of Gas-Filled Filament-Wound Composite
1
Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic Emission
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE2191/E2191M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyear
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
1.1 This practice provides guidelines for acoustic emission
tionary statements are given in Section 8.
(AE) examination of filament-wound composite pressure
vessels, for example, the type used for fuel tanks in vehicles
2. Referenced Documents
which use natural gas fuel.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.2 This practice requires pressurization to a level equal to
E543 Specification forAgencies Performing Nondestructive
or greater than what is encountered in normal use. The tanks’
Testing
pressurization history must be known in order to use this
E650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission
practice. Pressurization medium may be gas or liquid.
Sensors
1.3 This practice is limited to vessels designed for less than
E976 GuideforDeterminingtheReproducibilityofAcoustic
690bar[10,000psi]maximumallowableworkingpressureand
Emission Sensor Response
3 3
water volume less than 1 m or 1000 L [35.4 ft ].
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E2374 Guide for Acoustic Emission System Performance
1.4 AE measurements are used to detect emission sources.
Verification
Other nondestructive examination (NDE) methods may be
2.2 Natural Gas Vehicle Standard:
used to gain additional insight into the emission source.
American National Standard for Basic Requirements for
Procedures for other NDE methods are beyond the scope of
Compressed Natural Gas Vehicle (NGV) Fuel Contain-
this practice.
3
ers ANSI/AGA/NGV2
1.5 This practice applies to examination of new and in-
2.3 Compressed Gas Association Standard:
service filament-wound composite pressure vessels.
Pamphlet C-6.4, Methods for Visual Inspection of AGA
1.6 This practice applies to examinations conducted at 4
NGV2 Containers
ambienttemperaturesabove20°C[70°F].Thispracticemaybe
2.4 U.S. Department of Transportation Reference:
used at ambient temperatures below 20°C [70°F] if provision
NHTSA Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 304,
has been made to fill to the tank’s rated pressure at 20°C
5
March 27, 1995
[70°F].
2.5 ASNT Standards:
1.7 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
ANSI/ASNT CP-189, Standard for Qualification and Certi-
6
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
fication of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;
SNT-TC-1A, Recommended Practice for Nondestructive
6
therefore,eachsystemshallbeusedindependentlyoftheother.
Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification
Combining values from the two systems may result in non-
conformance with the standard.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
the ASTM website.
3
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
4
Available from Compressed Gas Association (CGA), 4221 Walney Rd., 5th
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde- Floor, Chantilly, VA 20151-2923, http://www.cganet.com.
5
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,
Acoustic Emission Method. Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http://
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2010.PublishedJuly2010.Originallyapproved www.dodssp.daps.mil.
6
in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E2191 - 08. DOI: 10.1520/ AvailablefromAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O.Box
E2191_E2191M-10. 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2191/E2191M − 10
3. Terminology minimum three-year visual examination which generally re-
quiresthatthecontainerberemovedfromthevehicletoexpose
3.1 Definitions—See Terminolog
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E2191–08 Designation:E2191/E2191M–10
Standard Practice for
Examination of Gas-Filled Filament-Wound Composite
1
Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic Emission
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE2191/E2191M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyear
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 Thispracticeprovidesguidelinesforacousticemission(AE)examinationoffilament-woundcompositepressurevessels,for
example, the type used for fuel tanks in vehicles which use natural gas fuel.
1.2 This practice requires pressurization to a level equal to or greater than what is encountered in normal use. The tanks’
pressurization history must be known in order to use this practice. Pressurization medium may be gas or liquid.
1.3 Thispracticeislimitedtovesselsdesignedforlessthan5000psi(340bar)690bar[10,000psi]maximumallowableworking
3
3 or 1000 L [35.4 ft
pressure and water volume less than 2.5 ft1 m (0.07 m ). ].
1.4 AE measurements are used to detect emission sources. Other nondestructive examination (NDE) methods may be used to
gain additional insight into the emission source. Procedures for other NDE methods are beyond the scope of this practice.
1.5 This practice applies to examination of new and in-service filament-wound composite pressure vessels.
1.6This practice applies to examinations conducted at ambient temperatures above 70°F (21°C). This practice may be used at
ambient temperatures below 70°F if provision has been made to fill to the tank’s rated pressure at 70°F.
1.7The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. SI units which are in parentheses are for information
only.
1.6 This practice applies to examinations conducted at ambient temperatures above 20°C [70°F]. This practice may be used at
ambient temperatures below 20°C [70°F] if provision has been made to fill to the tank’s rated pressure at 20°C [70°F].
1.7 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated
in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values
from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
E650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors
E976 Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acoustic Emission Sensor Response
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E2374 Guide for Acoustic Emission System Performance Verification
2.2 Natural Gas Vehicle Standard:
American National Standard for Basic Requirements for Compressed Natural GasVehicle (NGV) Fuel Containers ANSI/AGA/
3
NGV2
2.3 Compressed Gas Association Standard:
4
Pamphlet C-6.4, Methods for Visual Inspection of AGA NGV2 Containers
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E07 on NondestructiveTesting and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 onAcoustic Emission
Method.
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2008. Published March 2008. Originally approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E2191-02. DOI:
10.1520/E2191-08.
Current edition approved June 1, 2010. Published July 2010. Originally approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E2191 - 08. DOI:
10.1520/E2191_E2191M-10.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
4
Available from Compressed Gas Association (CGA), 4221 Walney Rd., 5th Floor, Chantilly, VA 20151-2923, http://www.cganet.com.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

-------------------
...

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ASTM
ASTM E1781/E1781M-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for Secondary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this practice is to enable the transfer of calibration from sensors that have been calibrated by primary calibration to other sensors.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers requirements for the secondary calibration of acoustic emission (AE) sensors. The secondary calibration yields the frequency response of a sensor to waves of the type normally encountered in acoustic emission work. The source producing the signal used for the calibration is mounted on the same surface of the test block as the sensor under testing (SUT). Rayleigh waves are dominant under these conditions; the calibration results represent primarily the sensor's sensitivity to Rayleigh waves. The sensitivity of the sensor is determined for excitation within the range of 100 kHz to 1 MHz. Sensitivity values are usually determined at frequencies approximately 10 kHz apart. The units of the calibration are volts per unit of mechanical input (displacement, velocity, or acceleration).  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1065/E1065M-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for Evaluating Characteristics of Ultrasonic Search Units

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended to provide standardized procedures for evaluating ultrasonic search units. It is not intended to define performance and acceptance criteria, but rather to provide data from which such criteria may be established.  
5.2 These procedures are intended to evaluate the characteristics of single-element piezoelectric search units.  
5.3 Implementation may require more detailed procedural instructions in a format of the using facility.  
5.4 The measurement data obtained may be employed by users of this practice to specify, describe, or provide a performance criteria for procurement and quality assurance, or service evaluation of the operating characteristics of ultrasonic search units. All or portions of the practice may be used as determined by the user.  
5.5 The measurements are made primarily under pulse-echo conditions. To determine the relative performance of a search unit as either a transmitter or a receiver may require additional tests.  
5.6 While these procedures relate to many of the significant parameters, others that may be important in specific applications may not be treated. These might include power handling capability, breakdown voltage, wear properties of contact units, radio-frequency interference, and the like.  
5.7 Care must be taken to ensure that comparable measurements are made and that users of the practice follow similar procedures. The conditions specified or selected (if optional) may affect the test results and lead to apparent differences.  
5.8 Interpretation of some test results, such as the shape of the frequency response curve, may be subjective. Small irregularities may be significant. Interpretation of the test results is beyond the scope of this practice.  
5.9 Certain results obtained using the procedures outlined may differ from measurements made with ultrasonic test instruments. These differences may be attributed to differences in the nature of the experiment or the electrical characteristic...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers measurement procedures for evaluating certain characteristics of ultrasonic search units (also known as “probes”) that are used with ultrasonic testing instrumentation. This practice describes means for obtaining performance data that may be used to define the acoustic and electric responses of ultrasonic search units.  
1.2 The procedures are designed to measure search units as individual components (separate from the ultrasonic test instrument) using commercial search unit characterization systems or using laboratory instruments such as signal generators, pulsers, amplifiers, digitizers, oscilloscopes, and waveform analyzers.  
1.3 The procedures are applicable to manufacturing acceptance and incoming inspection of new search units or to periodic performance evaluation of search units throughout their service life.  
1.4 The procedures in Annex A1 – Annex A6 are generally applicable to ultrasonic search units operating within the 0.4 to 10 MHz range. Annex A7 is applicable to higher frequency immersion search unit evaluation. Annex A8 describes a practice for measuring sound beam profiles in metals from contact straight-beam search units. Additional Annexes, such as sound beam profiling for angle-beam search units in metal and alternate means for search unit characterization, will be added when developed.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the ...

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ASTM
ASTM E1211/E1211M-17(Practice)
Standard Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using Surface-Mounted Acoustic Emission Sensors

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Leakage of gas or liquid from a pressurized system, whether through a crack, orifice, seal break, or other opening, may involve turbulent or cavitational flow, which generates acoustic energy in both the external atmosphere and the system pressure boundary. Acoustic energy transmitted through the pressure boundary can be detected at a distance by using a suitable acoustic emission sensor.  
4.2 With proper selection of frequency passband, sensitivity to leak signals can be maximized by eliminating background noise. At low frequencies, generally below 100 kHz, it is possible for a leak to excite mechanical resonances within the structure that may enhance the acoustic signals used to detect leakage.  
4.3 This practice is not intended to provide a quantitative measure of leak rates.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a passive method for detecting and locating the steady state source of gas and liquid leaking out of a pressurized system. The method employs surface-mounted acoustic emission sensors (for non-contact sensors see Test Method E1002), or sensors attached to the system via acoustic waveguides (for additional information, see Terminology E1316), and may be used for continuous in-service monitoring and hydrotest monitoring of piping and pressure vessel systems. High sensitivities may be achieved, although the values obtainable depend on sensor spacing, background noise level, system pressure, and type of leak.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standards.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E650/E650M-17(Guide)
Standard Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The methods and procedures used in mounting AE sensors can have significant effects upon the performance of those sensors. Optimum and reproducible detection of AE requires both appropriate sensor-mounting fixtures and consistent sensor-mounting procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This document provides guidelines for mounting piezoelectric acoustic emission (AE) sensors.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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