ASTM E1012-12e1

Standard Practice for Verification of Testing Frame and Specimen Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial Force Application

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 It has been shown that bending stresses that inadvertently occur due to misalignment between the applied force and the specimen axes during the application of tensile and compressive forces can affect the test results. In recognition of this effect, some test methods include a statement limiting the misalignment that is permitted. The purpose of this practice is to provide a reference for test methods and practices that require the application of tensile or compressive forces under conditions where alignment is important. The objective is to implement the use of common terminology and methods for verification of alignment of testing machines, associated components and test specimens.  
4.2 Alignment verification intervals when required are specified in the methods or practices that require the alignment verification. Certain types of testing can provide an indication of the current alignment condition of a testing frame with each specimen tested. If a test method requires alignment verification, the frequency of the alignment verification should capture all the considerations i.e. time interval, changes to the testing frame and when applicable, current indicators of the alignment condition through test results.  
4.3 Whether or not to improve axiality should be a matter of negotiation between the material producer and the user.
SCOPE
1.1 Included in this practice are methods covering the determination of the amount of bending that occurs during the application of tensile and compressive forces to notched and unnotched test specimens during routine testing in the elastic range. These methods are particularly applicable to the force levels normally used for tension testing, creep testing, and uniaxial fatigue testing. The principal objective of this practice is to assess the amount of bending exerted upon a test specimen by the ordinary components assembled into a materials testing machine, during routine tests.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-May-2012
• ICS: 19.060 - Mechanical testing
• Technical Committee: E28 - Mechanical Testing
• Drafting Committee: E28.01 - Calibration of Mechanical Testing Machines and Apparatus

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E1012-12 - Standard Practice for Verification of Testing Frame and Specimen Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial Force Application
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2012
• Referred By: ASTM C1359-18e1 - Standard Test Method for Monotonic Tensile Strength Testing of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics With Solid Rectangular Cross Section Test Specimens at Elevated Temperatures
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2012
• Referred By: ASTM D3479/D3479M-19(2023) - Standard Test Method for Tension-Tension Fatigue of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2012
• Referred By: ASTM B557M-15(2023) - Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing Wrought and Cast Aluminum- and Magnesium-Alloy Products (Metric)
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2012
• Referred By: ASTM E328-21 - Standard Test Methods for Stress Relaxation for Materials and Structures
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2012
• Referred By: ASTM C394/C394M-16 - Standard Test Method for Shear Fatigue of Sandwich Core Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2012
• Referred By: ASTM E647-23a - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fatigue Crack Growth Rates
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2012
• Referred By: ASTM C1899-21 - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramic Tubular Test Specimens at Ambient Temperature
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2012
• Referred By: ASTM C1468-19a - Standard Test Method for Transthickness Tensile Strength of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2012
• Referred By: ASTM C1366-19 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength of Monolithic Advanced Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2012
• Referred By: ASTM D7913/D7913M-14(2020) - Standard Test Method for Bond Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite Bars to Concrete by Pullout Testing
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2012
• Referred By: ASTM E74-18e1 - Standard Practices for Calibration and Verification for Force-Measuring Instruments
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2012
• Referred By: ASTM C1361-10(2019) - Standard Practice for Constant-Amplitude, Axial, Tension-Tension Cyclic Fatigue of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2012
• Referred By: ASTM E2789-10(2021) - Standard Guide for Fretting Fatigue Testing
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2012
• Referred By: ASTM D7291/D7291M-22 - Standard Test Method for Through-Thickness “Flatwise” Tensile Strength and Elastic Modulus of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite Material
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2012

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation:E1012 −12
StandardPractice for
Verification of Testing Frame and Specimen Alignment
1
Under Tensile and Compressive Axial Force Application
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1012; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
´ NOTE—Note 13, 10.2.1, Eq 14, and A2.3.3 were editorially corrected in September 2012.
1. Scope* 3. Terminology
1.1 Included in this practice are methods covering the 3.1 Definitions of Terms Common to Mechanical Testing:
determination of the amount of bending that occurs during the
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice that are
application of tensile and compressive forces to notched and
common to mechanical testing of materials, see Terminology
unnotched test specimens during routine testing in the elastic
E6.
range. These methods are particularly applicable to the force
3.1.2 alignment, n—the condition of a testing machine that
levels normally used for tension testing, creep testing, and
influences the introduction of bending moments into a speci-
uniaxial fatigue testing.The principal objective of this practice
men (or alignment transducer) during the application of tensile
istoassesstheamountofbendingexerteduponatestspecimen
or compressive forces.
by the ordinary components assembled into a materials testing
3.1.3 eccentricity [L], n—the distance between the line of
machine, during routine tests.
action of the applied force and the axis of symmetry of the
specimen in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of
2. Referenced Documents
the specimen.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.4 reduced section [L], n—section in the central portion
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
of the specimen which has a cross section smaller than the
E8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
gripped ends.
E9 Test Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Mate-
rials at Room Temperature
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
E21 TestMethodsforElevatedTemperatureTensionTestsof
3.2.1 axial strain, a, n—the average of the longitudinal
Metallic Materials
strains measured by strain gages at the surface on opposite
E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
sides of the longitudinal axis of symmetry of the alignment
someter Systems
transducer by multiple strain-sensing devices located at the
E251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Me-
same longitudinal position.
tallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gauges
3.2.1.1 Discussion—Thisdefinitionisonlyapplicabletothis
E466 Practice for Conducting Force Controlled Constant
standard. The term is used in other contexts elsewhere in
Amplitude Axial Fatigue Tests of Metallic Materials
mechanical testing.
E606 Practice for Strain-Controlled Fatigue Testing
3.2.2 bending strain, b, n—the difference between the strain
E1237 Guide for Installing Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
at the surface and the axial strain (see Fig. 1).
2.2 Other Documents:
3.2.2.1 Discussion—in general, the bending strain varies
VAMAS Guide 42 A Procedure for the Measurement of
frompointtopointaroundandalongthereducedsectionofthe
Machine Alignment in Axial Testing
specimen. Bending strain is calculated as shown in Section 10.
3.2.3 component (also known as force application
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E28 on Mechanical
component), n—any of the parts used in the attachment of the
Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.01 on Calibration of
Mechanical Testing Machines and Apparatus.
load cell or grips to the testing frame, as well as any part,
Current edition approved June 1, 2012. Published June 2012. Originally
including the grips used in the application of force to the
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E1012 – 05. DOI:
strain-gaged alignment transducer or the test specimen.
10.1520/E1012-12E01.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.2.4 grips, n—thatpartoftheforceapplicationcomponents
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
that directly attach to the strain-gage alignment transducer or
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. the test specimen.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´1
E1012−12
NOTE 1—Abending strain, 6B, is superimposed on the axial strain, a, for low-axial
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: E1012 − 12 E1012 − 12
Standard Practice for
Verification of Testing Frame and Specimen Alignment
1
Under Tensile and Compressive Axial Force Application
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1012; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
´ NOTE—Note 13, 10.2.1, and Eq 14 were editorially corrected in September 2012.
1. Scope*
1.1 Included in this practice are methods covering the determination of the amount of bending that occurs during the application
of tensile and compressive forces to notched and unnotched test specimens during routine testing in the elastic range. These
methods are particularly applicable to the force levels normally used for tension testing, creep testing, and uniaxial fatigue testing.
The principal objective of this practice is to assess the amount of bending exerted upon a test specimen by the ordinary components
assembled into a materials testing machine, during routine tests.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
E8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
E9 Test Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at Room Temperature
E21 Test Methods for Elevated Temperature Tension Tests of Metallic Materials
E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Extensometer Systems
E251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gauges
E466 Practice for Conducting Force Controlled Constant Amplitude Axial Fatigue Tests of Metallic Materials
E606 Practice for Strain-Controlled Fatigue Testing
E1237 Guide for Installing Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
2.2 Other Documents:
VAMAS Guide 42 A Procedure for the Measurement of Machine Alignment in Axial Testing
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Common to Mechanical Testing:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice that are common to mechanical testing of materials, see Terminology E6.
3.1.2 alignment, n—the condition of a testing machine that influences the introduction of bending moments into a specimen (or
alignment transducer) during the application of tensile or compressive forces.
3.1.3 eccentricity [L], n—the distance between the line of action of the applied force and the axis of symmetry of the specimen
in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the specimen.
3.1.4 reduced section [L], n—section in the central portion of the specimen which has a cross section smaller than the gripped
ends.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 axial strain, a, n—the average of the longitudinal strains measured by strain gages at the surface on opposite sides of the
longitudinal axis of symmetry of the alignment transducer by multiple strain-sensing devices located at the same longitudinal
position.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.01 on Calibration of
Mechanical Testing Machines and Apparatus.
Current edition approved June 1, 2012. Published June 2010 June 2012. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E1012 – 05. DOI:
10.1520/E1012-12.10.1520/E1012-12E01.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´1
E1012 − 12
3.2.1.1 Discussion—
This definition is only applicable to this standard. The term is used in other contexts elsewhere in mechanical testing.
3.2.2 bending strain, b, n—the difference between the strain at the surface and the axial strain (see Fig. 1).
3.2.2.1 Discussion—
in general, the bending strain varies from point to point around and along the reduced section of the specimen. Bending strain is
calculated as shown in Section 10.
3.2.3 component (also known as force application component), n—any of the parts used in the attachment of the load cell or
grips to the testing frame, as well as a
...