ASTM C1495-16

Standard Test Method for Effect of Surface Grinding on Flexure Strength of Advanced Ceramics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Surface grinding can cause a significant decrease4 in the flexure strength of advanced ceramic materials. The magnitude of the loss in strength is determined by the grinding conditions and the response of the material. This test method can be used to obtain a detailed characterization of the relationship between grinding conditions and flexure strength for an advanced ceramic material. The effect on flexure strength of varying a single grinding parameter or several grinding parameters can be measured. The method may also be used to compare and rank different materials according to their response to one or more different grinding conditions. Results obtained by this method can be used to develop an optimum grinding process with respect to maximizing material removal rate for a specified flexure strength requirement. The test method can assist in the development of improved grinding-damage-tolerant ceramic materials. It may also be used for quality control purposes to monitor and assure the consistency of a grinding process in the fabrication of parts from advanced ceramic materials. The test method is applicable to grinding methods that generate a planar surface and is not directly applicable to grinding methods that produce non-planar surfaces such as cylindrical and centerless grinding.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the effect of surface grinding on the flexure strength of advanced ceramics. Surface grinding of an advanced ceramic material can introduce microcracks and other changes in the near surface layer, generally referred to as damage (see Fig. 1 and Ref. (1)).2 Such damage can result in a change—most often a decrease—in flexure strength of the material. The degree of change in flexure strength is determined by both the grinding process and the response characteristics of the specific ceramic material. This method compares the flexure strength of an advanced ceramic material after application of a user-specified surface grinding process with the baseline flexure strength of the same material. The baseline flexure strength is obtained after application of a surface grinding process specified in this standard. The baseline flexure strength is expected to approximate closely the inherent strength of the material. The flexure strength is measured by means of ASTM flexure test methods.  
1.2 Flexure test methods used to determine the effect of surface grinding are C1161 Test Method for Flexure Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures and C1211 Test Method for Flexure Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures.  
1.3 Materials covered in this standard are those advanced ceramics that meet criteria specified in flexure testing standards C1161 and C1211.  
1.4 The flexure test methods supporting this standard (C1161 and C1211) require test specimens that have a rectangular cross section, flat surfaces, and that are fabricated with specific dimensions and tolerances. Only grinding processes that are capable of generating the specified flat surfaces, that is, planar grinding modes, are suitable for evaluation by this method. Among the applicable machine types are horizontal and vertical spindle reciprocating surface grinders, horizontal and vertical spindle rotary surface grinders, double disk grinders, and tool-and-cutter grinders. Incremental cross-feed, plunge, and creep-feed grinding methods may be used.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Aug-2016
• ICS: 81.060.30 - Advanced ceramics
• Technical Committee: C28 - Advanced Ceramics
• Drafting Committee: C28.01 - Mechanical Properties and Performance

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C1495 − 16
Standard Test Method for
Effect of Surface Grinding on Flexure Strength of Advanced
1
Ceramics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1495; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope and vertical spindle reciprocating surface grinders, horizontal
and vertical spindle rotary surface grinders, double disk
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the effect
grinders, and tool-and-cutter grinders. Incremental cross-feed,
of surface grinding on the flexure strength of advanced
plunge, and creep-feed grinding methods may be used.
ceramics. Surface grinding of an advanced ceramic material
can introduce microcracks and other changes in the near 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
surface layer, generally referred to as damage (see Fig. 1 and standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
2
Ref. (1)). Such damage can result in a change—most often a standard.
decrease—in flexure strength of the material. The degree of
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
change in flexure strength is determined by both the grinding
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
process and the response characteristics of the specific ceramic
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
material. This method compares the flexure strength of an
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
advanced ceramic material after application of a user-specified
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
surface grinding process with the baseline flexure strength of
the same material. The baseline flexure strength is obtained
2. Referenced Documents
after application of a surface grinding process specified in this
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
standard. The baseline flexure strength is expected to approxi-
C1145 Terminology of Advanced Ceramics
mate closely the inherent strength of the material. The flexure
C1161 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced
strength is measured by means of ASTM flexure test methods.
Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
1.2 Flexure test methods used to determine the effect of
C1211 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced
surface grinding are C1161 Test Method for Flexure Strength
Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures
of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures and C1211
C1239 Practice for Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and
Test Method for Flexure Strength of Advanced Ceramics at
Estimating Weibull Distribution Parameters for Advanced
Elevated Temperatures.
Ceramics
C1322 Practice for Fractography and Characterization of
1.3 Materials covered in this standard are those advanced
Fracture Origins in Advanced Ceramics
ceramics that meet criteria specified in flexure testing standards
C1341 Test Method for Flexural Properties of Continuous
C1161 and C1211.
Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramic Composites
1.4 The flexure test methods supporting this standard
(C1161 and C1211) require test specimens that have a rectan-
3. Terminology
gular cross section, flat surfaces, and that are fabricated with
3.1 Materials Related:
specific dimensions and tolerances. Only grinding processes
3.1.1 advanced ceramic, n—a highly engineered, high-
that are capable of generating the specified flat surfaces, that is,
performance, predominately nonmetallic, inorganic, ceramic
planar grinding modes, are suitable for evaluation by this
material having specific functional attributes. C1145
method. Among the applicable machine types are horizontal
3.1.2 baseline flexure strength, n—in the context of this
standard, refers to the flexure strength value obtained after
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on application of a grinding procedure specified in this standard.
Advanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.01 on
Mechanical Properties and Performance.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2016. Published October 2016. Originally
3
approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as C1495 – 07 (2012). For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
DOI: 10.1520/C1495-16. contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
this standard. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1495 − 07 (Reapproved 2012) C1495 − 16
Standard Test Method for
Effect of Surface Grinding on Flexure Strength of Advanced
1
Ceramics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1495; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the effect of surface grinding on the flexure strength of advanced ceramics.
Surface grinding of an advanced ceramic material can introduce microcracks and other changes in the near surface layer, generally
2
referred to as damage (See(see Fig. 1 and Ref. (1)). Such damage can result in a change—most often a decrease—in flexure
strength of the material. The degree of change in flexure strength is determined by both the grinding process and the response
characteristics of the specific ceramic material. This method compares the flexure strength of an advanced ceramic material after
application of a user-specified surface grinding process with the baseline flexure strength of the same material. The baseline flexure
strength is obtained after application of a surface grinding process specified in this standard. The baseline flexure strength is
expected to approximate closely the inherent strength of the material. The flexure strength is measured by means of ASTM standard
flexure test methods.
1.2 Flexure test methods used to determine the effect of surface grinding are C1161 Test Method for Flexure Strength of
Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures and C1211 Test Method for Flexure Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Elevated
Temperatures.
1.3 Materials covered in this standard are those advanced ceramics that meet criteria specified in flexure testing standards C1161
and C1211.
1.4 The flexure test methods supporting this standard (C1161 and C1211) require test specimens that have a rectangular cross
section, flat surfaces, and that are fabricated with specific dimensions and tolerances. Only grinding processes that are capable of
generating the specified flat surfaces, i.e. that is, planar grinding modes, are suitable for evaluation by this method. Among the
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on Advanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.01 on Mechanical
Properties and Performance.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2012Sept. 1, 2016. Published November 2012October 2016. Originally approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 20072012
as C1495 – 07.C1495 – 07 (2012). DOI: 10.1520/C1495-07R12.10.1520/C1495-16.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of this standard.
2
FIG. 1 Microcracks Associated with Grinding (Ref. (1)))
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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C1495 − 16
applicable machine types are horizontal and vertical spindle reciprocating surface grinders, horizontal and vertical spindle rotary
surface grinders, double disk grinders, and tool-and-cutter grinders. Incremental cross-feed, plunge, and creep-feed grinding
methods may be used.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C1145 Terminology of Advanced Ceramics
C1161 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
C1211 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures
C1239 Practice for Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and Estimating Weibull Distribution Parameters for Advanced Ceramics
C1322 Practice for Fractography and Characterization of Fracture Origins in Advanced Ceramics
C1341 Test Method for Flexural Properties of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramic Composites
3. Terminology
3.1 Materials Related:
3.1.1 advanced ceramic, n—a highly engineered, high-performance, predominately nonmetallic, inorganic, ceramic material
having specific functional attributes.
...