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ASTM G54-84(1996)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Simple Static Oxidation Testing (Withdrawn 2002)

Standard Practice for Simple Static Oxidation Testing (Withdrawn 2002)

SCOPE
1.1 Purpose -This engineering practice covers determination of preliminary information on the relative growth, scaling, and microstructural characteristics of an oxide on the surface of a pure metal or alloy under isothermal conditions in still air. This test does not necessarily apply to testing of coated specimens.  
1.2 Application -This procedure may be applied to any pure metal, alloy, or groups thereof that exhibit the formation of a surface oxide structure in still air at the temperature of interest, usually above about 540°C (1004°F). Direct comparison of material at a constant temperature or the effect of temperature on a given material may be investigated. Oxidation is a dynamic time- and temperature-dependent process. The relative resistances of materials to oxidation at constant temperature should, therefore, be determined over at least three time periods.  
1.3 Limitations:  
1.3.1 Materials usually exhibit one of several basic reactions to a high-temperature oxidizing environment. They may form a protective oxide layer which protects them indefinitely. They may form a protective oxide layer which persists for some finite time after which "scale breakaway" occurs and a scaling rate develops. They may also form a nonprotective oxide which allows rapid oxygen penetration to the metal and subsequent rapid deterioration by internal oxidation, which may render the material brittle and unusable without much observable surface or mass change. Some oxides may be liquid and thereby flux any protective oxides from the surface. Another reaction may be vaporization of the scale or one or more of the reactants. The correct interpretation of this test is thus dependent upon both mass change and microstructural depth of attack data. One should not be used without the other. For materials that form high vapor pressure oxides one must also collect the vaporized oxide by some method if it is required to complete the material balance. Specific methods to do this are beyond the scope of this practice.  
1.3.2 Materials that develop very adherent and protective oxide layers at the test temperature of interest may not be comparable in any practical amount of time because the time to scale breakaway is so long. Some alloys also react very differently to the relatively mild conditions of static oxidation than they do to the cyclic temperatures often found in service where differential thermal expansion may cause accelerated scale breakaway. This general test should thus not be used to predict the quantitative reactions of materials for specific high-temperature applications.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
09-Oct-1996
Withdrawal Date
31-Aug-2002
ICS
77.060 - Corrosion of metals
Technical Committee
G01 - Corrosion of Metals
Drafting Committee
G01.05 - Laboratory Corrosion Tests
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM G54-84(1996) - Standard Practice for Simple Static Oxidation Testing (Withdrawn 2002)ASTM G54-84(1996) - Standard Practice for Simple Static Oxidation Testing (Withdrawn 2002)
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ASTM G54-84(1996) - Standard Practice for Simple Static Oxidation Testing (Withdrawn 2002)
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Standards Content (Sample)

Designation: G 54 – 84 (Reapproved 1996)
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTINGAND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA19428
Reprinted from theAnnual Book ofASTM Standards. CopyrightASTM
Standard Practice for
1
Simple Static Oxidation Testing
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationG54;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.3.2 Materials that develop very adherent and protective
oxide layers at the test temperature of interest may not be
1.1 Purpose—This engineering practice covers determina-
comparableinanypracticalamountoftimebecausethetimeto
tionofpreliminaryinformationontherelativegrowth,scaling,
scale breakaway is so long. Some alloys also react very
andmicrostructuralcharacteristicsofanoxideonthesurfaceof
differently to the relatively mild conditions of static oxidation
a pure metal or alloy under isothermal conditions in still air.
than they do to the cyclic temperatures often found in service
This test does not necessarily apply to testing of coated
where differential thermal expansion may cause accelerated
specimens.
scale breakaway. This general test should thus not be used to
1.2 Application—This procedure may be applied to any
predict the quantitative reactions of materials for specific
pure metal, alloy, or groups thereof that exhibit the formation
high-temperature applications.
of a surface oxide structure in still air at the temperature of
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
interest, usually above about 540°C (1004°F). Direct compari-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
son of material at a constant temperature or the effect of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
temperature on a given material may be investigated. Oxida-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
tion is a dynamic time- and temperature-dependent process.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
The relative resistances of materials to oxidation at constant
temperatureshould,therefore,bedeterminedoveratleastthree
2. Referenced Documents
time periods.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.3 Limitations:
E220 Method for Calibration of Thermocouples by Com-
1.3.1 Materials usually exhibit one of several basic reac-
3
parison Techniques
tions to a high-temperature oxidizing environment. They may
E230 Temperature–Electromotive Force (EMF) Tables for
form a protective oxide layer which protects them indefinitely.
3
Standardized Thermocouples
They may form a protective oxide layer which persists for
G1 Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Cor-
some finite time after which “scale breakaway” occurs and a
4
rosion Test Specimens
scaling rate develops. They may also form a nonprotective
oxide which allows rapid oxygen penetration to the metal and
3. Significance and Use
subsequent rapid deterioration by internal oxidation, which
3.1 Isothermal Conditions:
may render the material brittle and unusable without much
3.1.1 It is virtually impossible to maintain a uniform heat
observablesurfaceormasschange.Someoxidesmaybeliquid
zone in a vertical-tube furnace. An open-tube furnace at high
and thereby flux any protective oxides from the surface.
temperature might be considered to have still air yet variable
Another reaction may be vaporization of the scale or one or
convection currents will exist, also a tube furnace with one
more of the reactants. The correct interpretation of this test is
closedendwillhaveadifferentflowpattern.Finally,erroneous
thus dependent upon both mass change and microstructural
resultsarepossiblewhentestsareconductedonmaterialswith
depthofattackdata.Oneshouldnotbeusedwithouttheother.
volatileorliquidoxidespeciessuchasWO,M O,V O ,etc.
3 0 3 2 5
For materials that form high vapor pressure oxides one must
in low air flow conditions.
also collect the vaporized oxide by some method if it is
required to complete the material balance. Specific methods to
4. Apparatus
2
do this are beyond the scope of this practice.
4.1 Furnace and Controls:
4.1.1 Furnace, electric-resistance-heated type, capable of
heating still air to the temperature of interest. The furnace
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee G-1 on Corrosion
should be large enough to contain all specimens of a given
of Metals, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G01.05 on Laboratory
study without critical regard for location. A small window in
Corrosion Tests.
Current edition approved Feb. 24, 1984. Published May 1984. Originally
the furnace wall or door through which to view the specimens
published as G54–77. Last previous edition G54–77.
2
Foradiscussionofoxidevaporizationathightemperatures,seeTedman,Jr.,C.
3
S., “The Effect of Oxide Volatilization on the Oxidation Kinetics of Cr and Fe-Cr Annual Book o
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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1.2 This test method is designed to provide better correlation with chemical process industry experience for stainless steels than the more severe boiling magnesium chloride test of Practice G36. Some stainless steels which have provided satisfactory service in many environments readily crack in Practice G36, but have not cracked during interlaboratory testing (see Section 12) using this sodium chloride test method.  
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FIG. 1 Typical Stressed U-bends  
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5.1 HP and HTHP corrosion tests are commonly used to evaluate the corrosion performance of metallic materials under conditions that attempt to simulate service conditions that involve HP or HTHP in combination with service environments. Examples of service environments where HP and HTHP corrosion tests have been utilized include chemical processing, petroleum production and refining, food processing, pressurized cooling water, electric power systems and aerospace propulsion.  
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1.2 Tests conducted under HP or HTHP by their nature have special requirements. This guide establishes the basic considerations that are necessary when these conditions must be incorporated into laboratory corrosion tests.  
1.3 The procedures and methods in this guide are applicable for conducting mass loss corrosion, localized corrosion, and electrochemical tests as well as for use in environmentally induced cracking tests that need to be conducted under HP or HTHP conditions.  
1.4 The primary purpose for this guide is to promote consistency of corrosion test results. Furthermore, this guide will aid in the comparison of corrosion data between laboratories or testing organizations that utilize different equipment.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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4.1 It is important to be able to determine the extent of pitting, either in a service application in which it is necessary to predict the remaining life in a metal structure, or in laboratory test programs that are used to select the most pitting-resistant materials for service. The purpose of the study is crucial in determining the appropriate examination and evaluation steps.  
4.2 Some typical purposes of laboratory tests include, but are not limited to, evaluating performance of alloys, determining whether an alloy is resistant to the environment, evaluating how environmental conditions including corrosion inhibitor affect or prevent pitting, and evaluating whether a lot of metal is sufficiently resistant for its use in a particular application or environment.  
4.3 Some typical purposes of field studies include, but are not limited to, determining if pits are likely to grow and cause leak or release of process fluid, and assisting a determination of whether to replace or repair damage from pits (remaining life assessment).
SCOPE
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1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The bent-beam specimen is designed for determining the stress-corrosion behavior of alloy sheets and plates in a variety of environments. The bent-beam specimens are designed for testing at stress levels below the elastic limit of the alloy. For testing in the plastic range, U-bend specimens should be employed (see Practice G30). Although it is possible to stress bent-beam specimens into the plastic range, the stress level cannot be calculated for plastically-stressed three- and four-point loaded specimens as well as the double-beam specimens. Therefore, the use of bent-beam specimens in the plastic range is not recommended for general use.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for designing, preparing, and using bent-beam stress-corrosion specimens.  
1.2 Different specimen configurations are given for use with different product forms, such as sheet or plate. This practice is applicable to specimens of any metal that are stressed to levels less than the elastic limit of the material, and therefore, the applied stress can be accurately calculated or measured (see Note 1). Stress calculations by this practice are not applicable to plastically stressed specimens.  
Note 1: It is the nature of these practices that only the applied stress can be calculated. Since stress-corrosion cracking is a function of the total stress, for critical applications and proper interpretation of results, the residual stress (before applying external stress) or the total elastic stress (after applying external stress) should be determined by appropriate nondestructive methods, such as X-ray diffraction (1).2  
1.3 Test procedures are given for stress-corrosion testing by exposure to gaseous and liquid environments.  
1.4 The bent-beam test is best suited for flat product forms, such as sheet, strip, and plate. For plate material the bent-beam specimen is more difficult to use because more rugged specimen holders must be built to accommodate the specimens. A double-beam modification of a four-point loaded specimen to utilize heavier materials is described in 10.5.  
1.5 The exposure of specimens in a corrosive environment is treated only briefly since other practices deal with this aspect, for example, Practices D1141, G30, G36, G44, G50, and G85. The experimenter is referred to ASTM Special Technical Publication 425 (2).  
1.6 The bent-beam practice generally constitutes a constant strain (deflection) test. Once cracking has initiated, the state of stress at the tip of the crack as well as in uncracked areas has changed, and therefore, the known or calculated stress or strain values discussed in this practice apply only to the state of stress existing before initiation of cracks.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.8  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For more specific safety hazard information see Section 7 and 12.1.)  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM G186-05(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Whether Gas-Leak-Detector Fluid Solutions Can Cause Stress Corrosion Cracking of Brass Alloys

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Brass components are routinely used in compressed gas service for valves, pressure regulators, connectors and many other components. Although soft brass is not susceptible to ammonia SCC, work-hardened brass is susceptible if its hardness exceeds about 54 HR 30T (55HRB) (Rockwell scale). Normal assembly of brass components should not induce sufficient work hardening to cause susceptibility to ammonia SCC. However, it is has been observed that over-tightening of the components will render them susceptible to SCC, and the problem becomes more severe in older components that have been tightened many times. In this test, the specimens are obtained in the hardened condition and are strained beyond the elastic limit to accelerate the tendency towards SCC.  
5.2 It is normal practice to use LDFs to check pressurized systems to assure that leaking is not occurring. LDFs are usually aqueous solutions containing surfactants that will form bubbles at the site of a leak. If the LDF contains ammonia or other agent that can cause SCC in brass, serious damage can occur to the system that will compromise its safety and integrity.  
5.3 It is important to test LDFs to assure that they do not cause SCC of brass and to assure that the use of these products does not compromise the integrity of the pressure containing system.  
5.4 It has been found that corrosion of brass is necessary before SCC can occur. The reason for this is that the corrosion process results in cupric and cuprous ions accumulating in the electrolyte. Therefore, adding copper metal and cuprous oxide (Cu2O) to the aqueous solution accelerates the SCC process if agents that cause SCC are present. However, adding these components to a solution that does not cause SCC will not make stressed brass crack.  
5.5 Repeated application of the solution to the specimen followed by a drying period causes the components in the solution to concentrate thereby further increasing the rate of cracking. This also simulates se...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an accelerated test method for evaluating the tendency of gas leak detection fluids (LDFs) to cause stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of brass components in compressed gas service.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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