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ASTM D6051-15

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsampling for Environmental Waste Management Activities

Standard Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsampling for Environmental Waste Management Activities

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide provides guidance to persons managing or responsible for designing sampling and analytical plans for determining whether sample compositing may assist in more efficiently meeting study objectives. Samples must be composited properly, or useful information on contamination distribution and sample variance may be lost.  
5.2 The procedures described for mixing samples and obtaining a representative subsample are broadly applicable to waste sampling where it is desired to transport a reduced amount of material to the laboratory. The mixing and subsampling sections provide guidance to persons preparing sampling and analytical plans and field personnel.  
5.3 While this guide generally focuses on solid materials, the attributes and limitations of composite sampling apply equally to static liquid samples.
SCOPE
1.1 Compositing and subsampling are key links in the chain of sampling and analytical events that must be performed in compliance with project objectives and instructions to ensure that the resulting data are representative. This guide discusses the advantages and appropriate use of composite sampling, field procedures and techniques to mix the composite sample and procedures to collect an unbiased and precise subsample(s) from a larger sample. It discusses the advantages and limitations of using composite samples in designing sampling plans for characterization of wastes (mainly solid) and potentially contaminated media. This guide assumes that an appropriate sampling device is selected to collect an unbiased sample.  
1.2 The guide does not address: where samples should be collected (depends on the objectives) (see Guide D6044), selection of sampling equipment, bias introduced by selection of inappropriate sampling equipment, sample collection procedures or collection of a representative specimen from a sample, or statistical interpretation of resultant data and devices designed to dynamically sample process waste streams. It also does not provide sufficient information to statistically design an optimized sampling plan, or determine the number of samples to collect or calculate the optimum number of samples to composite to achieve specified data quality objectives (see Practice D5792). Standard procedures for planning waste sampling activities are addressed in Guide D4687.  
1.3 The sample mixing and subsampling procedures described in this guide are considered inappropriate for samples to be analyzed for volatile organic compounds. Volatile organics are typically lost through volatilization during sample collection, handling, shipping and laboratory sample preparation unless specialized procedures are used. The enhanced mixing described in this guide is expected to cause significant losses of volatile constituents. Specialized procedures should be used for compositing samples for determination of volatiles such as combining directly into methanol (see Practice D4547).  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2015
ICS
13.030.01 - Wastes in general
Technical Committee
D34 - Waste Management
Drafting Committee
D34.01.01 - Planning for Sampling
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D6051-15 - Standard Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsampling for Environmental Waste Management ActivitiesASTM D6051-15 - Standard Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsampling for Environmental Waste Management Activities
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ASTM D6051-15 - Standard Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsampling for Environmental Waste Management Activities
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D6051 − 15
Standard Guide for
Composite Sampling and Field Subsampling for
1
Environmental Waste Management Activities
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6051; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope be used for compositing samples for determination of volatiles
such as combining directly into methanol (see Practice D4547).
1.1 Compositing and subsampling are key links in the chain
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of sampling and analytical events that must be performed in
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
compliance with project objectives and instructions to ensure
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
that the resulting data are representative. This guide discusses
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
the advantages and appropriate use of composite sampling,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
field procedures and techniques to mix the composite sample
and procedures to collect an unbiased and precise subsample(s)
2. Referenced Documents
from a larger sample. It discusses the advantages and limita-
2
tions of using composite samples in designing sampling plans
2.1 ASTM Standards:
for characterization of wastes (mainly solid) and potentially
C702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Testing
contaminated media. This guide assumes that an appropriate
Size
sampling device is selected to collect an unbiased sample.
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
1.2 The guide does not address: where samples should be
D4547 Guide for Sampling Waste and Soils for Volatile
collected (depends on the objectives) (see Guide D6044),
Organic Compounds
selection of sampling equipment, bias introduced by selection
D4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste Sampling
of inappropriate sampling equipment, sample collection proce-
D5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment
dures or collection of a representative specimen from a sample,
Used at Waste Sites
or statistical interpretation of resultant data and devices de-
D5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Re-
signed to dynamically sample process waste streams. It also
lated to Waste Management Activities: Development of
does not provide sufficient information to statistically design an
Data Quality Objectives
optimized sampling plan, or determine the number of samples
D6044 Guide for Representative Sampling for Management
to collect or calculate the optimum number of samples to
of Waste and Contaminated Media
composite to achieve specified data quality objectives (see
E856 Definitions of Terms and Abbreviations Relating to
Practice D5792). Standard procedures for planning waste
Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Refuse Derived
sampling activities are addressed in Guide D4687.
3
Fuel (Withdrawn 2011)
1.3 The sample mixing and subsampling procedures de-
scribed in this guide are considered inappropriate for samples
3. Terminology
to be analyzed for volatile organic compounds. Volatile organ-
3.1 Definitions:
ics are typically lost through volatilization during sample
3.1.1 composite sample, n—a combination of two or more
collection, handling, shipping and laboratory sample prepara-
samples. D1129
tion unless specialized procedures are used. The enhanced
3.1.2 sample, n—a portion of material taken from a larger
mixing described in this guide is expected to cause significant
losses of volatile constituents. Specialized procedures should quantity for the purpose of estimating properties or composi-
tion of the larger quantity. E856
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
2
Managementand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.01 on Plan- For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
ning for Sampling. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved May 1, 2015. Published May 2015. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D6051 – 96 (2006), the ASTM website.
3
which was withdrawn in January 2015 and reinstated in May 2015. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/D6051-15. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6051 − 15
4
3.1.3 specim
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ASTM D6051-15(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsampling for Environmental Waste Management Activities

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide provides guidance to persons managing or responsible for designing sampling and analytical plans for determining whether sample compositing may assist in more efficiently meeting study objectives. Samples must be composited properly, or useful information on contamination distribution and sample variance may be lost.  
5.2 The procedures described for mixing samples and obtaining a representative subsample are broadly applicable to waste sampling where it is desired to transport a reduced amount of material to the laboratory. The mixing and subsampling sections provide guidance to persons preparing sampling and analytical plans and field personnel.  
5.3 While this guide generally focuses on solid materials, the attributes and limitations of composite sampling apply equally to static liquid samples.
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1.1 Compositing and subsampling are key links in the chain of sampling and analytical events that must be performed in compliance with project objectives and instructions to ensure that the resulting data are representative. This guide discusses the advantages and appropriate use of composite sampling, field procedures and techniques to mix the composite sample, and procedures to collect an unbiased and precise subsample(s) from a larger sample. It discusses the advantages and limitations of using composite samples in designing sampling plans for characterization of wastes (mainly solid) and potentially contaminated media. This guide assumes that an appropriate sampling device is selected to collect an unbiased sample.  
1.2 The guide does not address: where samples should be collected (depends on the objectives) (see Guide D6044), selection of sampling equipment, bias introduced by selection of inappropriate sampling equipment, sample collection procedures or collection of a representative specimen from a sample, or statistical interpretation of resultant data and devices designed to dynamically sample process waste streams. It also does not provide sufficient information to statistically design an optimized sampling plan, or determine the number of samples to collect or calculate the optimum number of samples to composite to achieve specified data quality objectives (see Practice D5792). Standard procedures for planning waste sampling activities are addressed in Guide D4687.  
1.3 The sample mixing and subsampling procedures described in this guide are considered inappropriate for samples to be analyzed for volatile organic compounds. Volatile organics are typically lost through volatilization during sample collection, handling, shipping, and laboratory sample preparation unless specialized procedures are used. The enhanced mixing described in this guide is expected to cause significant losses of volatile constituents. Specialized procedures should be used for compositing samples for determination of volatiles such as combining directly into methanol (see Guide D4547).  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Guide for Generation of Environmental Data Related to Waste Management Activities: Selection and Optimization of Sampling Design

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The intended use of this guide is to provide practical assistance in the development of an optimized sampling design. This standard describes or discusses:  
4.1.1 Sampling design selection criteria,  
4.1.2 Factors impacting the choice of a sampling design,  
4.1.3 Selection of a sampling design,  
4.1.4 Techniques for optimizing candidate designs, and  
4.1.5 The criteria for evaluating an optimized sampling design.  
4.2 Within a formal USEPA data generation activity, the planning process or data quality objectives (DQOs) development is the first step. The second and third are the implementation of the sampling and analysis design and the data quality assessment. Within the DQO planning process, the selection and optimization of the sampling design is the last step, and therefore, the culmination of the DQO process. The preceding steps in the DQO planning process address:  
4.2.1 The problem that needs to be addressed,  
4.2.2 The possible decisions,  
4.2.3 The data input and associated activities,  
4.2.4 The boundaries of the study,  
4.2.5 The development of decision rules, and  
4.2.6 The specified the limits on decision error.  
4.3 This guide is not intended to address the aspects of the planning process for development of the project objectives. However, the project objectives must be outlined and communicated to the design team, prior to the selection and optimization of the sample design.  
4.4 This guide references statistical aspects of the planning and implementation process and includes an appendix for the statistical calculation of the optimum number of samples for a given sampling design.  
4.5 This guide is intended for those who are responsible for making decisions about environmental waste management activities.
SCOPE
1.1 This document provides practical guidance on the selection and optimization of sample designs in waste management sampling activities, within the context of the requirements established by the data quality objectives or other planning process.  
1.2 This document (1) provides guidance for selection of sampling designs; (2) outlines techniques to optimize candidate designs; and (3) describes the variables that need to be balanced in choosing the final optimized design.  
1.3 The contents of this guide are arranged by section as follows:
1.  
Scope  
2.  
Referenced Documents  
3.  
Terminology  
4.  
Significance and Use  
5.  
Summary of Guide  
6.  
Factors Affecting Sampling Design Selection  
6.1  
Sampling Design Performance Characteristics  
6.2  
Regulatory Considerations  
6.3  
Project Objectives  
6.4  
Knowledge of the Site  
6.5  
Physical Sample Issues  
6.6  
Communication with the Laboratory  
6.7  
Analytical Turn Around Time  
6.8  
Analytical Method Constraints  
6.9  
Health and Safety  
6.10  
Budget/Cost Considerations  
6.11  
Representativeness  
7.  
Initial Design Selection  
8.  
Optimization Criteria  
9.  
Optimization Process  
9.2  
Practical Evaluation of Design Alternatives  
9.3  
Statistical and Cost Evaluation  
10.  
Final Selection  
Annex A1  
Types of Sampling Designs  
A1.1  
Commonly Used Sampling Designs  
A1.2  
Sampling Design Tools  
A1.3  
Combination Sample Designs  
Appendix X1. Additional References  
Appendix X2. Choosing Analytical Method Based on Variance and Cost  
Appendix X3. Calculating the Number of Samples: A Statistical Treatment  
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4.1 This guide discusses options for taking a subsample from a sample submitted to a laboratory. If followed, it will minimize the bias and variance of the characteristic of interest of the laboratory sample prior to analysis.  
4.2 The guide will describe appropriate instructions to be submitted to the laboratory with the field sample.  
4.3 This guide is intended for use in the laboratory to take a representative subsample or specimen of the whole field sample for direct analysis or sample preparation for analysis. It is intended for field personnel, data users, laboratory sample reception personnel, analysts, and managers.  
4.4 To obtain a representative subsample, layer analysis, grinding, mixing, and changing the physical state such as digesting, drying, melting, or freezing may be required. This guide considers cone and quartering, riffle splitting, and particle size reduction.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers common techniques for obtaining representative subsamples from a sample received at a laboratory for analysis. These samples may include solids, sludges, liquids, or multilayered liquids (with or without solids).  
1.2 The procedures and techniques discussed in this guide depend upon the sample matrix, the type of sample preparation and analysis performed, the characteristic(s) of interest, and the project-specific instructions or data quality objectives.  
1.3 This guide includes several sample homogenization techniques, including mixing and grinding, as well as information on how to obtain a specimen or split laboratory samples.  
1.4 This guide does not apply to air or gas sampling.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The procedure outlined in these practices are guides for obtaining descriptive samples of solid, semisolid, and liquid waste from flowing streams, and incorporate many of the same procedures and equipment covered in the Referenced Documents. These practices by themselves will not necessarily result in the collection of samples representative of the total waste mass. The degree to which samples describe a waste mass must be estimated by application of appropriate statistical methods and measures of quality assurance. It is recommended that those practices be used in conjunction with Guide D4687.
SCOPE
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Practice B – Solid or Semisolid Discharges  
7–9
10–12  
1.2 These practices are intended for situations in which there are no other applicable ASTM sampling methods (see Practices D140/D140M and D75/D75M) for the specific industry.  
1.3 These practices do not address flow and time-proportional samplers and other automatic sampling devices.  
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1.5 It is recommended that these practices be used in conjunction with Guide D4687.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Environmental data are often required for making regulatory and programmatic decisions. These data must be of known quality commensurate with their intended use.  
5.2 Data generation efforts involve the following: establishment of the DQOs; design of the project plan to meet the DQOs; implementation of the project plan; and assessment of the data to determine whether the DQOs have been met.  
5.3 Certain minimal criteria must be met by the field and laboratory organizations generating environmental data. Additional activities may be required, based on the DQOs of the data collection effort.  
5.4 This practice defines the criteria for field and laboratory organizations generating environmental data and identifies some other activities that may be required based on the DQOs.  
5.5 This practice emphasizes the importance of communication among those involved in establishing DQOs, planning and implementing the sampling and analysis aspects of environmental data generation activities, and assessing data quality.  
5.6 Environmental field operations are discussed in Section 7, and environmental laboratory operations are discussed in Section 8.
SCOPE
1.1 Environmental data generation efforts are composed of four parts: (1) establishment of data quality objectives (DQOs); (2) design of field measurement and sampling strategies and specification of laboratory analyses and data acceptance criteria; (3) implementation of sampling and analysis strategies; and (4) data quality assessment. This practice addresses the planning and implementation of the sampling and analysis aspects of environmental data generation activities (Parts (1) and (2) above).  
1.2 This practice defines the criteria that must be considered to ensure the quality of the field and analytical aspects of environmental data generation activities. Environmental data include, but are not limited to, the results from analyses of samples of air, soil, water, biota, waste, or any combinations thereof.  
1.3 Adoption of a quality assurance project plan (QAPP) containing the goals, policies, procedures, organizational responsibilities, evaluation and reporting requirements, and other attributes of a quality management system including statement of DQOs should be adopted prior to application of this practice. Data generated in accordance with this practice are subject to a final assessment to determine whether the DQOs were met through application of quality control (QC) procedures that produce data that are scientifically valid for the purposes to which the data are intended. For example, many screening activities do not require all of the mandatory quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) steps found in this practice to generate data adequate to meet the project DQOs. The extent to which all of the requirements must be met remains a matter of technical judgement as it relates to the established DQOs.  
1.4 This practice presents extensive management requirements designed to ensure high-quality environmental data. The words “must,” “shall,” “may,” and “should” have been selected carefully to reflect the importance placed on many of the statements made in this practice.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsampling for Environmental Waste Management Activities

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide provides guidance to persons managing or responsible for designing sampling and analytical plans for determining whether sample compositing may assist in more efficiently meeting study objectives. Samples must be composited properly, or useful information on contamination distribution and sample variance may be lost.  
5.2 The procedures described for mixing samples and obtaining a representative subsample are broadly applicable to waste sampling where it is desired to transport a reduced amount of material to the laboratory. The mixing and subsampling sections provide guidance to persons preparing sampling and analytical plans and field personnel.  
5.3 While this guide generally focuses on solid materials, the attributes and limitations of composite sampling apply equally to static liquid samples.
SCOPE
1.1 Compositing and subsampling are key links in the chain of sampling and analytical events that must be performed in compliance with project objectives and instructions to ensure that the resulting data are representative. This guide discusses the advantages and appropriate use of composite sampling, field procedures and techniques to mix the composite sample, and procedures to collect an unbiased and precise subsample(s) from a larger sample. It discusses the advantages and limitations of using composite samples in designing sampling plans for characterization of wastes (mainly solid) and potentially contaminated media. This guide assumes that an appropriate sampling device is selected to collect an unbiased sample.  
1.2 The guide does not address: where samples should be collected (depends on the objectives) (see Guide D6044), selection of sampling equipment, bias introduced by selection of inappropriate sampling equipment, sample collection procedures or collection of a representative specimen from a sample, or statistical interpretation of resultant data and devices designed to dynamically sample process waste streams. It also does not provide sufficient information to statistically design an optimized sampling plan, or determine the number of samples to collect or calculate the optimum number of samples to composite to achieve specified data quality objectives (see Practice D5792). Standard procedures for planning waste sampling activities are addressed in Guide D4687.  
1.3 The sample mixing and subsampling procedures described in this guide are considered inappropriate for samples to be analyzed for volatile organic compounds. Volatile organics are typically lost through volatilization during sample collection, handling, shipping, and laboratory sample preparation unless specialized procedures are used. The enhanced mixing described in this guide is expected to cause significant losses of volatile constituents. Specialized procedures should be used for compositing samples for determination of volatiles such as combining directly into methanol (see Guide D4547).  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D6311-98(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Generation of Environmental Data Related to Waste Management Activities: Selection and Optimization of Sampling Design

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The intended use of this guide is to provide practical assistance in the development of an optimized sampling design. This standard describes or discusses:  
4.1.1 Sampling design selection criteria,  
4.1.2 Factors impacting the choice of a sampling design,  
4.1.3 Selection of a sampling design,  
4.1.4 Techniques for optimizing candidate designs, and  
4.1.5 The criteria for evaluating an optimized sampling design.  
4.2 Within a formal USEPA data generation activity, the planning process or data quality objectives (DQOs) development is the first step. The second and third are the implementation of the sampling and analysis design and the data quality assessment. Within the DQO planning process, the selection and optimization of the sampling design is the last step, and therefore, the culmination of the DQO process. The preceding steps in the DQO planning process address:  
4.2.1 The problem that needs to be addressed,  
4.2.2 The possible decisions,  
4.2.3 The data input and associated activities,  
4.2.4 The boundaries of the study,  
4.2.5 The development of decision rules, and  
4.2.6 The specified the limits on decision error.  
4.3 This guide is not intended to address the aspects of the planning process for development of the project objectives. However, the project objectives must be outlined and communicated to the design team, prior to the selection and optimization of the sample design.  
4.4 This guide references statistical aspects of the planning and implementation process and includes an appendix for the statistical calculation of the optimum number of samples for a given sampling design.  
4.5 This guide is intended for those who are responsible for making decisions about environmental waste management activities.
SCOPE
1.1 This document provides practical guidance on the selection and optimization of sample designs in waste management sampling activities, within the context of the requirements established by the data quality objectives or other planning process.  
1.2 This document (1) provides guidance for selection of sampling designs; (2) outlines techniques to optimize candidate designs; and (3) describes the variables that need to be balanced in choosing the final optimized design.  
1.3 The contents of this guide are arranged by section as follows:
1.  
Scope  
2.  
Referenced Documents  
3.  
Terminology  
4.  
Significance and Use  
5.  
Summary of Guide  
6.  
Factors Affecting Sampling Design Selection  
6.1  
Sampling Design Performance Characteristics  
6.2  
Regulatory Considerations  
6.3  
Project Objectives  
6.4  
Knowledge of the Site  
6.5  
Physical Sample Issues  
6.6  
Communication with the Laboratory  
6.7  
Analytical Turn Around Time  
6.8  
Analytical Method Constraints  
6.9  
Health and Safety  
6.10  
Budget/Cost Considerations  
6.11  
Representativeness  
7.  
Initial Design Selection  
8.  
Optimization Criteria  
9.  
Optimization Process  
9.2  
Practical Evaluation of Design Alternatives  
9.3  
Statistical and Cost Evaluation  
10.  
Final Selection  
Annex A1  
Types of Sampling Designs  
A1.1  
Commonly Used Sampling Designs  
A1.2  
Sampling Design Tools  
A1.3  
Combination Sample Designs  
Appendix X1. Additional References  
Appendix X2. Choosing Analytical Method Based on Variance and Cost  
Appendix X3. Calculating the Number of Samples: A Statistical Treatment  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide discusses options for taking a subsample from a sample submitted to a laboratory. If followed, it will minimize the bias and variance of the characteristic of interest of the laboratory sample prior to analysis.  
4.2 The guide will describe appropriate instructions to be submitted to the laboratory with the field sample.  
4.3 This guide is intended for use in the laboratory to take a representative subsample or specimen of the whole field sample for direct analysis or sample preparation for analysis. It is intended for field personnel, data users, laboratory sample reception personnel, analysts, and managers.  
4.4 To obtain a representative subsample, layer analysis, grinding, mixing, and changing the physical state such as digesting, drying, melting, or freezing may be required. This guide considers cone and quartering, riffle splitting, and particle size reduction.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers common techniques for obtaining representative subsamples from a sample received at a laboratory for analysis. These samples may include solids, sludges, liquids, or multilayered liquids (with or without solids).  
1.2 The procedures and techniques discussed in this guide depend upon the sample matrix, the type of sample preparation and analysis performed, the characteristic(s) of interest, and the project-specific instructions or data quality objectives.  
1.3 This guide includes several sample homogenization techniques, including mixing and grinding, as well as information on how to obtain a specimen or split laboratory samples.  
1.4 This guide does not apply to air or gas sampling.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Practices for Sampling Wastes from Pipes and Other Point Discharges

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The procedure outlined in these practices are guides for obtaining descriptive samples of solid, semisolid, and liquid waste from flowing streams, and incorporate many of the same procedures and equipment covered in the Referenced Documents. These practices by themselves will not necessarily result in the collection of samples representative of the total waste mass. The degree to which samples describe a waste mass must be estimated by application of appropriate statistical methods and measures of quality assurance. It is recommended that those practices be used in conjunction with Guide D4687.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices provide guidance for obtaining samples of waste at discharge points from pipes, sluiceways, conduits, and conveyor belts. The following are included:    
Sections  
Practice A – Liquid or Slurry Discharges
Practice B – Solid or Semisolid Discharges  
7–9
10–12  
1.2 These practices are intended for situations in which there are no other applicable ASTM sampling methods (see Practices D140/D140M and D75/D75M) for the specific industry.  
1.3 These practices do not address flow and time-proportional samplers and other automatic sampling devices.  
1.4 Samples are taken from a flowing waste stream or moving waste mass and, therefore, are descriptive only within a certain period. The length of the period for which a sample is descriptive will depend on the sampling frequency and compositing scheme.  
1.5 It is recommended that these practices be used in conjunction with Guide D4687.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 5 for more information.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5283-18(Practice)
Standard Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Related to Waste Management Activities: Quality Assurance and Quality Control Planning and Implementation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Environmental data are often required for making regulatory and programmatic decisions. These data must be of known quality commensurate with their intended use.  
5.2 Data generation efforts involve the following: establishment of the DQOs; design of the project plan to meet the DQOs; implementation of the project plan; and assessment of the data to determine whether the DQOs have been met.  
5.3 Certain minimal criteria must be met by the field and laboratory organizations generating environmental data. Additional activities may be required, based on the DQOs of the data collection effort.  
5.4 This practice defines the criteria for field and laboratory organizations generating environmental data and identifies some other activities that may be required based on the DQOs.  
5.5 This practice emphasizes the importance of communication among those involved in establishing DQOs, planning and implementing the sampling and analysis aspects of environmental data generation activities, and assessing data quality.  
5.6 Environmental field operations are discussed in Section 7, and environmental laboratory operations are discussed in Section 8.
SCOPE
1.1 Environmental data generation efforts are composed of four parts: (1) establishment of data quality objectives (DQOs); (2) design of field measurement and sampling strategies and specification of laboratory analyses and data acceptance criteria; (3) implementation of sampling and analysis strategies; and (4) data quality assessment. This practice addresses the planning and implementation of the sampling and analysis aspects of environmental data generation activities (Parts (1) and (2) above).  
1.2 This practice defines the criteria that must be considered to ensure the quality of the field and analytical aspects of environmental data generation activities. Environmental data include, but are not limited to, the results from analyses of samples of air, soil, water, biota, waste, or any combinations thereof.  
1.3 Adoption of a quality assurance project plan (QAPP) containing the goals, policies, procedures, organizational responsibilities, evaluation and reporting requirements, and other attributes of a quality management system including statement of DQOs should be adopted prior to application of this practice. Data generated in accordance with this practice are subject to a final assessment to determine whether the DQOs were met through application of quality control (QC) procedures that produce data that are scientifically valid for the purposes to which the data are intended. For example, many screening activities do not require all of the mandatory quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) steps found in this practice to generate data adequate to meet the project DQOs. The extent to which all of the requirements must be met remains a matter of technical judgement as it relates to the established DQOs.  
1.4 This practice presents extensive management requirements designed to ensure high-quality environmental data. The words “must,” “shall,” “may,” and “should” have been selected carefully to reflect the importance placed on many of the statements made in this practice.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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