D34.01.01 - Planning for Sampling

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Environmental data are often required for making regulatory and programmatic decisions. Decision makers must determine whether the levels of assurance associated with the data are sufficient in quality for their intended use.  
5.2 Data generation efforts involve three parts: development of DQOs and subsequent project plan(s) to meet the DQOs, implementation and oversight of the project plan(s), and assessment of the data quality to determine whether the DQOs were met.  
5.3 To determine the level of assurance necessary to support the decision, an iterative process must be used by decision makers, data collectors, and users. This practice emphasizes the iterative nature of the process of DQO development. Objectives may need to be reevaluated and modified as information related to the level of data quality is gained. This means that DQOs are the product of the DQO process and are subject to change as data are gathered and assessed.  
5.4 This practice defines the process of developing DQOs. Each step of the planning process is described.  
5.5 This practice emphasizes the importance of communication among those involved in developing DQOs, those planning and implementing the sampling and analysis aspects of environmental data generation activities, and those assessing data quality.  
5.6 The impacts of a successful DQO process on the project are as follows: (1) a consensus on the nature of the problem and the desired decision shared by all the decision makers, (2) data quality consistent with its intended use, (3) a more resource-efficient sampling and analysis design, (4) a planned approach to data collection and evaluation, (5) quantitative criteria for knowing when to stop sampling, and (6) known measure of risk for making an incorrect decision.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the process of development of data quality objectives (DQOs) for the acquisition of environmental data. Optimization of sampling and analysis design is a part of the DQO process. This practice describes the DQO process in detail. The various strategies for design optimization are too numerous to include in this practice. Many other documents outline alternatives for optimizing sampling and analysis design. Therefore, only an overview of design optimization is included. Some design aspects are included in the practice's examples for illustration purposes.  
1.2 DQO development is the first of three parts of data generation activities. The other two aspects are (1) implementation of the sampling and analysis strategies, see Guide D6311; and (2) data quality assessment, see Guide D6233.  
1.3 This guide should be used in concert with Practices D5283, D6250, and Guide D6044. Practice D5283 outlines the quality assurance (QA) processes specified during planning and used during implementation. Guide D6044 outlines a process by which a representative sample may be obtained from a population, identifies sources that can affect representativeness, and describes the attributes of a representative sample. Practice D6250 describes how a decision point can be calculated.  
1.4 Environmental data related to waste management activities include, but are not limited to, the results from the sampling and analyses of air, soil, water, biota, process or general waste samples, or any combinations thereof.  
1.5 The DQO process is a planning process and should be completed prior to sampling and analysis activities.  
1.6 This practice presents extensive requirements of management, designed to ensure high-quality environmental data. The words “must” and “shall” (requirements), “should” (recommendation), and “may” (optional), have been selected carefully to reflect the importance placed on many of the statements in this practice. The extent to which all requirements will be met remains a matter of technical judgment.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide provides guidance to persons managing or responsible for designing sampling and analytical plans for determining whether sample compositing may assist in more efficiently meeting study objectives. Samples must be composited properly, or useful information on contamination distribution and sample variance may be lost.  
5.2 The procedures described for mixing samples and obtaining a representative subsample are broadly applicable to waste sampling where it is desired to transport a reduced amount of material to the laboratory. The mixing and subsampling sections provide guidance to persons preparing sampling and analytical plans and field personnel.  
5.3 While this guide generally focuses on solid materials, the attributes and limitations of composite sampling apply equally to static liquid samples.
SCOPE
1.1 Compositing and subsampling are key links in the chain of sampling and analytical events that must be performed in compliance with project objectives and instructions to ensure that the resulting data are representative. This guide discusses the advantages and appropriate use of composite sampling, field procedures and techniques to mix the composite sample, and procedures to collect an unbiased and precise subsample(s) from a larger sample. It discusses the advantages and limitations of using composite samples in designing sampling plans for characterization of wastes (mainly solid) and potentially contaminated media. This guide assumes that an appropriate sampling device is selected to collect an unbiased sample.  
1.2 The guide does not address: where samples should be collected (depends on the objectives) (see Guide D6044), selection of sampling equipment, bias introduced by selection of inappropriate sampling equipment, sample collection procedures or collection of a representative specimen from a sample, or statistical interpretation of resultant data and devices designed to dynamically sample process waste streams. It also does not provide sufficient information to statistically design an optimized sampling plan, or determine the number of samples to collect or calculate the optimum number of samples to composite to achieve specified data quality objectives (see Practice D5792). Standard procedures for planning waste sampling activities are addressed in Guide D4687.  
1.3 The sample mixing and subsampling procedures described in this guide are considered inappropriate for samples to be analyzed for volatile organic compounds. Volatile organics are typically lost through volatilization during sample collection, handling, shipping, and laboratory sample preparation unless specialized procedures are used. The enhanced mixing described in this guide is expected to cause significant losses of volatile constituents. Specialized procedures should be used for compositing samples for determination of volatiles such as combining directly into methanol (see Guide D4547).  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Search sampling strategies have found wide utility in geologic exploration where drilling is required to detect subsurface mineral deposits, such as when drilling for oil and gas. Using such strategies to search for buried wastes and subsurface contaminants, including volatile organic compounds, is a logical extension of these strategies.  
4.2 Systematic sampling strategies are often the most cost-effective method for searching for hot spots.  
4.3 This practice may be used to determine the risk of missing a hot spot of specified size and shape given a specified sampling pattern and sampling density.  
4.4 This practice may be used to determine the smallest hot spot that can be detected with a specified probability and given sampling density.  
4.5 This practice may be used to select the optimum grid sampling strategy (that is, sampling pattern and density) for a specified risk of not detecting a hot spot.  
4.6 By using the algorithms given in this practice, one can balance the cost of sampling versus the risk of missing a hot spot.  
4.7 Search sampling patterns may also be used to optimize the locations of additional groundwater monitoring wells or vadose zone monitoring devices.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides equations and nomographs, and a reference to a computer program, for calculating probabilities of detecting hot spots (that is, localized areas of soil or groundwater contamination) using point-net (that is, grid) search patterns. Hot spots, more generally referred to as targets, are presumed to be invisible on the ground surface. Hot spots may include former surface impoundments and waste disposal pits, as well as contaminant plumes in groundwater or the vadose zone.  
1.2 For purposes of calculating detection probabilities, hot spots or buried contaminants are presumed to be elliptically shaped when projected vertically to the ground surface, and search patterns are square, rectangular, or rhombic. Assumptions about the size and shape of suspected hot spots are the primary limitations of this practice, and must be judged by historical information. A further limitation is that hot spot boundaries are usually not clear and distinct.  
1.3 In general, this practice should not be used in lieu of surface geophysical methods for detecting buried objects, including underground utilities, where such buried objects can be detected by these methods (see Guide D6429).  
1.4 Search sampling would normally be conducted during preliminary investigations of hazardous waste sites or hazardous waste management facilities (see Guide D5730). Sampling may be conducted by drilling or by direct-push methods. In contrast, guidance on sampling for the purpose of making statistical inferences about population characteristics (for example, contaminant concentrations) can be found in Guide D6311.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The procedures covered in this guide are general and provide the user with information helpful for writing sampling plans, safety plans, labeling and shipping procedures, chain-of-custody procedures, general sampling procedures, general cleaning procedures, and general preservation procedures.  
3.2 For purposes of this guide, it is assumed that the user has knowledge of the waste being sampled and the possible safety hazards.  
3.3 This guide is not to be used when sampling sites or wastes when safety hazards are unknown. In such cases, the user shall use other more appropriate procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information for formulating and planning the many aspects of waste sampling (see 1.2) that are common to most waste sampling situations.  
1.2 The aspects of sampling that this guide addresses are as follows:    
Section  
Safety plans  
4  
Sampling plans  
5  
Quality assurance considerations  
6  
General sampling considerations  
7  
Preservation and containerization  
8  
Cleaning equipment  
9  
Packaging, labeling, and shipping procedures  
10  
Chain-of-custody procedure  
11  
1.3 This guide does not provide comprehensive sampling procedures for these aspects, nor does it serve as a guide to any specific application. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that the procedures used are proper and adequate.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific precautionary statements see 3.2, 3.3, and Section 4.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The intended use of this guide is to provide practical assistance in the development of an optimized sampling design. This standard describes or discusses:  
4.1.1 Sampling design selection criteria,  
4.1.2 Factors impacting the choice of a sampling design,  
4.1.3 Selection of a sampling design,  
4.1.4 Techniques for optimizing candidate designs, and  
4.1.5 The criteria for evaluating an optimized sampling design.  
4.2 Within a formal USEPA data generation activity, the planning process or data quality objectives (DQOs) development is the first step. The second and third are the implementation of the sampling and analysis design and the data quality assessment. Within the DQO planning process, the selection and optimization of the sampling design is the last step, and therefore, the culmination of the DQO process. The preceding steps in the DQO planning process address:  
4.2.1 The problem that needs to be addressed,  
4.2.2 The possible decisions,  
4.2.3 The data input and associated activities,  
4.2.4 The boundaries of the study,  
4.2.5 The development of decision rules, and  
4.2.6 The specified the limits on decision error.  
4.3 This guide is not intended to address the aspects of the planning process for development of the project objectives. However, the project objectives must be outlined and communicated to the design team, prior to the selection and optimization of the sample design.  
4.4 This guide references statistical aspects of the planning and implementation process and includes an appendix for the statistical calculation of the optimum number of samples for a given sampling design.  
4.5 This guide is intended for those who are responsible for making decisions about environmental waste management activities.
SCOPE
1.1 This document provides practical guidance on the selection and optimization of sample designs in waste management sampling activities, within the context of the requirements established by the data quality objectives or other planning process.  
1.2 This document (1) provides guidance for selection of sampling designs; (2) outlines techniques to optimize candidate designs; and (3) describes the variables that need to be balanced in choosing the final optimized design.  
1.3 The contents of this guide are arranged by section as follows:
1.  
Scope  
2.  
Referenced Documents  
3.  
Terminology  
4.  
Significance and Use  
5.  
Summary of Guide  
6.  
Factors Affecting Sampling Design Selection  
6.1  
Sampling Design Performance Characteristics  
6.2  
Regulatory Considerations  
6.3  
Project Objectives  
6.4  
Knowledge of the Site  
6.5  
Physical Sample Issues  
6.6  
Communication with the Laboratory  
6.7  
Analytical Turn Around Time  
6.8  
Analytical Method Constraints  
6.9  
Health and Safety  
6.10  
Budget/Cost Considerations  
6.11  
Representativeness  
7.  
Initial Design Selection  
8.  
Optimization Criteria  
9.  
Optimization Process  
9.2  
Practical Evaluation of Design Alternatives  
9.3  
Statistical and Cost Evaluation  
10.  
Final Selection  
Annex A1  
Types of Sampling Designs  
A1.1  
Commonly Used Sampling Designs  
A1.2  
Sampling Design Tools  
A1.3  
Combination Sample Designs  
Appendix X1. Additional References  
Appendix X2. Choosing Analytical Method Based on Variance and Cost  
Appendix X3. Calculating the Number of Samples: A Statistical Treatment  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standa...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Although many technical papers address topics important to efficient and accurate sampling investigations (DQOs, study design, QA/QC, data assessment; see Guides D4687, D5730, D6009, D6051, and Practice D5283), the selection and use of appropriate sampling equipment is assumed or omitted.  
5.2 The choice of sampling equipment can be crucial to the task of collecting a sample appropriate for the intended use.  
5.3 When a sample is collected, all sources of potential bias should be considered, not only in the selection and use of the sampling device, but also in the interpretation and use of the data generated. Some major considerations in the selection of sampling equipment for the collection of a sample are listed below:  
5.3.1 The ability to access and extract from every relevant location in the target population,  
5.3.2 The ability to collect a sufficient mass of sample such that the distribution of particle sizes in the population are represented, and  
5.3.3 The ability to collect a sample without the addition or loss of constituents of interest.  
5.4 The characteristics discussed in 5.3 are particularly important in investigations when the target population is heterogeneous, such as when particle sizes vary, liquids are present in distinct phases, a gaseous phase exists, or materials from different sources are present in the population. The consideration of these characteristics during the equipment selection process will enable the data user to make appropriate statistical inferences about the target population based on the sampling results.  
5.5 If samples are to be collected for the determination of per- and poly-fluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), all sampling equipment should be made of fluorine-free materials. Other considerations for PFAS sampling may exist but are beyond the scope of this standard.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers criteria which should be considered when selecting sampling equipment for collecting environmental and waste samples for waste management activities. This guide includes a list of equipment that is used and is readily available. Many specialized sampling devices are not specifically included in this guide. However, the factors that should be weighed when choosing any piece of equipment are covered and remain the same for the selection of any piece of equipment. Sampling equipment described in this guide includes automatic samplers, pumps, bailers, tubes, scoops, spoons, shovels, dredges, coring, augering, passive, and vapor sampling devices. The selection of sampling locations is outside the scope of this guide.  
1.1.1 Table 1 lists selected equipment and its applicability to sampling matrices, including water (surface and ground), sediments, soils, liquids, multi-layered liquids, mixed solid-liquid phases, and consolidated and unconsolidated solids. The guide does not specifically address the collection of samples of any suspended materials from flowing rivers or streams. Refer to Guide D4411 for more information.  
1.2 Table 2 presents the same list of equipment and its applicability for use based on compatibility of sample and equipment; volume of the sample required; physical requirements such as power, size, and weight; ease of operation and decontamination; and whether it is reusable or disposable.  
1.3 Table 3 provides the basis for selection of suitable equipment by the use of an index.  
1.4 Lists of advantages and disadvantages of selected sampling devices and line drawings and narratives describing the operation of sampling devices are also provided.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard. ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide defines the meaning of a representative sample, as well as the attributes the sample(s) needs to have in order to provide a valid inference from the sample data to the population.  
4.2 This guide also provides a process to identify the sources of error (both systematic and random) so that an effort can be made to control or minimize these errors. These sources include sampling error, measurement error, and statistical bias.  
4.3 When the objective is limited to the taking of a representative (physical) sample or a representative set of (physical) samples, only potential sampling errors need to be considered. When the objective is to make an inference from the sample data to the population, additional measurement error and statistical bias need to be considered.  
4.4 This guide does not apply to the cases where the taking of a nonrepresentative sample(s) is prescribed by the study objective. In that case, sampling approaches such as judgment sampling or biased sampling can be taken. These approaches are not within the scope of this guide.  
4.5 Following this guide does not guarantee that representative samples will be obtained. But failure to follow this guide will likely result in obtaining sample data that are either biased or imprecise, or both. Following this guide should increase the level of confidence in making the inference from the sample data to the population.  
4.6 This guide can be used in conjunction with the DQO process (see Practice D5792).  
4.7 This guide is intended for those who manage, design, and implement sampling and analytical plans for waste management and contaminated media.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the definition of representativeness in environmental sampling, identifies sources that can affect representativeness (especially bias), and describes the attributes that a representative sample or a representative set of samples should possess. For convenience, the term “representative sample” is used in this guide to denote both a representative sample and a representative set of samples, unless otherwise qualified in the text.  
1.2 This guide outlines a process by which a representative sample may be obtained from a population. The purpose of the representative sample is to provide information about a statistical parameter(s) (such as mean) of the population regarding some characteristic(s) (such as concentration) of its constituent(s) (such as lead). This process includes the following stages: (1) minimization of sampling bias and optimization of precision while taking the physical samples, (2) minimization of measurement bias and optimization of precision when analyzing the physical samples to obtain data, and (3) minimization of statistical bias when making inferences from the sample data to the population. While both bias and precision are covered in this guide, major emphasis is given to bias reduction.  
1.3 This guide describes the attributes of a representative sample and presents a general methodology for obtaining representative samples. It does not, however, provide specific or comprehensive sampling procedures. It is the user's responsibility to ensure that proper and adequate procedures are used.  
1.4 The assessment of the representativeness of a sample is not covered in this guide since it is not possible to ever know the true value of the population.  
1.5 Since the purpose of each sampling event is unique, this guide does not attempt to give a step-by-step account of how to develop a sampling design that results in the collection of representative samples.  
1.6 Appendix X1 contains two case studies which discuss the factors for obtaining representative samples.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicabi...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is suitable for sampling heterogeneous wastes.  
4.2 The focus of this guidance is on wastes; however, the approach described in this guide may be applicable to non-waste populations as well.  
4.3 Sections 5 – 10 describe a guide for the sampling of heterogeneous waste according to project objectives. Appendix X1 describes an application of the guide to heterogeneous wastes. The user is strongly advised to read Annex A1 prior to reading and employing Sections 5 – 10 of this guide.  
4.4 Annex A1 contains an introductory discussion of heterogeneity, stratification, and the relationship of samples and populations.  
4.5 This guide is intended for those who manage, design, or implement sampling and analytical plans for the characterization of heterogeneous wastes.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is a practical, nonmathematical discussion for heterogeneous waste sampling strategies. This guide is consistent with the particulate material sampling theory as well as inferential statistics, and may serve as an introduction to the statistical treatment of sampling issues.  
1.2 This guide does not provide comprehensive sampling procedures, nor does it serve as a guide to any specification. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure appropriate procedures are used.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 “Stand-alone” laboratories rarely generate or handle large volumes of hazardous substances. However, the safe handling and disposal of these substances is still a matter of concern. Since the promulgation of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976, more attention has been given to the proper handling and disposal of such materials. States may adopt more stringent requirements than required under RCRA. To keep track of this, EPA classifies state regulatory language as: (1) authorized, (2) procedural/enforcement, (3) broader in scope, and (4) unauthorized, and it publishes notices concerning the first three in the Federal Register.  
4.2 Laboratory management should designate an individual who will be responsible for waste disposal and must review the RCRA guidelines, in particular:
40 CFR 261.3—definition of a hazardous waste,
40 CFR 261.33—specific substances listed as hazardous,
40 CFR 262—generator requirements and exclusions, and proper shipping and manifesting procedures.  
4.3 Because many laboratory employees could be involved in the proper treatment and disposal of laboratory chemicals and samples, it is recommended that a safety and training program be designed and presented to all regarding procedures to follow in the treatment and disposal of designated laboratory wastes. This recommendation is required in the United States by the EPA (40 CFR 265.16). For those who pack and ship, Hazardous Materials Shipper training is also required by DOT (49 CFR 172.203).5  
4.4 If practical and economically feasible, it is recommended that all laboratory waste be either recovered, re-used, or disposed of in-house. However, should this not be the case, other alternatives are presented. This guide is intended only as a suggested organized method for classification, segregation, and disposal of chemical laboratory waste. A university can set up its own chemical distributor to take orders from departments, order in economical quantities, sell ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to provide the chemical laboratory manager, chemical laboratory safety officer, and other relevant staff with guidelines for the disposal of small quantities of laboratory wastes safely and in an environmentally sound manner. This guide is applicable to laboratories that generate small quantities of chemical or toxic wastes. Generally, such tasks include, but are not limited to: analytical chemistry, process control, and research or life science laboratories. It would be impossible to address the disposal of all waste from all types of laboratories. This guide is intended to address the more common laboratory waste streams.  
1.2 This guide is primarily intended to support compliance with environmental laws in the United States of America; however, the information contained herein can be useful to laboratories in other geopolitical jurisdictions. Some of these laws provide for states to take over regulation of air quality or natural water quality with the approval of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Other matters, such as laboratory waste tracking, disposal as household garbage, and use of sewers, are handled at the state, local, or provider level throughout the country. Examples of providers are air scrubber services, municipal sewer systems, municipal and private garbage services, and treatment, storage, or disposal facilities (TSD). Unfortunately, it is not possible for any one source to provide all the information necessary for laboratories to comply with all regulations. To ensure compliance, the laboratory manager must communicate with regulators at all four levels.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide allows the decision maker to determine which remedial treatment processes are and are not applicable to remediate an area of soil, surface water, or ground water that contains contaminants of concern.  
4.2 This guide provides the data to make cost comparisons of the remedial treatment processes.  
4.3 Analysis of treatment process design data can often be performed at the site with field instruments and test kits.  
4.4 Tables 1 and 2 are a guide to selecting and obtaining physical and chemical treatment process design data. Data marked with an “X” is needed to evaluate alternatives and select a remedial treatment process. Once the remedial process is selected, the additional data that are needed to design the selected remedial treatment process are marked with an “O.” It may be advisable to also collect the data marked with an “O” during the initial sampling event to minimize sampling trips to the site.  
4.5 Tables 3 and 4 list laboratory and field methods for analyzing this data. More than one analytical method may be listed. The most suitable method must be chosen for each application. (A) This table was developed jointly by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Center of Expertise and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technical Support Project-Engineering Forum. Additional information and methods can be found in 40 CFR 136, EPA SW-846, and Standard Methods for Evaluation of Water and Wastewater, most current edition.(B) Estimated sensitivity and detection ranges are method/kit specific. Detection ranges are estimates. Verify these methods are suitable for the samples at this site. Consult the method or manufacturer's catalogs for details.(C) Spectrometers and meters are instruments that can be used to analyze for many parameters. Kits cost much less, but usually analyze for only one parameter. There are many manufacturers of field test equipment. Verify that the field methods are applicable to the m...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide lists the physical and chemical treatment processes design data needed to evaluate, select, and design treatment processes for remediation of contaminated sites. This data is listed in Tables 1 and 2. Much of these data can be obtained and analyzed at the site with instruments and test kits.    
1.2 It is recommended that this guide be used in conducting environmental site assessments and Remedial Investigations/Feasibility Studies (RI/FS) and selections of remedy in U.S. Code of Federal Regulations 40 CFR 300.430.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to provide guidance for sampling waste piles. It can be used to obtain samples for waste characterization related to use, treatment, or disposal; to monitor an active pile; to prepare for closure of the waste pile; or to investigate the contents of an abandoned pile.  
4.2 Techniques used to sample include both in-place evaluations of the pile and physically removing a sample. In-place evaluations include techniques such as remote sensing, on-site gas analysis, and permeability.  
4.3 Sampling strategy for waste piles is dependent on the following:  
4.3.1 Project objectives, including acceptable levels of error when making decisions;  
4.3.2 Physical characteristics of the pile, such as its size and configuration, access to all parts of it, and the stability of the pile;  
4.3.3 Process that generated the waste and the waste characteristics, such as hazardous chemical or physical properties, whether the waste consists of sludges, dry powders, granules or larger grained materials, and the heterogeneity of the wastes;  
4.3.4 History of the pile, including dates of generation, methods of handling and transport, and current management methods;  
4.3.5 Regulatory considerations, such as regulatory classification and characterization data; and  
4.3.6 Limits and bias of sampling methods, including bias that may be introduced by waste heterogeneity, sampling design, and sampling equipment.  
4.4 It is recommended that this guide be used in conjunction with Guide D4687, which addresses sampling design, quality assurance, general sampling considerations, preservation and containerization, cleaning equipment, packaging, and chain of custody.  
4.5 A case history of the investigation of a waste pile is included in Appendix X1.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides guidance for obtaining representative samples from waste piles. Guidance is provided for site evaluation, sampling design, selection of equipment, and data interpretation.  
1.2 Waste piles include areas used primarily for waste storage or disposal, including above-grade dry land disposal units. This guide can be applied to sampling municipal waste piles.  
1.3 This guide addresses how the choice of sampling design and sampling methods depends on specific features of the pile.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4.1 Exception—The inch-pound units in parentheses are included for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide discusses options for taking a subsample from a sample submitted to a laboratory. If followed, it will minimize the bias and variance of the characteristic of interest of the laboratory sample prior to analysis.  
4.2 The guide will describe appropriate instructions to be submitted to the laboratory with the field sample.  
4.3 This guide is intended for use in the laboratory to take a representative subsample or specimen of the whole field sample for direct analysis or sample preparation for analysis. It is intended for field personnel, data users, laboratory sample reception personnel, analysts, and managers.  
4.4 To obtain a representative subsample, layer analysis, grinding, mixing, and changing the physical state such as digesting, drying, melting, or freezing may be required. This guide considers cone and quartering, riffle splitting, and particle size reduction.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers common techniques for obtaining representative subsamples from a sample received at a laboratory for analysis. These samples may include solids, sludges, liquids, or multilayered liquids (with or without solids).  
1.2 The procedures and techniques discussed in this guide depend upon the sample matrix, the type of sample preparation and analysis performed, the characteristic(s) of interest, and the project-specific instructions or data quality objectives.  
1.3 This guide includes several sample homogenization techniques, including mixing and grinding, as well as information on how to obtain a specimen or split laboratory samples.  
1.4 This guide does not apply to air or gas sampling.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Environmental data are often required for making regulatory and programmatic decisions. These data must be of known quality commensurate with their intended use.  
5.2 Data generation efforts involve the following: establishment of the DQOs; design of the project plan to meet the DQOs; implementation of the project plan; and assessment of the data to determine whether the DQOs have been met.  
5.3 Certain minimal criteria must be met by the field and laboratory organizations generating environmental data. Additional activities may be required, based on the DQOs of the data collection effort.  
5.4 This practice defines the criteria for field and laboratory organizations generating environmental data and identifies some other activities that may be required based on the DQOs.  
5.5 This practice emphasizes the importance of communication among those involved in establishing DQOs, planning and implementing the sampling and analysis aspects of environmental data generation activities, and assessing data quality.  
5.6 Environmental field operations are discussed in Section 7, and environmental laboratory operations are discussed in Section 8.
SCOPE
1.1 Environmental data generation efforts are composed of four parts: (1) establishment of data quality objectives (DQOs); (2) design of field measurement and sampling strategies and specification of laboratory analyses and data acceptance criteria; (3) implementation of sampling and analysis strategies; and (4) data quality assessment. This practice addresses the planning and implementation of the sampling and analysis aspects of environmental data generation activities (Parts (1) and (2) above).  
1.2 This practice defines the criteria that must be considered to ensure the quality of the field and analytical aspects of environmental data generation activities. Environmental data include, but are not limited to, the results from analyses of samples of air, soil, water, biota, waste, or any combinations thereof.  
1.3 Adoption of a quality assurance project plan (QAPP) containing the goals, policies, procedures, organizational responsibilities, evaluation and reporting requirements, and other attributes of a quality management system including statement of DQOs should be adopted prior to application of this practice. Data generated in accordance with this practice are subject to a final assessment to determine whether the DQOs were met through application of quality control (QC) procedures that produce data that are scientifically valid for the purposes to which the data are intended. For example, many screening activities do not require all of the mandatory quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) steps found in this practice to generate data adequate to meet the project DQOs. The extent to which all of the requirements must be met remains a matter of technical judgement as it relates to the established DQOs.  
1.4 This practice presents extensive management requirements designed to ensure high-quality environmental data. The words “must,” “shall,” “may,” and “should” have been selected carefully to reflect the importance placed on many of the statements made in this practice.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended for use by both generators and users of analytical results. It is intended to promote consistent demonstration and documentation of the quality of the measurement results and facilitate determination of the validity of measurements for their intended use.  
4.2 This guide specifies documentation that a laboratory should supply with the analytical results to establish that the resulting measurements: (1) meet measurement quality requirements; (2) are suitable for their intended use; and (3) are technically defensible.  
4.3 While the guide describes information that the measurement results provider needs to give the user/decision maker, in order for measurement providers to supply data users with appropriate data, information is needed from the data user. Examples of information that the user should provide to the laboratory, in addition to the analytes of concern (including the form of the analyte that is to be determined, for example, total lead, dissolved lead, organic lead, inorganic lead), include but are not limited to:  
4.3.1 Type of material (that is, matrix—fresh or salt water, coal fly ash, sandy loam soil, wastewater treatment sludge),  
4.3.2 Maximum sample holding time,  
4.3.3 Projected sampling date and delivery date to the laboratory,  
4.3.4 Method of chemical preservation (for example, not preserved, chemical used),  
4.3.5 Chain-of-custody requirements, if any,  
4.3.6 Analytical methods that must be used, if any,  
4.3.7 Measurement quality requirements expressed as DQOs or MQOs and action limits,  
4.3.8 Allowable interferences as described in 10.4,  
4.3.9 Documentation requirement, and  
4.3.10 Subcontracting restrictions/requirements.  
4.4 Users/decision makers should consult with the laboratory about these issues during the analytical design stage. This will allow the design of sample collection process and project schedule to accommodate the laboratory activities necessary to determine the desired le...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes an approach for demonstrating the quality of analytical chemical measurement results from the application of a measurement system (that is, method or sequence of methods) to the analysis of environmental samples of soil, water, air, or waste. The purpose of such measurements can include demonstrating compliance with a regulatory limit, determining whether a site is contaminated above some specified level, or determining treatment process efficacy.  
1.2 This guide describes a procedure that can be used to assess a measurement system used to generate analytical results for a specific purpose. Users and reviewers of the analytical results can determine, with a known level of confidence, if they meet the quality requirements and are suitable for the intended use.  
1.3 This protocol does not address the general components of laboratory quality systems necessary to ensure the overall quality of laboratory operations. For such systems, the user is referred to International Standards Organization (ISO) Standard 17025 or the National Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Conference (NELAC) laboratory accreditation standards.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide discusses options for taking a subsample from a sample submitted to a laboratory. If followed, it will minimize the bias and variance of the characteristic of interest of the laboratory sample prior to analysis.  
4.2 The guide will describe appropriate instructions to be submitted to the laboratory with the field sample.  
4.3 This guide is intended for use in the laboratory to take a representative subsample or specimen of the whole field sample for direct analysis or sample preparation for analysis. It is intended for field personnel, data users, laboratory sample reception personnel, analysts, and managers.  
4.4 To obtain a representative subsample, layer analysis, grinding, mixing, and changing the physical state such as digesting, drying, melting or freezing may be required. This guide considers cone and quartering, riffle splitting, and particle size reduction.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers common techniques for obtaining representative subsamples from a sample received at a laboratory for analysis. These samples may include solids, sludges, liquids, or multilayered liquids (with or without solids).  
1.2 The procedures and techniques discussed in this guide depend upon the sample matrix, the type of sample preparation and analysis performed, the characteristic(s) of interest, and the project specific instructions or data quality objectives.  
1.3 This guide includes several sample homogenization techniques, including mixing and grinding, as well as information on how to obtain a specimen or split laboratory samples.  
1.4 This guide does not apply to air or gas sampling.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This guide covered common techniques for obtaining representative subsamples from a sample received at a laboratory for analysis.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D34 on Waste Management, this guide was withdrawn in October 2018. This standard is being withdrawn without replacement due to its limited use by industry.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Although many technical papers address topics important to efficient and accurate sampling investigations (DQO's, study design, QA/QC, data assessment; see Guides D4687, D5730, D6009, D6051, and Practice D5283), the selection and use of appropriate sampling equipment is assumed or omitted.  
5.2 The choice of sampling equipment can be crucial to the task of collecting a sample appropriate for the intended use.  
5.3 When a sample is collected, all sources of potential bias should be considered, not only in the selection and use of the sampling device, but also in the interpretation and use of the data generated. Some major considerations in the selection of sampling equipment for the collection of a sample are listed below.  
5.3.1 The ability to access and extract from every relevant location in the target population,  
5.3.2 The ability to collect a sufficient mass of sample such that the distribution of particle sizes in the population are represented, and  
5.3.3 The ability to collect a sample without the addition or loss of constituents of interest.  
5.4 The characteristics discussed in 5.3 are particularly important in investigations when the target population is heterogeneous such as when particle sizes vary, liquids are present in distinct phases, a gaseous phase exists or material from different sources are present in the population. The consideration of these characteristics during the equipment selection process will enable the data user to make appropriate statistical inferences about the target population based on the sampling results.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers criteria which should be considered when selecting sampling equipment for collecting environmental and waste samples for waste management activities. This guide includes a list of equipment that is used and is readily available. Many specialized sampling devices are not specifically included in this guide. However, the factors that should be weighed when choosing any piece of equipment are covered and remain the same for the selection of any piece of equipment. Sampling equipment described in this guide includes automatic samplers, pumps, bailers, tubes, scoops, spoons, shovels, dredges, coring and augering devices. The selection of sampling locations is outside the scope of this guide.  
1.1.1 Table 1 lists selected equipment and its applicability to sampling matrices, including water (surface and ground), sediments, soils, liquids, multi-layered liquids, mixed solid-liquid phases, and consolidated and unconsolidated solids. The guide does not address specifically the collection of samples of any suspended materials from flowing rivers or streams. Refer to Guide D4411 for more information.  
1.2 Table 2 presents the same list of equipment and its applicability for use based on compatibility of sample and equipment; volume of the sample required; physical requirements such as power, size, and weight; ease of operation and decontamination; and whether it is reusable or disposable.  
1.3 Table 3 provides the basis for selection of suitable equipment by the use of an Index.  
1.4 Lists of advantages and disadvantages of selected sampling devices and line drawings and narratives describing the operation of sampling devices are also provided.  
1.5 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard units. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgement. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Search sampling strategies have found wide utility in geologic exploration where drilling is required to detect subsurface mineral deposit, such as when drilling for oil and gas. Using such strategies to search for buried wastes and subsurface contaminants, including volatile organic compounds, is a logical extension of these strategies.  
4.2 Systematic sampling strategies are often the most cost-effective method for searching for hot spots.  
4.3 This practice may be used to determine the risk of missing a hot spot of specified size and shape given a specified sampling pattern and sampling density.  
4.4 This practice may be used to determine the smallest hot spot that can be detected with a specified probability and given sampling density.  
4.5 This practice may be used to select the optimum grid sampling strategy (that is, sampling pattern and density) for a specified risk of not detecting a hot spot.  
4.6 By using the algorithms given in this practice, one can balance the cost of sampling versus the risk of missing a hot spot.  
4.7 Search sampling patterns may also be used to optimize the locations of additional ground water monitoring wells or vadose zone monitoring devices.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides equations and nomographs, and a reference to a computer program, for calculating probabilities of detecting hot spots (that is, localized areas of soil or groundwater contamination) using point-net (that is, grid) search patterns. Hot spots, more generally referred to as targets, are presumed to be invisible on the ground surface. Hot spots may include former surface impoundments and waste disposal pits, as well as contaminant plumes in ground water or the vadose zone.  
1.2 For purposes of calculating detection probabilities, hot spots or buried contaminants are presumed to be elliptically shaped when projected vertically to the ground surface, and search patterns are square, rectangular, or rhombic. Assumptions about the size and shape of suspected hot spots are the primary limitations of this practice, and must be judged by historical information. A further limitation is that hot spot boundaries are usually not clear and distinct.  
1.3 In general, this practice should not be used in lieu of surface geophysical methods for detecting buried objects, including underground utilities, where such buried objects can be detected by these methods (see Guide D6429).  
1.4 Search sampling would normally be conducted during preliminary investigations of hazardous waste sites or hazardous waste management facilities (see Guide D5730). Sampling may be conducted by drilling or by direct-push methods. In contrast, guidance on sampling for the purpose of making statistical inferences about population characteristics (for example, contaminant concentrations) can be found in Guide D6311.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 “Stand-alone” laboratories rarely generate or handle large volumes of hazardous substances. However, the safe handling and disposal of these substances is still a matter of concern. Since the promulgation of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976, more attention has been given to the proper handling and disposal of such materials. States may adopt more stringent requirements; information on this may be found along the path EPA Home > Wastes > Regions/States/Tribes > RCRA State Authorization > Data, Charts and Graphs (STATS) > State/Regional. To keep track of this, EPA classifies state regulatory language as (1) authorized,  (2) procedural/enforcement, (3) broader in scope, and (4) unauthorized, and it publishes notices concerning the first three in the Federal Register.  
4.2 Laboratory management should designate an individual who will be responsible for waste disposal and must review the RCRA guidelines, in particular:
40 CFR 261.3 - definition of a hazardous waste,
40 CFR 261.33 -specific substances listed as hazardous,
40 CFR 262 - generator requirements and exclusions, and proper shipping and manifesting procedures.  
4.3 Because many laboratory employees could be involved in the proper treatment and disposal of laboratory chemicals and samples, it is recommended that a safety and training program be designed and presented to all regarding procedures to follow in the treatment and disposal of designated laboratory wastes. This recommendation is required in the United States by the EPA (40 CFR 265.16). For those who pack and ship, Hazardous Materials Shipper training is also required by DOT (49 CFR 172.203).5  
4.4 If practical and economically feasible, it is recommended that all laboratory waste be either recovered, re-used, or disposed of in-house. However, should this not be the case, other alternatives are presented. This guide is intended only as a suggested organized method for classification, segregation, and disposal of c...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to provide the chemical laboratory manager, chemical laboratory safety officer, and other relevant staff with guidelines for the disposal of small quantities of laboratory wastes safely and in an environmentally sound manner. This guide is applicable to laboratories that generate small quantities of chemical or toxic wastes. Generally, such tasks include, but are not limited to, analytical chemistry, process control, and research or life science laboratories. It would be impossible to address the disposal of all waste from all types of laboratories. This guide is intended to address the more common laboratory waste streams.  
1.2 This guide is primarily intended to support compliance with environmental laws in the United States of America; however, the information contained herein can be useful to laboratories in other geopolitical jurisdictions. Some of these laws provide for states to take over regulation of air quality or natural water quality with the approval of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Other matters, such as laboratory waste tracking, disposal as household garbage and use of sewers, are handled at the state, local or provider level throughout the country. Examples of providers are air scrubber services, municipal sewer systems, municipal and private garbage services, and treatment, storage or disposal facilities (TSD). Go to the EPA home page, click Wastes > Regions/States/Tribes > States to get help locating state regulations. Unfortunately, it is not possible for any one source to provide all the information necessary for laboratories to comply with all regulations. To ensure compliance, the laboratory manager must communicate with regulators at all four levels.  
1.3 Though it would be convenient to cite each reference by its Universal Resource Locator (URL), this guide eschews that (because such references are too labile) with the exception of http://www.epa.gov fo...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Environmental data are often required for making regulatory and programmatic decisions. Decision makers must determine whether the levels of assurance associated with the data are sufficient in quality for their intended use.  
5.2 Data generation efforts involve three parts: development of DQOs and subsequent project plan(s) to meet the DQOs, implementation and oversight of the project plan(s), and assessment of the data quality to determine whether the DQOs were met.  
5.3 To determine the level of assurance necessary to support the decision, an iterative process must be used by decision makers, data collectors, and users. This practice emphasizes the iterative nature of the process of DQO development. Objectives may need to be reevaluated and modified as information related to the level of data quality is gained. This means that DQOs are the product of the DQO process and are subject to change as data are gathered and assessed.  
5.4 This practice defines the process of developing DQOs. Each step of the planning process is described.  
5.5 This practice emphasizes the importance of communication among those involved in developing DQOs, those planning and implementing the sampling and analysis aspects of environmental data generation activities, and those assessing data quality.  
5.6 The impacts of a successful DQO process on the project are as follows: (1) a consensus on the nature of the problem and the desired decision shared by all the decision makers, (2) data quality consistent with its intended use, (3) a more resource-efficient sampling and analysis design, (4) a planned approach to data collection and evaluation, (5) quantitative criteria for knowing when to stop sampling, and (6) known measure of risk for making an incorrect decision.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the process of development of data quality objectives (DQOs) for the acquisition of environmental data. Optimization of sampling and analysis design is a part of the DQO process. This practice describes the DQO process in detail. The various strategies for design optimization are too numerous to include in this practice. Many other documents outline alternatives for optimizing sampling and analysis design. Therefore, only an overview of design optimization is included. Some design aspects are included in the practice's examples for illustration purposes.  
1.2 DQO development is the first of three parts of data generation activities. The other two aspects are (1) implementation of the sampling and analysis strategies, see Guide D6311 and (2) data quality assessment, see Guide D6233.  
1.3 This guide should be used in concert with Practices D5283, D6250, and Guide D6044. Practice D5283 outlines the quality assurance (QA) processes specified during planning and used during implementation. Guide D6044 outlines a process by which a representative sample may be obtained from a population, identifies sources that can affect representativeness and describes the attributes of a representative sample. Practice D6250 describes how a decision point can be calculated.  
1.4 Environmental data related to waste management activities include, but are not limited to, the results from the sampling and analyses of air, soil, water, biota, process or general waste samples, or any combinations thereof.  
1.5 The DQO process is a planning process and should be completed prior to sampling and analysis activities.  
1.6 This practice presents extensive requirements of management, designed to ensure high-quality environmental data. The words “must” and “shall” (requirements), “should” (recommendation), and “may” (optional), have been selected carefully to reflect the importance placed on many of the statements in this practice. The extent to which all requirements will be met remains a matter of technical judgment.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Representative samples are defined in the context of the study objectives.  
4.2 This guide defines the meaning of a representative sample, as well as the attributes the sample(s) needs to have in order to provide a valid inference from the sample data to the population.  
4.3 This guide also provides a process to identify the sources of error (both systematic and random) so that an effort can be made to control or minimize these errors. These sources include sampling error, measurement error, and statistical bias.  
4.4 When the objective is limited to the taking of a representative (physical) sample or a representative set of (physical) samples, only potential sampling errors need to be considered. When the objective is to make an inference from the sample data to the population, additional measurement error and statistical bias need to be considered.  
4.5 This guide does not apply to the cases where the taking of a nonrepresentative sample(s) is prescribed by the study objective. In that case, sampling approaches such as judgment sampling or biased sampling can be taken. These approaches are not within the scope of this guide.  
4.6 Following this guide does not guarantee that representative samples will be obtained. But failure to follow this guide will likely result in obtaining sample data that are either biased or imprecise, or both. Following this guide should increase the level of confidence in making the inference from the sample data to the population.  
4.7 This guide can be used in conjunction with the DQO process (see Practice D5792).  
4.8 This guide is intended for those who manage, design, and implement sampling and analytical plans for waste management and contaminated media.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the definition of representativeness in environmental sampling, identifies sources that can affect representativeness (especially bias), and describes the attributes that a representative sample or a representative set of samples should possess. For convenience, the term “representative sample” is used in this guide to denote both a representative sample and a representative set of samples, unless otherwise qualified in the text.  
1.2 This guide outlines a process by which a representative sample may be obtained from a population. The purpose of the representative sample is to provide information about a statistical parameter(s) (such as mean) of the population regarding some characteristic(s) (such as concentration) of its constituent(s) (such as lead). This process includes the following stages: (1) minimization of sampling bias and optimization of precision while taking the physical samples, (2) minimization of measurement bias and optimization of precision when analyzing the physical samples to obtain data, and (3) minimization of statistical bias when making inference from the sample data to the population. While both bias and precision are covered in this guide, major emphasis is given to bias reduction.  
1.3 This guide describes the attributes of a representative sample and presents a general methodology for obtaining representative samples. It does not, however, provide specific or comprehensive sampling procedures. It is the user's responsibility to ensure that proper and adequate procedures are used.  
1.4 The assessment of the representativeness of a sample is not covered in this guide since it is not possible to ever know the true value of the population.  
1.5 Since the purpose of each sampling event is unique, this guide does not attempt to give a step by step account of how to develop a sampling design that results in the collection of representative samples.  
1.6 Appendix X1 contains two case studies, which discuss the factors for obtaining representative samples.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish a...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This guide is suitable for sampling heterogeneous wastes.  
3.2 The focus of this guidance is on wastes; however, the approach described in this guide may be applicable to non-waste populations, as well.  
3.3 Sections 4 – 9 describe a guide for the sampling of heterogeneous waste according to project objectives. Appendix X1 describes an application of the guide to heterogeneous wastes. The user is strongly advised to read Annex A1 prior to reading and employing Sections 4 – 9 of this guide.  
3.4 Annex A1 contains an introductory discussion of heterogeneity, stratification, and the relationship of samples and populations.  
3.5 This guide is intended for those who manage, design, or implement sampling and analytical plans for the characterization of heterogeneous wastes.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is a practical, nonmathematical discussion for heterogeneous waste sampling strategies. This guide is consistent with the particulate material sampling theory, as well as inferential statistics, and may serve as an introduction to the statistical treatment of sampling issues.  
1.2 This guide does not provide comprehensive sampling procedures, nor does it serve as a guide to any specification. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure appropriate procedures are used.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide provides guidance to persons managing or responsible for designing sampling and analytical plans for determining whether sample compositing may assist in more efficiently meeting study objectives. Samples must be composited properly, or useful information on contamination distribution and sample variance may be lost.  
5.2 The procedures described for mixing samples and obtaining a representative subsample are broadly applicable to waste sampling where it is desired to transport a reduced amount of material to the laboratory. The mixing and subsampling sections provide guidance to persons preparing sampling and analytical plans and field personnel.  
5.3 While this guide generally focuses on solid materials, the attributes and limitations of composite sampling apply equally to static liquid samples.
SCOPE
1.1 Compositing and subsampling are key links in the chain of sampling and analytical events that must be performed in compliance with project objectives and instructions to ensure that the resulting data are representative. This guide discusses the advantages and appropriate use of composite sampling, field procedures and techniques to mix the composite sample and procedures to collect an unbiased and precise subsample(s) from a larger sample. It discusses the advantages and limitations of using composite samples in designing sampling plans for characterization of wastes (mainly solid) and potentially contaminated media. This guide assumes that an appropriate sampling device is selected to collect an unbiased sample.  
1.2 The guide does not address: where samples should be collected (depends on the objectives) (see Guide D6044), selection of sampling equipment, bias introduced by selection of inappropriate sampling equipment, sample collection procedures or collection of a representative specimen from a sample, or statistical interpretation of resultant data and devices designed to dynamically sample process waste streams. It also does not provide sufficient information to statistically design an optimized sampling plan, or determine the number of samples to collect or calculate the optimum number of samples to composite to achieve specified data quality objectives (see Practice D5792). Standard procedures for planning waste sampling activities are addressed in Guide D4687.  
1.3 The sample mixing and subsampling procedures described in this guide are considered inappropriate for samples to be analyzed for volatile organic compounds. Volatile organics are typically lost through volatilization during sample collection, handling, shipping and laboratory sample preparation unless specialized procedures are used. The enhanced mixing described in this guide is expected to cause significant losses of volatile constituents. Specialized procedures should be used for compositing samples for determination of volatiles such as combining directly into methanol (see Practice D4547).  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide is suitable for sampling heterogeneous wastes.
The focus of this guidance is on wastes; however, the approach described in this guide may be applicable to non-waste populations, as well.
Sections 4-9 describe a guide for the sampling of heterogeneous waste according to project objectives. Appendix X1 describes an application of the guide to heterogeneous wastes. The user is strongly advised to read Annex A1 prior to reading and employing Sections 4-9 of this guide.
Annex A1 contains an introductory discussion of heterogeneity, stratification, and the relationship of samples and populations.  
This guide is intended for those who manage, design, or implement sampling and analytical plans for the characterization of heterogeneous wastes.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is a practical, nonmathematical discussion for heterogeneous waste sampling strategies. This guide is consistent with the particulate material sampling theory, as well as inferential statistics, and may serve as an introduction to the statistical treatment of sampling issues.
1.2 This guide does not provide comprehensive sampling procedures, nor does it serve as a guide to any specification. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure appropriate procedures are used.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This guide was a practical, nonmathematical discussion for heterogeneous waste sampling strategies. This guide was consistent with the particulate material sampling theory, as well as inferential statistics, and served as an introduction to the statistical treatment of sampling issues.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D34 on Waste Management, this guide was withdrawn in January 2015 in accordance with section 10.5.3.1 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide provides guidance to persons managing or responsible for designing sampling and analytical plans for determining whether sample compositing may assist in more efficiently meeting study objectives. Samples must be composited properly, or useful information on contamination distribution and sample variance may be lost.
The procedures described for mixing samples and obtaining a representative subsample are broadly applicable to waste sampling where it is desired to transport a reduced amount of material to the laboratory. The mixing and subsampling sections provide guidance to persons preparing sampling and analytical plans and field personnel.
While this guide generally focuses on solid materials, the attributes and limitations of composite sampling apply equally to static liquid samples.
SCOPE
1.1 Compositing and subsampling are key links in the chain of sampling and analytical events that must be performed in compliance with project objectives and instructions to ensure that the resulting data are representative. This guide discusses the advantages and appropriate use of composite sampling, field procedures and techniques to mix the composite sample and procedures to collect an unbiased and precise subsample(s) from a larger sample. It discusses the advantages and limitations of using composite samples in designing sampling plans for characterization of wastes (mainly solid) and potentially contaminated media. This guide assumes that an appropriate sampling device is selected to collect an unbiased sample.
1.2 The guide does not address: where samples should be collected (depends on the objectives) (see Guide D 6044), selection of sampling equipment, bias introduced by selection of inappropriate sampling equipment, sample collection procedures or collection of a representative specimen from a sample, or statistical interpretation of resultant data and devices designed to dynamically sample process waste streams. It also does not provide sufficient information to statistically design an optimized sampling plan, or determine the number of samples to collect or calculate the optimum number of samples to composite to achieve specified data quality objectives (see Practice D 5792). Standard procedures for planning waste sampling activities are addressed in Guide D 4687.
1.3 The sample mixing and subsampling procedures described in this guide are considered inappropriate for samples to be analyzed for volatile organic compounds. Volatile organics are typically lost through volatilization during sample collection, handling, shipping and laboratory sample preparation unless specialized procedures are used. The enhanced mixing described in this guide is expected to cause significant losses of volatile constituents. Specialized procedures should be used for compositing samples for determination of volatiles such as combining directly into methanol (see Practice D 4547).
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This guide discussed the advantages and appropriate use of composite sampling, field procedures, and techniques to mix the composite sample and procedures to collect an unbiased and precise subsample(s) from a larger sample. It discussed the advantages and limitations of using composite samples in designing sampling plans for characterization of wastes (mainly solid) and potentially contaminated media.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D34 on Waste Management, this guide was withdrawn in January 2015 in accordance with section 10.5.3.1 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The intended use of this guide is to provide practical assistance in the development of an optimized sampling design. This standard describes or discusses:  
4.1.1 Sampling design selection criteria,  
4.1.2 Factors impacting the choice of a sampling design,  
4.1.3 Selection of a sampling design,  
4.1.4 Techniques for optimizing candidate designs, and  
4.1.5 The criteria for evaluating an optimized sampling design.  
4.2 Within a formal USEPA data generation activity, the planning process or Data Quality Objectives (DQO) development is the first step. The second and third are the implementation of the sampling and analysis design and the data quality assessment. Within the DQO planning process, the selection and optimization of the sampling design is the last step, and therefore, the culmination of the DQO process. The preceding steps in the DQO planning process address:  
4.2.1 The problem that needs to be addressed,  
4.2.2 The possible decisions,  
4.2.3 The data input and associated activities,  
4.2.4 The boundaries of the study,  
4.2.5 The development of decision rules, and  
4.2.6 The specified the limits on decision error.  
4.3 This guide is not intended to address the aspects of the planning process for development of the project objectives. However, the project objectives must be outlined and communicated to the design team, prior to the selection and optimization of the sample design.  
4.4 This guide references statistical aspects of the planning and implementation process and includes an appendix for the statistical calculation of the optimum number of samples for a given sampling design.  
4.5 This guide is intended for those who are responsible for making decisions about environmental waste management activities.
SCOPE
1.1 This document provides practical guidance on the selection and optimization of sample designs in waste management sampling activities, within the context of the requirements established by the data quality objectives or other planning process.  
1.2 This document (1) provides guidance for selection of sampling designs; (2) outlines techniques to optimize candidate designs; and (3) describes the variables that need to be balanced in choosing the final optimized design.  
1.3 The contents of this guide are arranged by section as follows:
1.  
Scope  
2.  
Referenced Documents  
3.  
Terminology  
4.  
Significance and Use  
5.  
Summary of Guide  
6.  
Factors Affecting Sampling Design Selection  
6.1  
Sampling Design Performance Characteristics  
6.2  
Regulatory Considerations  
6.3  
Project Objectives  
6.4  
Knowledge of the Site  
6.5  
Physical Sample Issues  
6.6  
Communication with the Laboratory  
6.7  
Analytical Turn Around Time  
6.8  
Analytical Method Constraints  
6.9  
Health and Safety  
6.10  
Budget/Cost Considerations  
6.11  
Representativeness  
7.  
Initial Design Selection  
8.  
Optimization Criteria  
9.  
Optimization Process  
9.2  
Practical Evaluation of Design Alternatives  
9.3  
Statistical and Cost Evaluation  
10.  
Final Selection  
Annex A1  
Types of Sampling Designs  
A1.1  
Commonly Used Sampling Designs  
A1.2  
Sampling Design Tools  
A1.3  
Combination Sample Designs  
Appendix X1. Additional References  
Appendix X2. Choosing Analytical Method Based on Variance and Cost  
Appendix X3. Calculating the Number of Samples: A Statistical Treatment  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this stan...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The procedures covered in this guide are general and provide the user with information helpful for writing sampling plans, safety plans, labeling and shipping procedures, chain-of-custody procedures, general sampling procedures, general cleaning procedures, and general preservation procedures.  
3.2 For purposes of this guide, it is assumed that the user has knowledge of the waste being sampled and the possible safety hazards.  
3.3 This guide is not to be used when sampling sites or wastes when safety hazards are unknown. In such cases, the user shall use other more appropriate procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information for formulating and planning the many aspects of waste sampling (see 1.2) that are common to most waste sampling situations.  
1.2 The aspects of sampling that this guide addresses are as follows:    
Section  
Safety plans  
4  
Sampling plans  
5  
Quality assurance considerations  
6  
General sampling considerations  
7  
Preservation and containerization  
8  
Cleaning equipment  
9  
Packaging, labeling, and shipping procedures  
10  
Chain-of-custody procedure  
11
1.3 This guide does not provide comprehensive sampling procedures for these aspects, nor does it serve as a guide to any specific application. It is the responsibility of the user to assure that the procedures used are proper and adequate.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific precautionary statements see 3.2, 3.3, and Section 4.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide allows the decision maker to determine which remedial treatment processes are and are not applicable to remediate an area of soil, surface water or ground water that contains contaminants of concern.  
4.2 This guide provides the data to make cost comparisons of the remedial treatment processes.  
4.3 Analysis of treatment process design data can often be performed at the site with field instruments and test kits.  
4.4 Tables 1 and 2 are a guide to selecting and obtaining physical and chemical treatment process design data. Data marked with an “X” is needed to evaluate alternatives and select a remedial treatment process. Once the remedial process is selected the additional data that are needed to design the selected remedial treatment process are marked with an “O.” It may be advisable to also collect the data marked with an “O” during the initial sampling event to minimize sampling trips to the site.  
4.5 Tables 3 and 4 list laboratory and field methods for analyzing this data. More than one analytical method may be listed. The most suitable method must be chosen for each application.
4.6 This guide does not address sampling for contaminants of concern and sampling locations. See EM 200-1-2 Technical Project Planning (TPP) under Engineering Manuals6 for information on sampling contaminants of concern. It is recommended that the treatment process design sampling be coordinated with the sampling for chemicals of concern to minimize duplicate sampling and trips to the site.  
4.7 This guide does not address physical and chemical properties related to contaminant transport. This is addressed in Guide D5730.  
4.8 This guide does not address why the data is needed to evaluate each treatment technology. This information is addressed in the Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable (FRTR) site at http://www.frtr.gov in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers guidance documents at http://www.usace.army.mil/inet/usace-docs/ and the United Facilities Gui...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide lists the physical and chemical treatment processes design data needed to evaluate, select, and design treatment processes for remediation of contaminated sites. This data is listed in Tables 1 and 2. Much of these data can be obtained and analyzed at the site with instruments and test kits.  
1.2 It is recommended that this guide be used in conducting environmental site assessments and Remedial Investigations/Feasibility Studies (RI/FS) and selections of remedy in U.S. Code of Federal Regulations 40 CFR 300.430.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide discusses options for taking a subsample from a sample submitted to a laboratory. If followed, it will minimize the bias and variance of the characteristic of interest of the laboratory sample prior to analysis.  
4.2 The guide will describe appropriate instructions to be submitted to the laboratory with the field sample.  
4.3 This guide is intended for use in the laboratory to take a representative subsample or specimen of the whole field sample for direct analysis or sample preparation for analysis. It is intended for field personnel, data users, laboratory sample reception personnel, analysts, and managers.  
4.4 To obtain a representative subsample, layer analysis, grinding, mixing, and changing the physical state such as digesting, drying, melting or freezing may be required. This guide considers cone and quartering, riffle splitting, and particle size reduction.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers common techniques for obtaining representative subsamples from a sample received at a laboratory for analysis. These samples may include solids, sludges, liquids, or multilayered liquids (with or without solids).  
1.2 The procedures and techniques discussed in this guide depend upon the sample matrix, the type of sample preparation and analysis performed, the characteristic(s) of interest, and the project specific instructions or data quality objectives.  
1.3 This guide includes several sample homogenization techniques, including mixing and grinding, as well as information on how to obtain a specimen or split laboratory samples.  
1.4 This guide does not apply to air or gas sampling.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This guide covers common techniques for laboratory subsampling of media related to waste management activities. This guide includes several sample homogenization techniques, including mixing and grinding, as well as information on how to obtain a specimen or split laboratory samples. The limitations and advantages of sample preparation options are presented in details. The matrix specific subsampling procedures are presented in detail.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide discusses options for taking a subsample from a sample submitted to a laboratory. If followed, it will minimize the bias and variance of the characteristic of interest of the laboratory sample prior to analysis.
The guide will describe appropriate instructions to be submitted to the laboratory with the field sample.
This guide is intended for use in the laboratory to take a representative subsample or specimen of the whole field sample for direct analysis or sample preparation for analysis. It is intended for field personnel, data users, laboratory sample reception personnel, analysts, and managers.
To obtain a representative subsample, layer analysis, grinding, mixing, and changing the physical state such as digesting, drying, melting or freezing may be required. This guide considers cone and quartering, riffle splitting, and particle size reduction.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers common techniques for obtaining representative subsamples from a sample received at a laboratory for analysis. These samples may include solids, sludges, liquids, or multilayered liquids (with or without solids).
1.2 The procedures and techniques discussed in this guide depend upon the sample matrix, the type of sample preparation and analysis performed, the characteristic(s) of interest, and the project specific instructions or data quality objectives.
1.3 This guide includes several sample homogenization techniques, including mixing and grinding, as well as information on how to obtain a specimen or split laboratory samples.
1.4 This guide does not apply to air or gas sampling.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This guide covers common techniques for obtaining representative subsamples from a sample received at a laboratory for analysis. These samples may include solids, sludges, liquids, or multilayered liquids (with or without solids).
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D34 on Waste Management, this guide was withdrawn in June 2012 in accordance with section 10.5.3.1 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide is intended to provide guidance for sampling waste piles. It can be used to obtain samples for waste characterization related to use, treatment, or disposal; to monitor an active pile; to prepare for closure of the waste pile; or to investigate the contents of an abandoned pile.
Techniques used to sample include both in-place evaluations of the pile and physically removing a sample. In-place evaluations include techniques such as remote sensing, on-site gas analysis, and permeability.  
Sampling strategy for waste piles is dependent on the following:
Project objectives including acceptable levels of error when making decisions;
Physical characteristics of the pile, such as its size and configuration, access to all parts of it, and the stability of the pile;
Process that generated the waste and the waste characteristics, such as hazardous chemical or physical properties, whether the waste consists of sludges, dry powders, granules or larger grained materials, and the heterogeneity of the wastes;
History of the pile, including dates of generation, methods of handling and transport, and current management methods;
Regulatory considerations, such as regulatory classification and characterization data;
Limits and bias of sampling methods, including bias that may be introduced by waste heterogeneity, sampling design, and sampling equipment.
It is recommended that this guide be used in conjunction with Guide D4687, which addresses sampling design, quality assurance, general sampling considerations, preservation and containerization, cleaning equipment, packaging, and chain of custody.
A case history of the investigation of a waste pile is included in Appendix X1.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides guidance for obtaining representative samples from waste piles. Guidance is provided for site evaluation, sampling design, selection of equipment, and data interpretation.
1.2 Waste piles include areas used primarily for waste storage or disposal, including above-grade dry land disposal units. This guide can be applied to sampling municipal waste piles.
1.3 This guide addresses how the choice of sampling design and sampling methods depends on specific features of the pile.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4.1 Exception—The inch-pound units in parentheses are included for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide is intended for use by both generators and users of analytical results. It is intended to promote consistent demonstration and documentation of the quality of the measurement results and facilitate determination of the validity of measurements for their intended use.
This guide specifies documentation that a laboratory should supply with the analytical results to establish that the resulting measurements: (1) meet measurement quality requirements; (2) are suitable for their intended use; and (3) are technically defensible.
While the guide describes information that the measurement results provider needs to give the user/decision maker, in order for measurement providers to supply data users with appropriate data, information is needed from the data user. Examples of information that the user should provide to the laboratory, in addition to the analytes of concern (including the form of the analyte that is to be determined, for example, total lead, dissolved lead, organic lead, inorganic lead), include but are not limited to:
Type of material (that is, matrixfresh or salt water, coal fly ash, sandy loam soil, wastewater treatment sludge),
Maximum sample holding time,
Projected sampling date and delivery date to the laboratory,
Method of chemical preservation (for example, not preserved, chemical used),
Chain-of-custody requirements, if any,
Analytical methods that must be used, if any,
Measurement quality requirements expressed as DQOs or MQOs and action limits,
Allowable interferences as described in 10.4,
Documentation requirement, and
Subcontracting restrictions/requirements.
Users/decision makers should consult with the laboratory about these issues during the analytical design stage. This will allow the design of sample collection process and project schedule to accommodate the laboratory activities necessary to determine the desired level of measurement quality. The number of samples, budgets, and schedules should also be di...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes an approach for demonstrating the quality of analytical chemical measurement results from the application of a measurement system (that is, method or sequence of methods) to the analysis of environmental samples of soil, water, air, or waste. The purpose of such measurements can include demonstrating compliance with a regulatory limit, determining whether a site is contaminated above some specified level, or determining treatment process efficacy.
1.2 This guide describes a procedure that can be used to assess a measurement system used to generate analytical results for a specific purpose. Users and reviewers of the analytical results can determine, with a known level of confidence, if they meet the quality requirements and are suitable for the intended use.
1.3 This protocol does not address the general components of laboratory quality systems necessary to ensure the overall quality of laboratory operations. For such systems, the user is referred to International Standards Organization (ISO) Standard 17025 or the National Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Conference (NELAC) laboratory accreditation standards.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Environmental data are often required for making regulatory and programmatic decisions. Decision makers must determine whether the levels of assurance associated with the data are sufficient in quality for their intended use.
Data generation efforts involve three parts: development of DQOs and subsequent project plan(s) to meet the DQOs, implementation and oversight of the project plan(s), and assessment of the data quality to determine whether the DQOs were met.
To determine the level of assurance necessary to support the decision, an iterative process must be used by decision makers, data collectors, and users. This practice emphasizes the iterative nature of the process of DQO development. Objectives may need to be reevaluated and modified as information related to the level of data quality is gained. This means that DQOs are the product of the DQO process and are subject to change as data are gathered and assessed.
This practice defines the process of developing DQOs. Each step of the planning process is described.
This practice emphasizes the importance of communication among those involved in developing DQOs, those planning and implementing the sampling and analysis aspects of environmental data generation activities, and those assessing data quality.
The impacts of a successful DQO process on the project are as follows: (1) a consensus on the nature of the problem and the desired decision shared by all the decision makers, (2) data quality consistent with its intended use, (3) a more resource-efficient sampling and analysis design, (4) a planned approach to data collection and evaluation, (5) quantitative criteria for knowing when to stop sampling, and (6) known measure of risk for making an incorrect decision.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the process of development of data quality objectives (DQOs) for the acquisition of environmental data. Optimization of sampling and analysis design is a part of the DQO process. This practice describes the DQO process in detail. The various strategies for design optimization are too numerous to include in this practice. Many other documents outline alternatives for optimizing sampling and analysis design. Therefore, only an overview of design optimization is included. Some design aspects are included in the practice's examples for illustration purposes.
1.2 DQO development is the first of three parts of data generation activities. The other two aspects are (1) implementation of the sampling and analysis strategies, see Guide D6311 and (2) data quality assessment, see Guide D6233.  
1.3 This guide should be used in concert with Practices D5283, D6250, and Guide D6044. Practice D5283 outlines the quality assurance (QA) processes specified during planning and used during implementation. Guide D6044 outlines a process by which a representative sample may be obtained from a population, identifies sources that can affect representativeness and describes the attributes of a representative sample. Practice D6250 describes how a decision point can be calculated.
1.4 Environmental data related to waste management activities include, but are not limited to, the results from the sampling and analyses of air, soil, water, biota, process or general waste samples, or any combinations thereof.
1.5 The DQO process is a planning process and should be completed prior to sampling and analysis activities.
1.6 This practice presents extensive requirements of management, designed to ensure high-quality environmental data. The words “must” and “shall” (requirements), “should” (recommendation), and “may” (optional), have been selected carefully to reflect the importance placed on many of the statements in this practice. The extent to which all requirements will be met remains a matter of technical judgment.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7.1 Exception—...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Search sampling strategies have found wide utility in geologic exploration where drilling is required to detect subsurface mineral deposit, such as when drilling for oil and gas. Using such strategies to search for buried wastes and subsurface contaminants, including volatile organic compounds, is a logical extension of these strategies.
Systematic sampling strategies are often the most cost-effective method for searching for hot spots.  
This practice may be used to determine the risk of missing a hot spot of specified size and shape given a specified sampling pattern and sampling density.
This practice may be used to determine the smallest hot spot that can be detected with a specified probability and given sampling density.
This practice may be used to select the optimum grid sampling strategy (that is, sampling pattern and density) for a specified risk of not detecting a hot spot.
By using the algorithms given in this practice, one can balance the cost of sampling versus the risk of missing a hot spot.  
Search sampling patterns may also be used to optimize the locations of additional ground water monitoring wells or vadose zone monitoring devices.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides equations and nomographs, and a reference to a computer program, for calculating probabilities of detecting hot spots (that is, localized areas of soil or groundwater contamination) using point-net (that is, grid) search patterns. Hot spots, more generally referred to as targets, are presumed to be invisible on the ground surface. Hot spots may include former surface impoundments and waste disposal pits, as well as contaminant plumes in ground water or the vadose zone.
1.2 For purposes of calculating detection probabilities, hot spots or buried contaminants are presumed to be elliptically shaped when projected vertically to the ground surface, and search patterns are square, rectangular, or rhombic. Assumptions about the size and shape of suspected hot spots are the primary limitations of this practice, and must be judged by historical information. A further limitation is that hot spot boundaries are usually not clear and distinct.
1.3 In general, this practice should not be used in lieu of surface geophysical methods for detecting buried objects, including underground utilities, where such buried objects can be detected by these methods (see Guide D6429).  
1.4 Search sampling would normally be conducted during preliminary investigations of hazardous waste sites or hazardous waste management facilities (see Guide D5730). Sampling may be conducted by drilling or by direct-push methods. In contrast, guidance on sampling for the purpose of making statistical inferences about population characteristics (for example, contaminant concentrations) can be found in Guide D6311.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The intended use of this guide is to provide practical assistance in the development of an optimized sampling design. This standard describes or discusses:
Sampling design selection criteria,
Factors impacting the choice of a sampling design,
Selection of a sampling design,
Techniques for optimizing candidate designs, and
The criteria for evaluating an optimized sampling design.
Within a formal USEPA data generation activity, the planning process or Data Quality Objectives (DQO) development is the first step. The second and third are the implementation of the sampling and analysis design and the data quality assessment. Within the DQO planning process, the selection and optimization of the sampling design is the last step, and therefore, the culmination of the DQO process. The preceding steps in the DQO planning process address:
The problem that needs to be addressed,
The possible decisions,
The data input and associated activities,
The boundaries of the study,
The development of decision rules, and
The specified the limits on decision error.
This guide is not intended to address the aspects of the planning process for development of the project objectives. However, the project objectives must be outlined and communicated to the design team, prior to the selection and optimization of the sample design.
This guide references statistical aspects of the planning and implementation process and includes an appendix for the statistical calculation of the optimum number of samples for a given sampling design.
This guide is intended for those who are responsible for making decisions about environmental waste management activities.
SCOPE
1.1 This document provides practical guidance on the selection and optimization of sample designs in waste management sampling activities, within the context of the requirements established by the data quality objectives or other planning process.
1.2 This document (1) provides guidance for selection of sampling designs; (2) outlines techniques to optimize candidate designs; and (3) describes the variables that need to be balanced in choosing the final optimized design.
1.3 The contents of this guide are arranged by section as follows:
1.Scope      2.Referenced Documents      3.Terminology      4.Significance and Use      5.Summary of Guide      6.Factors Affecting Sampling Design Selection  6.1Sampling Design Performance Characteristics  6.2Regulatory Considerations  6.3Project Objectives  6.4Knowledge of the Site  6.5Physical Sample Issues  6.6Communication with the Laboratory  6.7Analytical Turn Around Time  6.8Analytical Method Constraints  6.9Health and Safety  6.10Budget/Cost Considerations  6.11Representativeness      7.Initial Design Selection  8.Optimization Criteria  9.Optimization Process  9.2Practical Evaluation of Design Alternatives  9.3Statistical and Cost Evaluation      10.Final Selection      Annex A1Types of Sampling Designs  A1.1Commonly Used Sampling Designs  A1.2Sampling Design Tools  A1.3Combination Sample Designs      Appendix X1. Additional References      Appendix X2. Choosing Analytical Method Based on Variance and Cost      Appendix X3. Calculating the Number of Samples: A Statistical Treatment  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Representative samples are defined in the context of the study objectives.
This guide defines the meaning of a representative sample, as well as the attributes the sample(s) needs to have in order to provide a valid inference from the sample data to the population.
This guide also provides a process to identify the sources of error (both systematic and random) so that an effort can be made to control or minimize these errors. These sources include sampling error, measurement error, and statistical bias.
When the objective is limited to the taking of a representative (physical) sample or a representative set of (physical) samples, only potential sampling errors need to be considered. When the objective is to make an inference from the sample data to the population, additional measurement error and statistical bias need to be considered.
This guide does not apply to the cases where the taking of a nonrepresentative sample(s) is prescribed by the study objective. In that case, sampling approaches such as judgment sampling or biased sampling can be taken. These approaches are not within the scope of this guide.
Following this guide does not guarantee that representative samples will be obtained. But failure to follow this guide will likely result in obtaining sample data that are either biased or imprecise, or both. Following this guide should increase the level of confidence in making the inference from the sample data to the population.
This guide can be used in conjunction with the DQO process (see Practice D 5792).
This guide is intended for those who manage, design, and implement sampling and analytical plans for waste management and contaminated media.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the definition of representativeness in environmental sampling, identifies sources that can affect representativeness (especially bias), and describes the attributes that a representative sample or a representative set of samples should possess. For convenience, the term“ representative sample” is used in this guide to denote both a representative sample and a representative set of samples, unless otherwise qualified in the text.
1.2 This guide outlines a process by which a representative sample may be obtained from a population. The purpose of the representative sample is to provide information about a statistical parameter(s) (such as mean) of the population regarding some characteristic(s) (such as concentration) of its constituent(s) (such as lead). This process includes the following stages: (1) minimization of sampling bias and optimization of precision while taking the physical samples, (2) minimization of measurement bias and optimization of precision when analyzing the physical samples to obtain data, and (3) minimization of statistical bias when making inference from the sample data to the population. While both bias and precision are covered in this guide, major emphasis is given to bias reduction.
1.3 This guide describes the attributes of a representative sample and presents a general methodology for obtaining representative samples. It does not, however, provide specific or comprehensive sampling procedures. It is the user's responsibility to ensure that proper and adequate procedures are used.
1.4 The assessment of the representativeness of a sample is not covered in this guide since it is not possible to ever know the true value of the population.
1.5 Since the purpose of each sampling event is unique, this guide does not attempt to give a step by step account of how to develop a sampling design that results in the collection of representative samples.  
1.6 Appendix X1 contains two case studies, which discuss the factors for obtaining representative samples.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The techniques of air monitoring are many and varied. This guide is intended to describe the standard approaches that are used in designing an air monitoring program to protect waste management site workers.
When entering a remedial action site to initiate an investigation or a cleanup operation, operating personnel may be faced with the extreme hazards of fire, explosion, and acute or chronic health hazards. A thorough safety and health program, including a site-specific safety and health plan, must be in place to direct worker activity. Details for such plans can be found in the OSHA Interim Final Rule for Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response and Refs (1, 2). Air monitoring is an integral part of such a program. This guide describes equipment and sampling procedures which can be used to evaluate the airborne hazard potential so as to gain and maintain control over the situation at the site.
Upon obtaining readings at the site, a decision must be made as to whether conditions are under control or not. That decision will depend on the nature of the contaminants (toxicity, reactivity, volatility, etc.), the extent (area affected, number of workers, etc.) of the problem and the level of worker protection available. Since all such parameters will be site specific, the necessary decision-making is beyond the range of this guide.
This guide does not include monitoring sites containing radioactive materials, nor does it cover general safety aspects, such as access to emergency equipment or medical support of emergency needs. These items should be covered in a safety and health plan.
It is recommended that this guide be used in conjunction with Guide D 4687.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to provide a standardized approach for establishing and carrying out an air monitoring program to protect workers at waste management facilities. This guide may apply to routine operations at an active treatment, storage, or disposal site or the extraordinary conditions that can be encountered in opening and cleaning up a remedial action site.
1.2 Any user of this guide must understand that it is impossible to predict all the difficulties that could develop at a waste management facility due to hazardous airborne emissions. Although air contaminant measurements obtained in accordance with this guide may indicate acceptable or tolerable levels of toxic agents are present, care and judgment must still be exercised before concluding that all atmospheric contaminants at the site are under control.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Environmental data are often required for making regulatory and programmatic decisions. These data must be of known quality commensurate with their intended use.
Data generation efforts involve the following: establishment of the DQOs; design of the project plan to meet the DQOs; implementation of the project plan; and assessment of the data to determine whether the DQOs have been met.
Certain minimal criteria must be met by the field and laboratory organizations generating environmental data. Additional activities may be required based on the DQOs of the data collection effort.
This practice defines the criteria for field and laboratory organizations generating environmental data and identifies some other activities that may be required based on the DQOs.
This practice emphasizes the importance of communication among those involved in establishing DQOs, planning and implementing the sampling and analysis aspects of environmental data generation activities, and assessing data quality.
Environmental field operations are discussed in Section 7, and environmental laboratory operations are discussed in Section 8.
SCOPE
1.1 Environmental data generation efforts are composed of four parts: (1) establishment of data quality objectives (DQOs); (2) design of field measurement and sampling strategies and specification of laboratory analyses and data acceptance criteria; (3) implementation of sampling and analysis strategies; and (4) data quality assessment. This practice addresses the planning and implementation of the sampling and analysis aspects of environmental data generation activities (Parts (1) and (2) above).
1.2 This practice defines the criteria that must be considered to assure the quality of the field and analytical aspects of environmental data generation activities. Environmental data include, but are not limited to, the results from analyses of samples of air, soil, water, biota, waste, or any combinations thereof.
1.3 DQOs should be adopted prior to application of this practice. Data generated in accordance with this practice are subject to a final assessment to determine whether the DQOs were met. For example, many screening activities do not require all of the mandatory quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) steps found in this practice to generate data adequate to meet the project DQOs. The extent to which all of the requirements must be met remains a matter of technical judgement as it relates to the established DQOs.
1.4 This practice presents extensive management requirements designed to ensure high-quality environmental data. The words “must,”“ shall,” “may,” and “should” have been selected carefully to reflect the importance placed on many of the statements made in this practice.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—A complete table of contents of this practice is given in Appendix X1.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Although many technical papers address topics important to efficient and accurate sampling investigations (DQO's, study design, QA/QC, data assessment; see Guides D 4687, D 5730, D 6009, D 6051, and Practice D 5283), the selection and use of appropriate sampling equipment is assumed or omitted.
The choice of sampling equipment can be crucial to the task of collecting a sample appropriate for the intended use.
When a sample is collected, all sources of potential bias should be considered, not only in the selection and use of the sampling device, but also in the interpretation and use of the data generated. Some major considerations in the selection of sampling equipment for the collection of a sample are listed below.
The ability to access and extract from every relevant location in the target population,
The ability to collect a sufficient mass of sample such that the distribution of particle sizes in the population are represented, and
The ability to collect a sample without the addition or loss of constituents of interest.
The characteristics discussed in 5.3 are particularly important in investigations when the target population is heterogeneous such as when particle sizes vary, liquids are present in distinct phases, a gaseous phase exists or material from different sources are present in the population. The consideration of these characteristics during the equipment selection process will enable the data user to make appropriate statistical inferences about the target population based on the sampling results.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers criteria which should be considered when selecting sampling equipment for collecting environmental and waste samples for waste management activities. This guide includes a list of equipment that is used and is readily available. Many specialized sampling devices are not specifically included in this guide. However, the factors that should be weighed when choosing any piece of equipment are covered and remain the same for the selection of any piece of equipment. Sampling equipment described in this guide includes automatic samplers, pumps, bailers, tubes, scoops, spoons, shovels, dredges, coring and augering devices. The selection of sampling locations is outside the scope of this guide.
1.1.1 Table 1 lists selected equipment and its applicability to sampling matrices, including water (surface and ground), sediments, soils, liquids, multi-layered liquids, mixed solid-liquid phases, and consolidated and unconsolidated solids. The guide does not address specifically the collection of samples of any suspended materials from flowing rivers or streams. Refer to Guide D 4411 for more information.
1.2 Table 2 presents the same list of equipment and its applicability for use based on compatibility of sample and equipment; volume of the sample required; physical requirements such as power, size, and weight; ease of operation and decontamination; and whether it is reusable or disposable.
1.3 Table 3 provides the basis for selection of suitable equipment by the use of an Index.
1.4 Lists of advantages and disadvantages of selected sampling devices and line drawings and narratives describing the operation of sampling devices are also provided.
1.5 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard units. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in con junction with professional judgement. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's ma...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
“Stand-alone” laboratories rarely generate or handle large volumes of hazardous substances. However, the safe handling and disposal of these substances is still a matter of concern. Since the promulgation of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976, more attention has been given to the proper handling and disposal of such materials. States may adopt more stringent requirements; information on this may be found along the path EPA Home > Wastes > Regions/States/Tribes > RCRA State Authorization > Data, Charts and Graphs (STATS) > State/Regional. To keep track of this, EPA classifies state regulatory language as (1) authorized, (2) procedural/enforcement, (3) broader in scope, and (4) unauthorized, and it publishes notices concerning the first three in the Federal Register.  
Laboratory management should designate an individual who will be responsible for waste disposal and must review the RCRA guidelines, in particular:
40 CFR 261.3 - definition of a hazardous waste,
40 CFR 261.33 -specific substances listed as hazardous,
40 CFR 262 - generator requirements and exclusions, and proper shipping and manifesting procedures.  
Because many laboratory employees could be involved in the proper (and improper) treatment and disposal of laboratory chemicals and samples, it is suggested that a safety and training program be designed and presented to all regarding procedures to follow in the treatment and disposal of designated laboratory wastes and is required by the EPA (40 CFR 265.16). For those who pack and ship, Hazardous Materials Shipper training is also required by DOT (49 CFR 172.203).  
If practical and economically feasible, it is, of course, recommended that all laboratory waste be either recovered, re-used, or disposed of in-house. However, should this not be the case, other alternatives are presented. This guide is intended only as a suggested organized method for classification, segregation, and disposal of chemical laboratory waste. A uni...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to provide the chemical laboratory manager with guidelines for the disposal of small quantities of laboratory wastes safely and in an environmentally sound manner. This guide is applicable to laboratories that generate small quantities of chemical or toxic wastes. Generally, such tasks include, but are not limited to, analytical chemistry, process control, and research or life science laboratories. It would be impossible to address the disposal of all waste from all types of laboratories. This guide is intended to address the more common laboratory waste streams.
1.2 This guide is intended to support compliance with environmental laws in the United States of America. Some of these laws provide for states to take over regulation of air quality or natural water quality with the approval of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Other matters, such as laboratory waste tracking, disposal as household garbage and use of sewers, are handled at the state, local or provider level throughout the country. Examples of providers are air scrubber services, municipal sewer systems, municipal and private garbage services, and treatment, storage or disposal facilities (TSD). Go to the EPA home page, click Wastes > Regions/States/Tribes > States to get help locating state regulations. Unfortunately, it is not possible for any one source to provide all the information necessary for laboratories to comply with all regulations. To ensure compliance, the laboratory manager must communicate with regulators at all four levels.
1.3 Though it would be convenient to cite each reference by its Universal Resource Locator (URL), this guide eschews that (because such references are too labile) with the exception of http://www.epa.gov for the United States Environmental Protection Agency, http://www.dot.gov or http://www.hazmat.dot.gov for the United States Department of Transportation, and http://thomas.loc.gov to f...

SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to provide the chemical laboratory manager with guidelines for the disposal of small quantities of laboratory wastes safely and in an environmentally sound manner. This guide is applicable to laboratories that generate small quantities of chemical or toxic wastes. Generally, such tasks include, but are not limited to, analytical chemistry, process control, and research or life science laboratories. It would be impossible to address the disposal of all waste from all types of laboratories. This guide is intended to address the more common laboratory waste streams.
1.2 This guide is intended to support compliance with environmental laws in the United States of America. Some of these laws provide for states to take over regulation of air quality or natural water quality with the approval of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Other matters, such as laboratory waste tracking, disposal as household garbage and use of sewers, are handled at the state, local or provider level throughout the country. Examples of providers are air scrubber services, municipal sewer systems, municipal and private garbage services, and treatment, storage or disposal facilities (TSD). Go to the EPA home page, click Wastes > Regions/States/Tribes > States to get help locating state regulations. Unfortunately, it is not possible for any one source to provide all the information necessary for laboratories to comply with all regulations. To ensure compliance, the laboratory manager must communicate with regulators at all four levels.
1.3 Though it would be convenient to cite each reference by its Universal Resource Locator (URL), this guide eschews that (because such references are too labile) with the exception of http://www.epa.gov and http://es.epa.gov for the United States Environmental Protection Agency, http://www.dot.gov or http://www.hazmat.dot.gov for the United States Department of Transportation, and http://thomas.loc.gov to follow pending federal legislation in the United States. Intra-site links suggested here are also subject to obsolescence. However, one can enter in the web site search box the title of the document cited to locate it.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide lists the physical and chemical treatment processes design data needed to evaluate, select, and design treatment processes for remediation of contaminated sites. This data is listed in . Much of these data can be obtained and analyzed at the site with instruments and test kits.
1.2 It is recommended that this guide be used in conducting environmental site assessments and Remedial Investigations/Feasibility Studies (RI/FS) and selections of remedy in U.S. Code of Federal Regulations 40 CFR 300.430.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Environmental data are often required for making regulatory and programmatic decisions. Decision makers must determine whether the levels of assurance associated with the data are sufficient in quality for their intended use.
Data generation efforts involve three parts: development of DQOs and subsequent project plan(s) to meet the DQOs, implementation and oversight of the project plan(s), and assessment of the data quality to determine whether the DQOs were met.
To determine the level of assurance necessary to support the decision, an iterative process must be used by decision makers, data collectors, and users. This practice emphasizes the iterative nature of the process of DQO development. Objectives may need to be reevaluated and modified as information related to the level of data quality is gained. This means that DQOs are the product of the DQO process and are subject to change as data are gathered and assessed.
This practice defines the process of developing DQOs. Each step of the planning process is described.
This practice emphasizes the importance of communication among those involved in developing DQOs, those planning and implementing the sampling and analysis aspects of environmental data generation activities, and those assessing data quality.
The impacts of a successful DQO process on the project are as follows: (1) a consensus on the nature of the problem and the desired decision shared by all the decision makers, (2) data quality consistent with its intended use, (3) a more resource-efficient sampling and analysis design, (4) a planned approach to data collection and evaluation, (5) quantitative criteria for knowing when to stop sampling, and (6) known measure of risk for making an incorrect decision.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the process of development of data quality objectives (DQOs) for the acquisition of environmental data. Optimization of sampling and analysis design is a part of the DQO process. This practice describes the DQO process in detail. The various strategies for design optimization are too numerous to include in this practice. Many other documents outline alternatives for optimizing sampling and analysis design. Therefore, only an overview of design optimization is included. Some design aspects are included in the practice's examples for illustration purposes.
1.2 DQO development is the first of three parts of data generation activities. The other two aspects are ( 1) implementation of the sampling and analysis strategies, see Guide D 6311 and (2) data quality assessment, see Guide D 6233.
1.3 This guide should be used in concert with Practices D 5283, D 6250, and Guide D 6044. Practice D 5283 outlines the quality assurance (QA) processes specified during planning and used during implementation. Guide D 6044 outlines a process by which a representative sample may be obtained from a population, identifies sources that can affect representativeness and describes the attributes of a representative sample. Practice D 6250 describes how a decision point can be calculated.
1.4 Environmental data related to waste management activities include, but are not limited to, the results from the sampling and analyses of air, soil, water, biota, process or general waste samples, or any combinations thereof.
1.5 The DQO process is a planning process and should be completed prior to sampling and analysis activities.
1.6 This practice presents extensive requirements of management, designed to ensure high-quality environmental data. The words "must" and "shall" (requirements), "should" (recommendation), and "may" (optional), have been selected carefully to reflect the importance placed on many of the statements in this practice. The extent to which all requirements will be met remains a matter of technical judgment.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.8 This stan...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice contains a mechanism to determine that the hazardous constituents have been remediated to an acceptable level.
This practice assists both the regulator and the owner/operator in establishing cost-effective steps and procedures necessary to determine if the site has achieved its objective for site closure.
This practice can be applied to hazardous and nonhazardous spills or leaks, surface impoundments, waste piles, buildings, and tanks. The general nature of this practice allows its use in a large variety of situations.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the steps necessary to determine if a site is ready for closure with emphasis on general sampling techniques and how to determine if the agreed upon level of remediation has been achieved.
1.2 A minimum of statistical procedures is used in this practice.
1.3 The standard practice does not address radioactive waste sites nor does it cover every situation that can occur in the field. It does cover the following general sampling techniques: soil sampling, swipe sampling of buildings and equipment, surface impoundments, waste piles, and layered tanks. It does not cover drum sampling, general water sampling and monitoring wells and their construction.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide is intended to provide guidance for sampling waste piles. It can be used to obtain samples for waste characterization related to use, treatment, or disposal; to monitor an active pile; to prepare for closure of the waste pile; or to investigate the contents of an abandoned pile.
Techniques used to sample include both in-place evaluations of the pile and physically removing a sample. In-place evaluations include techniques such as remote sensing, on-site gas analysis, and permeability.  
Sampling strategy for waste piles is dependent on the following:
4.3.1 Project objectives including acceptable levels of error when making decisions;
4.3.2 Physical characteristics of the pile, such as its size and configuration, access to all parts of it, and the stability of the pile;
4.3.3 Process that generated the waste and the waste characteristics, such as hazardous chemical or physical properties, whether the waste consists of sludges, dry powders or granules, and the heterogeneity of the wastes;
4.3.4 History of the pile, including dates of generation, methods of handling and transport, and current management methods;
4.3.5 Regulatory considerations, such as regulatory classification and characterization data;
4.3.6 Limits and bias of sampling methods, including bias that may be introduced by waste heterogeneity, sampling design, and sampling equipment.
It is recommended that this guide be used in conjunction with Guide D 4687, which addresses sampling design, quality assurance, general sampling considerations, preservation and containerization, cleaning equipment, packaging, and chain of custody.
A case history of the investigation of a waste pile is included in Appendix X1.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides guidance for obtaining representative samples from waste piles. Guidance is provided for site evaluation, sampling design, selection of equipment, and data interpretation.
1.2 Waste piles include areas used primarily for waste storage or disposal, including above-grade dry land disposal units. This guide can be applied to sampling municipal waste piles.
1.3 This guide addresses how the choice of sampling design and sampling methods depends on specific features of the pile.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The procedures covered in this guide are general and provide the user with information helpful for writing sampling plans, safety plans, labeling and shipping procedures, chain-of-custody procedures, general sampling procedures, general cleaning procedures, and general preservation procedures.
For purposes of this guide, it is assumed that the user has knowledge of the waste being sampled and the possible safety hazards.
This guide is not to be used when sampling sites or wastes where safety hazards are unknown. In such cases, the user must use other more appropriate procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information for formulating and planning the many aspects of waste sampling (see 1.2) which are common to most waste sampling situations.
1.2 The aspects of sampling which this guide addresses are as follows:
1.3 This guide does not provide comprehensive sampling procedures for these aspects, nor does it serve as a guide to any specific application. It is the responsibility of the user to assure that the procedures used are proper and adequate.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific precautionary statements see , , and Section .

SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes ranked set sampling, discusses its relative advantages over simple random sampling, and provides examples of potential applications in environmental sampling.
1.2 Ranked set sampling is useful and cost-effective when there is an auxiliary variable, which can be inexpensively measured relative to the primary variable, and when the auxiliary variable has correlation with the primary variable. The resultant estimation of the mean concentration is unbiased, more precise than simple random sampling, and more representative of the population under a wide variety of conditions.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Search sampling strategies have found wide utility in geologic exploration where drilling is required to detect subsurface mineral deposit, such as when drilling for oil. Using such strategies to search for buried wastes, subsurface contaminants, and underground structures is a logical extension of these strategies.
Systematic sampling strategies are often the most cost-effective method for searching for hot spots or buried objects.  
Search sampling patterns may also be used to optimize the locations of ground water monitoring wells or to optimize the location of vadose zone monitoring devices.
This practice may be used to determine the risk of missing a target of specified size and shape given a specified sampling pattern and sampling density.
This practice may be used to determine the smallest target that can be detected with a specified probability and given sampling density.
This practice may be used to select the optimum grid sampling strategy (that is, sampling pattern and density) for a specified risk of not detecting a hot spot or buried object.
By using the algorithms given in this practice, one can balance the cost of sampling versus the risk of missing a hot spot or buried object.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides equations and nomographs, and a reference to a computer program, for calculating probabilities of detecting hot spots (that is, localized areas of soil or groundwater contamination) and buried objects using point-net (that is, grid) search patterns. Hot spots, more generally referred to as targets, are presumed to be invisible on the ground surface. Buried objects may include former surface impoundments, waste disposal pits, and utilities that have been covered by soil or paving materials. Hot spots may also include contaminant plumes in ground water or soil gas.
1.2 For purposes of calculating detection probabilities, hot spots or buried objects are presumed to be elliptically shaped when projected vertically to the ground surface, and search patterns are square, rectangular, or rhombic. Assumptions about the size and shape of suspected hot spots are the primary limitations of this practice, and must be judged by historical information. A further limitation is that hot spot boundaries are assumed to be clear and distinct. Alternative approaches to hot spot detection using discrete sampling should also be considered where feasible, such as surface geophysical measurements (see Guide D 6429).
1.3 Search sampling would normally be conducted during preliminary investigations of hazardous waste sites or hazardous waste management facilities (see Guide D 5730). Sampling may be conducted via drilling or by direct-push methods. In contrast, guidance on sampling for the purpose of making statistical inferences about population characteristics (for example, contaminant concentrations) can be found in Guide D 6311.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes an approach for demonstrating the quality of analytical chemical measurement results from the application of a measurement system (that is, method or sequence of methods) to the analysis of environmental samples of soil, water, air, or waste. The purpose of such measurements can include demonstrating compliance with a regulatory limit, determining whether a site is contaminated above some specified level, or determining treatment process efficacy.
1.2 This guide describes a procedure that can be used to assess a measurement system used to generate analytical results for a specific purpose. Users and reviewers of the analytical results can determine, with a known level of confidence, if they meet the quality requirements and are suitable for the intended use.
1.3 This protocol does not address the general components of laboratory quality systems necessary to ensure the overall quality of laboratory operations. For such systems, the user is referred to International Standards Organization (ISO) Standard 17025 or the National Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Conference (NELAC) laboratory accreditation standards.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Representative samples are defined in the context of the study objectives.
This guide defines the meaning of a representative sample, as well as the attributes the sample(s) needs to have in order to provide a valid inference from the sample data to the population.
This guide also provides a process to identify the sources of error (both systematic and random) so that an effort can be made to control or minimize these errors. These sources include sampling error, measurement error, and statistical bias.
When the objective is limited to the taking of a representative (physical) sample or a representative set of (physical) samples, only potential sampling errors need to be considered. When the objective is to make an inference from the sample data to the population, additional measurement error and statistical bias need to be considered.
This guide does not apply to the cases where the taking of a nonrepresentative sample(s) is prescribed by the study objective. In that case, sampling approaches such as judgment sampling or biased sampling can be taken. These approaches are not within the scope of this guide.
Following this guide does not guarantee that representative samples will be obtained. But failure to follow this guide will likely result in obtaining sample data that are either biased or imprecise, or both. Following this guide should increase the level of confidence in making the inference from the sample data to the population.
This guide can be used in conjunction with the DQO process (see Practice D 5792).
This guide is intended for those who manage, design, and implement sampling and analytical plans for waste management and contaminated media.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the definition of representativeness in environmental sampling, identifies sources that can affect representativeness (especially bias), and describes the attributes that a representative sample or a representative set of samples should possess. For convenience, the term "representative sample" is used in this guide to denote both a representative sample and a representative set of samples, unless otherwise qualified in the text.
1.2 This guide outlines a process by which a representative sample may be obtained from a population. The purpose of the representative sample is to provide information about a statistical parameter(s) (such as mean) of the population regarding some characteristic(s) (such as concentration) of its constituent(s) (such as lead). This process includes the following stages: (1) minimization of sampling bias and optimization of precision while taking the physical samples, (2) minimization of measurement bias and optimization of precision when analyzing the physical samples to obtain data, and (3) minimization of statistical bias when making inference from the sample data to the population. While both bias and precision are covered in this guide, major emphasis is given to bias reduction.
1.3 This guide describes the attributes of a representative sample and presents a general methodology for obtaining representative samples. It does not, however, provide specific or comprehensive sampling procedures. It is the user's responsibility to ensure that proper and adequate procedures are used.
1.4 The assessment of the representativeness of a sample is not covered in this guide since it is not possible to ever know the true value of the poplulation.
1.5 Since the purpose of each sampling event is unique, this guide does not attempt to give a step by step account of how to develop a sampling design that results in the collection of representative samples.
1.6 Appendix X1 contains two case studies, which discuss the factors for obtaining representative samples.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Environmental data are often required for making regulatory and programmatic decisions. These data must be of known quality commensurate with their intended use.
Data generation efforts involve the following: establishment of the DQOs; design of the project plan to meet the DQOs; implementation of the project plan; and assessment of the data to determine whether the DQOs have been met.
Certain minimal criteria must be met by the field and laboratory organizations generating environmental data. Additional activities may be required based on the DQOs of the data collection effort.
This practice defines the criteria for field and laboratory organizations generating environmental data and identifies some other activities that may be required based on the DQOs.
This practice emphasizes the importance of communication among those involved in establishing DQOs, planning and implementing the sampling and analysis aspects of environmental data generation activities, and assessing data quality.
Environmental field operations are discussed in Section 7, and environmental laboratory operations are discussed in Section 8.
SCOPE
1.1 Environmental data generation efforts are composed of four parts: (1) establishment of data quality objectives (DQOs); (2) design of field measurement and sampling strategies and specification of laboratory analyses and data acceptance criteria; (3) implementation of sampling and analysis strategies; and (4) data quality assessment. This practice addresses the planning and implementation of the sampling and analysis aspects of environmental data generation activities (Parts (1) and (2) above).
1.2 This practice defines the criteria that must be considered to assure the quality of the field and analytical aspects of environmental data generation activities. Environmental data include, but are not limited to, the results from analyses of samples of air, soil, water, biota, waste, or any combinations thereof.
1.3 DQOs should be adopted prior to application of this practice. Data generated in accordance with this practice are subject to a final assessment to determine whether the DQOs were met. For example, many screening activities do not require all of the mandatory quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) steps found in this practice to generate data adequate to meet the project DQOs. The extent to which all of the requirements must be met remains a matter of technical judgement as it relates to the established DQOs.
1.4 This practice presents extensive management requirements designed to ensure high-quality environmental data. The words "must," "shall," "may," and "should" have been selected carefully to reflect the importance placed on many of the statements made in this practice.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note1—A complete table of contents of this practice is given in .