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ASTM D7473-12

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Weight Attrition of Plastic Materials in the Marine Environment by Open System Aquarium Incubations

Standard Test Method for Weight Attrition of Plastic Materials in the Marine Environment by Open System Aquarium Incubations

SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the weight loss as a function of time of non-floating plastic materials (including formulation additives), when incubated under changing, open, marine aquarium conditions, which is representative of aquatic environments near the coasts and near the bottom of a body of water in the absence of sunlight, particularly UV and visible portions of the spectrum. The goal of this test is to obtain data that will predict real world experiences based on the extent and rate of biodegradation data of the same materials obtained from the laboratory Test Method D6691. The aquarium incubated films are examined for visual degradation and dry weight loss over time. This test is not a replacement to Test Method D6691, but rather an additional ASTM method for weight attrition. The standard addresses weight loss of the plastics in a marine environment and cannot be used for demonstrating biodegradation for which Specification D7081 needs to be used.
1.2 Plastic film pieces of known size and thickness are used at levels so as not to exceed the availability of micronutrients essential for and therefore limit the microbial biodegradation process.
1.3 The aquarium incubation test method allows representative indigenous microorganisms present in seawater and marine sediment to be enriched for and carry out the biodegradation. It is recommended that the test be carried out in the geographical vicinity (latitudinal area) where the test film is likely to be used and potentially disposed of in the marine environment if biodegradable criteria are met. These Aquarium studies are conducted in indoor environments, hence any sunlight-induced effects on degradation, or biodegradation, or both, are not taken into account.
1.4 Prior to conducting this aquarium test method (weight loss data) for the verification of biodegradability, Test Method D6691 shall be run on the same materials to establish quantitative levels of the plastic organic carbon oxidation and levels of carbon dioxide recovered there from. If Test Method D6691 achieves 30 % mineralization, then apply this Aquarium test and perform it. If the results from Test Method D6691 do not achieve 30 % mineralization, then aquarium incubation testing need not be done and the material shall be considered non-biodegradable in the marine environment.
1.5 This test by itself shall not be used as the basis for claims, such as “Biodegradable in Marine Environments” since it is only a weight loss test method.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2012
ICS
13.030.99 - Other standards related to wastes
Technical Committee
D20 - Plastics
Drafting Committee
D20.96 - Environmentally Degradable Plastics and Biobased Products
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D7473-12 - Standard Test Method for Weight Attrition of Plastic Materials in the Marine Environment by Open System Aquarium IncubationsASTM D7473-12 - Standard Test Method for Weight Attrition of Plastic Materials in the Marine Environment by Open System Aquarium Incubations
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ASTM D7473-12 - Standard Test Method for Weight Attrition of Plastic Materials in the Marine Environment by Open System Aquarium Incubations
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7473 − 12
Standard Test Method for
Weight Attrition of Plastic Materials in the Marine
1
Environment by Open System Aquarium Incubations
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7473; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope achieves 30% mineralization, then apply this Aquarium test
and perform it. If the results from Test Method D6691 do not
1.1 This test method is used to determine the weight loss as
achieve 30% mineralization, then aquarium incubation testing
a function of time of non-floating plastic materials (including
need not be done and the material shall be considered non-
formulation additives), when incubated under changing, open,
biodegradable in the marine environment.
marineaquariumconditions,whichisrepresentativeofaquatic
environments near the coasts and near the bottom of a body of 1.5 This test by itself shall not be used as the basis for
water in the absence of sunlight, particularly UV and visible claims,suchas“BiodegradableinMarineEnvironments”since
portions of the spectrum. The goal of this test is to obtain data it is only a weight loss test method.
thatwillpredictrealworldexperiencesbasedontheextentand
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
rateofbiodegradationdataofthesamematerialsobtainedfrom
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
the laboratory Test Method D6691. The aquarium incubated
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
films are examined for visual degradation and dry weight loss
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
overtime.ThistestisnotareplacementtoTestMethodD6691,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
butratheranadditionalASTMmethodforweightattrition.The
NOTE 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
standard addresses weight loss of the plastics in a marine
environment and cannot be used for demonstrating biodegra-
2. Referenced Documents
dation for which Specification D7081 needs to be used.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.2 Plastic film pieces of known size and thickness are used
D883Terminology Relating to Plastics
at levels so as not to exceed the availability of micronutrients
D6691Test Method for Determining Aerobic Biodegrada-
essential for and therefore limit the microbial biodegradation
tion of Plastic Materials in the Marine Environment by a
process.
Defined Microbial Consortium or Natural Sea Water
1.3 The aquarium incubation test method allows represen-
Inoculum
tative indigenous microorganisms present in seawater and
D7081Specification for Non-Floating Biodegradable Plas-
marine sediment to be enriched for and carry out the biodeg-
tics in the Marine Environment
radation. It is recommended that the test be carried out in the
geographical vicinity (latitudinal area) where the test film is
3. Terminology
likely to be used and potentially disposed of in the marine
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms applying to this test
environmentifbiodegradablecriteriaaremet.TheseAquarium
method appear in Terminology D883.
studies are conducted in indoor environments, hence any
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
sunlight-induced effects on degradation, or biodegradation, or
both, are not taken into account. 3.2.1 absence of light—absence of electromagnetic radia-
tion with the focus on visible and ultraviolet portions of the
1.4 Prior to conducting this aquarium test method (weight
spectrum of sunlight or other light with similar wavelength
loss data) for the verification of biodegradability, Test Method
frequencies from artificial sources.
D6691 shall be run on the same materials to establish quanti-
3.2.2 natural seawater (NSW)—seawater unamended with
tative levels of the plastic organic carbon oxidation and levels
any additives.
of carbon dioxide recovered there from. IfTest Method D6691
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD20onPlastics
2
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.96 on Environmentally For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Degradable Plastics and Biobased Products. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved May 1, 2012. Published June 2012. DOI:10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D7473–12. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7473 − 12
3.2.3 indigenous microbes—thosemicrobesnaturall
...

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4.1 Materials made from photodegradable plastics are intended to deteriorate rapidly when exposed to solar radiation, oxygen, heat, moisture and other degrading elements of the weather. This practice is used for evaluating the photodegradability of plastics when exposed in an apparatus that produces simulated daylight (1,2)6 and controlled temperature and moisture. The exposure used in this practice is not intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena such as atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and salt water exposure. There can be no positive correlation of exposure results between this and other laboratory weathering devices.  
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ASTM D7473/D7473M-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Weight Attrition of Non-floating Plastic Materials by Open System Aquarium Incubations

SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the weight loss as a function of time of non-floating plastic materials (including formulation additives), when incubated under changing, open, marine aquarium conditions, which is representative of aquatic aerobic environments near the coasts and near the bottom of a body of water in the absence of sunlight, particularly UV and visible portions of the spectrum. The goal of this test is to obtain data that can be used to assess the potential for physical degradation of the test material. Such potential for physical degradation will be affected by real life environmental conditions.  
1.2 In particular this test method does not take into consideration the possible effects of solar irradiation.  
1.3 The aquarium-incubated plastic materials are examined for visual degradation and dry weight loss over time. This test does not provide information on ultimate biodegradation (that is, it is not a replacement for Test Method D6691), but it is an ASTM method for weight attrition. The standard addresses only weight loss as a function of time of the plastics materials in a marine environment and shall not be used for demonstrating ultimate biodegradation.  
1.4 This test method does not provide information regarding the potential formation of microplastics due to the physical degradation of the samples.  
1.5 Plastic pieces of known size and thickness are used at levels so as not to exceed the availability of micronutrients essential for and therefore limit the microbial processes.  
1.6 The aquarium incubation test method allows for representative indigenous microorganisms present in seawater and marine sediment to be enriched for and carry out the biodegradation. It is recommended that the test be carried out in the geographical vicinity (latitudinal area) where the test materials are likely to be used. These Aquarium studies are conducted in indoor environments, hence any sunlight-induced effects on degradation, or biodegradation, or both, are not taken into account.  
1.7 This test by itself shall not be used as the basis for claims, such as “Biodegradable in Marine Environments” since it is only a weight loss test method. This test method is solely a means for measuring a characteristic (physical degradation) under standard conditions. It does not assess the general environmental impact of plastic products.  
1.8 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems has the potential to result in non-conformance with the standard.  
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Standard Specification for Labeling of End Items that Incorporate Plastics and Polymers as Coatings or Additives with Paper and Other Substrates Designed to be Aerobically Composted in Municipal or Industrial Facilities

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for labelling of materials and products (including packaging), wherein a biodegradable plastic film or coating is attached (either through lamination or extrusion directly onto the paper) to compostable substrates and the entire product or package is designed to be composted in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities. This specification, however, does not describe the contents of the product or their performance with regards to compostability or biodegradability. In order to compost satisfactorily, the product must demonstrate each of the three characteristics as follows: (1) proper disintegration during composting; (2) adequate level of inherent biodegradation; and (3) no adverse impacts on the ability of composts to support plant growth.
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5.1 Biodegradation of a plastic within a high-solids anaerobic digestion unit is an important phenomenon because it will affect the decomposition of other waste materials enclosed by the plastic and the resulting quality and appearance of the digestate after an anaerobic digestion process. Biodegradation of plastics could allow for the safe disposal of these plastics through aerobic and anaerobic solid-waste-treatment plants. This procedure has been developed to permit the determination of the rate and degree of anaerobic biodegradability of plastic products when placed in a high-solids anaerobic digester for the production of digestate from municipal solid waste.  
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SCOPE
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5.3 To determine the level of assurance necessary to support the decision, an iterative process must be used by decision makers, data collectors, and users. This practice emphasizes the iterative nature of the process of DQO development. Objectives may need to be reevaluated and modified as information related to the level of data quality is gained. This means that DQOs are the product of the DQO process and are subject to change as data are gathered and assessed.  
5.4 This practice defines the process of developing DQOs. Each step of the planning process is described.  
5.5 This practice emphasizes the importance of communication among those involved in developing DQOs, those planning and implementing the sampling and analysis aspects of environmental data generation activities, and those assessing data quality.  
5.6 The impacts of a successful DQO process on the project are as follows: (1) a consensus on the nature of the problem and the desired decision shared by all the decision makers, (2) data quality consistent with its intended use, (3) a more resource-efficient sampling and analysis design, (4) a planned approach to data collection and evaluation, (5) quantitative criteria for knowing when to stop sampling, and (6) known measure of risk for making an incorrect decision.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the process of development of data quality objectives (DQOs) for the acquisition of environmental data. Optimization of sampling and analysis design is a part of the DQO process. This practice describes the DQO process in detail. The various strategies for design optimization are too numerous to include in this practice. Many other documents outline alternatives for optimizing sampling and analysis design. Therefore, only an overview of design optimization is included. Some design aspects are included in the practice's examples for illustration purposes.  
1.2 DQO development is the first of three parts of data generation activities. The other two aspects are (1) implementation of the sampling and analysis strategies, see Guide D6311; and (2) data quality assessment, see Guide D6233.  
1.3 This guide should be used in concert with Practices D5283, D6250, and Guide D6044. Practice D5283 outlines the quality assurance (QA) processes specified during planning and used during implementation. Guide D6044 outlines a process by which a representative sample may be obtained from a population, identifies sources that can affect representativeness, and describes the attributes of a representative sample. Practice D6250 describes how a decision point can be calculated.  
1.4 Environmental data related to waste management activities include, but are not limited to, the results from the sampling and analyses of air, soil, water, biota, process or general waste samples, or any combinations thereof.  
1.5 The DQO process is a planning process and should be completed prior to sampling and analysis activities.  
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1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included ...

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5.1 This standard, used in conjunction with a verification protocol can be used to gain certification for the purposes of the removal of trash and/or debris from stormwater runoff in order to meet regulatory and permit needs.
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1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard, except for methods to establish and report sediment concentration and particle size. It is convention to exclusively describe sediment concentration in mg/L and particle size in mm or μm, both of which are SI units. The SI units given in parentheses are mathematical conversions, which are provided for information purposes only and are not considered standard. Reporting of test results in units other than inch-pound units shall not be regarded as non-conformance with this test method.  
1.4 Acceptance of test results attained according to this specification may be subject to specific requirements set by a Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP), a specific verification protocol, or AHJ. It is advised to review one or all of the above to ensure compliance  
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1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E3073-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Development of Waste Management Plan for Construction, Deconstruction, or Demolition Projects

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SCOPE
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1.2 This guide applies to CWM plans developed for construction, renovation, deconstruction, and demolition of buildings, factories, parking structures, and any other structure, as well as above- and below-ground infrastructure.  
1.3 This guide includes CWM plan guidance for the wastes generated on-site during construction, deconstruction, and demolition projects.
Note 1: For example, included is any waste generated during these activities such as structural and finish materials and construction chemicals; construction product and materials packaging; construction office waste, including paper documents; wastes from site development work, such as excavated soils, rocks, vegetation, and stumps; and other ancillary items, such as broken tools, safety materials/personal protective equipment, and food and beverages and their packaging. The list of items above is offered for illustration purposes only; it is not intended to be fully inclusive of all materials from a construction, deconstruction, or demolition project that are suitable for reuse, repurposing, manufacturer reclamation, composting, or recycling.  
1.4 Waste generated in the manufacture, preparation, or fabrication of materials before delivery to the job site are not in the scope of this guide.  
1.5 This guide does not change or substitute for any federal, state, or local statutory or regulatory provisions or requirements including, but not limited to, those related to the handling, control, containment, transport, or disposition of any particular material.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Guide
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ASTM
ASTM D8410-22(Specification)
Standard Specification for Evaluation of Cellulosic-Fiber-Based Packaging Materials and Products for Compostability in Municipal or Industrial Aerobic Composting Facilities

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers cellulosic-fiber-based packaging materials and products associated with food, landscape waste, and other compost feedstocks, which are intended to be composted under aerobic conditions in municipal and industrial composting facilities, where thermophilic temperatures are achieved.  
1.2 This specification covers cellulosic-based uncoated and coated packaging materials and products and covers whole packaging products. Products covered in this specification include cellulosic fiber-based products produced from cellulosic pulp, corrugated materials, containerboard, paper, paperboard, and molded fiber.  
1.3 This specification excludes end items where thermoplastic polymer is laminated or extruded to cellulosic substrates.  
1.4 This specification is intended to establish the requirements for labeling cellulosic-fiber-based packaging materials and products as “compostable in aerobic municipal and industrial composting facilities” in accordance with the guidelines issued by the Federal Trade Commission,2 provided the label includes proper qualifications as to the availability of such facilities.  
1.5 The properties in this specification are those required to determine if packaging materials and products will compost satisfactorily in large-scale aerobic municipal or industrial composting where maximum throughput is a high priority and where intermediate stages of biodegradation must not be apparent to the end user for aesthetic reasons.  
1.6 This specification is technically equivalent to ISO 18606.1.7.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Technical specification
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