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ASTM D7081-05

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Non-Floating Biodegradable Plastics in the Marine Environment (Withdrawn 2014)

Standard Specification for Non-Floating Biodegradable Plastics in the Marine Environment (Withdrawn 2014)

ABSTRACT
This specification covers non-floating products made from plastics (including packaging and coatings) that are designed to be biodegradable under the marine environmental conditions of aerobic marine waters or anaerobic marine sediments, or both. (Possible environments are shallow and deep salt water and brackish water.) This specification is intended to establish the requirements for labeling materials and products, including packaging, as "biodegradable in marine waters and sediments." The products should exhibit satisfactory performances in terms of disintegration during marine degradation, inherent biodegradation, and environmental toxicity. However, this specification does not describe the contents or their performance with regard to biodegradability.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers products made from plastics (including packaging and coatings) that are designed to be biodegradable under the marine environmental conditions of aerobic marine waters or anaerobic marine sediments, or both. (Possible environments are shallow and deep salt water and brackish water.)
1.2 This specification is intended to establish the requirements for labeling materials and products, including packaging, as "biodegradable in marine waters and sediments."
1.3 The properties in this specification are those required to determine if products (including packaging) will biodegrade satisfactorily, including biodegrading at a rate comparable to known compostable materials. Further, the properties in the specification are required to assure that the degradation of these materials will not diminish the value or utility of the marine resources and habitat.
1.4 This specification does not describe contents or their performance with regard to biodegradability.
1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains to the test methods portion of this standard: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate health and safety practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Note 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This specification covered products made from plastics (including packaging and coatings) that are designed to be biodegradable under the marine environmental conditions of aerobic marine waters or anaerobic marine sediments, or both. (Possible environments are shallow and deep salt water and brackish water.)
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D20 on Plastics, this specification was withdrawn in April 2014 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
30-Jun-2005
Withdrawal Date
27-Apr-2014
ICS
83.140.99 - Other rubber and plastics products
Technical Committee
D20 - Plastics
Drafting Committee
D20.96 - Environmentally Degradable Plastics and Biobased Products
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D7081-05 - Standard Specification for Non-Floating Biodegradable Plastics in the Marine Environment (Withdrawn 2014)ASTM D7081-05 - Standard Specification for Non-Floating Biodegradable Plastics in the Marine Environment (Withdrawn 2014)
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ASTM D7081-05 - Standard Specification for Non-Floating Biodegradable Plastics in the Marine Environment (Withdrawn 2014)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7081 −05
StandardSpecification for
Non-Floating Biodegradable Plastics in the Marine
Environment
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7081; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D5338 Test Method for Determining Aerobic Biodegrada-
tion of Plastic Materials Under Controlled Composting
1.1 This specification covers products made from plastics
Conditions, Incorporating Thermophilic Temperatures
(including packaging and coatings) that are designed to be
D6002 Guide for Assessing the Compostability of Environ-
biodegradable under the marine environmental conditions of
mentally Degradable Plastics (Withdrawn 2011)
aerobic marine waters or anaerobic marine sediments, or both.
D6400 Specification for Labeling of Plastics Designed to be
(Possible environments are shallow and deep salt water and
Aerobically Composted in Municipal or Industrial Facili-
brackish water.)
ties
1.2 This specification is intended to establish the require-
D6691 Test Method for Determining Aerobic Biodegrada-
ments for labeling materials and products, including
tion of Plastic Materials in the Marine Environment by a
packaging,as“biodegradableinmarinewatersandsediments.”
Defined Microbial Consortium or Natural Sea Water
Inoculum
1.3 The properties in this specification are those required to
determine if products (including packaging) will biodegrade
2.2 ISO Standards:
satisfactorily, including biodegrading at a rate comparable to
ISO 14851:1999 Determination of the Ultimate Aerobic
known compostable materials. Further, the properties in the
Biodegradability of Plastic Materials in an Aqueous
specificationarerequiredtoassurethatthedegradationofthese
Medium—Method by Measuring the Oxygen Demand in
materials will not diminish the value or utility of the marine
a Closed Respirometer
resources and habitat.
ISO 14852:1999 Determination of the Ultimate Aerobic
Biodegradability of Plastic Materials in an Aqueous
1.4 This specification does not describe contents or their
Medium—Method by Analysis of Evolved Carbon Diox-
performance with regard to biodegradability.
ide
1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains to the test
ISO 14855:1999 Determination of the Ultimate Aerobic
methods portion of this standard: This standard does not
Biodegradability and Disintegration of Plastic Materials
purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated
under Controlled Composting Conditions—Method by
with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard
Analysis of Evolved Carbon Dioxide
to establish appropriate health and safety practices and to
2.3 Comite European de Normalisation (CEN):
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to
EN 13432 Packaging—Requirements for Packaging Recov-
use.
erable through Composting and Biodegradation—Test
NOTE 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
Scheme and Evaluation Criteria for the Final Acceptance
of Packaging
2. Referenced Documents
2.4 Government Standards:
2.1 ASTM Standards:
40 CFR Part 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regula-
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
tions
40 CFR Part 143 National Secondary Drinking Water Regu-
lations
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on
Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.96 on Environmen-
tally Degradable Plastics and Biobased Products.
Current edition approved July 1, 2005. Published August 2005. DOI: 10.1520/ The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
D7081-05. www.astm.org.
2 4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Code of Federal Regulations, available from U.S. Government Printing Office,
the ASTM website. Washington, DC 20402.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7081 − 05
OPPTS 850.1010 Aquatic Invertebrate Acute Toxicity Test, Products and finished articles shall be tested in the same form
Freshwater Daphnids as they are intended to be used. This specification is for
OPPTS 850.1075 Estuarine/Marine Fish Acute Toxicity
products that have a density of greater than 1.05 gm/cc.
Study Products shall have density greater than 1.05 g/cm . For
OPPTS 850.5400 Algal Acute Toxicity Study
products that are made in multiple thicknesses or densities,
such as films, containers and foams, only the thickest or most
3. Terminology
dense products need to be tested as long as the chemical
composition and structure remains otherwise the same. It is
3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms used in this
specification, refer to Terminology D883. assumed that thinner gages and lower densities will also
biodegrade satisfactorily. Similarly, if additives are present in
3.1.1 materials of natural origin , n—chemically-
unmodified packaging materials and constituents of natural test samples that pass testing, lower levels of the same
origin, such as wood, wood fiber, cotton fiber, starch, paper additives are similarly passed.
pulp, jute, chitin, chitosan and cellulose.
6.2 Disintegration During Incubation/Disposal—A mono-
3.1.2 mesophilic phase , n—temperature range from ap-
material product (that is, made only with the test polymer), is
proximately 20°C to 40°C over which microorganisms adapted
considered to have demonstrated satisfactory disintegration if
to moderate conditions maintain active metabolic rates.
after twelve weeks in controlled testing described in Test
3.1.3 psychrophilic phase , n—temperature range from ap-
Method D6691, no more than 30 % of its original dry weight
proximately 2°C to 20°C over which microorganisms adapted
remains after sieving on a 2.0-mm sieve. Laboratory meso-
to cold conditions maintain active metabolic rates.
philic and psychrophilic conditions may be generated by
performing Test Method D6691.
4. Classification
6.3 Inherent Biodegradation—A product is considered to
4.1 This specification establishes requirements for identify-
have demonstrated inherent biodegradability if the criteria in
ing plastic products and materials that will biodegrade satis-
sections 6.3.1 and 6.3.2 are met or exceeded. These criteria
factorily in the marine environment. Products meeting the
apply to plastics when used to make formed articles or when
requirements outlined below are appropriate for labeling as
used as coatings on substrates or when used as binders.
“marine disposable” in accordance with the guidelines issued
6.3.1 Theplasticsandsubstrates(ifused)aretoindividually
by the Federal Trade Commission.
demonstrate that 3
...

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1.7 Quality control and assurance procedures are developed for the design, fabrication, and erection phases. The quality-assurance program defines the proper authority and responsibility, control of design, material, fabrication and erection, inspection procedures, tolerances, and conformity to standards. The quality-control procedures provide the steps required to implement the quality-assurance program.  
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ACI Standard  
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Standard Specification for Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Exterior-Profile Extrusions Used for Assembled Windows and Doors

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes requirements for the material properties, including dimensional stability, weatherability, and extrusion quality, of rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) exterior profile extrusions used for assembled windows and doors. Methods for testing and for identifying exterior profile extrusions that comply with this specification are also provided. The physical and performance requirements of PVC are presented in details. The dimensional stability and impact strength shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
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5.1 Heat buildup in PVC exterior building products due to absorption of the energy from the sun may lead to distortion problems. Heat buildup is affected by the color, emittance, absorptance, and reflectance of a product. Generally, the darker the color of the product, the more energy is absorbed and the greater is the heat buildup. However, even with the same apparent color, the heat buildup may vary due to the specific pigment system involved. The greatest heat buildup generally occurs in the color black containing carbon black pigment. The black control sample used in this test method contains 2.5 parts of furnace black per 100 parts of PVC suspension resin. The maximum temperature rise above ambient temperature for this black is 90°F (50°C) for a 45° or horizontal surface when the sun is perpendicular to the surface and 74°F (41°C) for a vertical surface assuming that the measurements were done on a cloudless day with no wind and heavy insulation on the back of the specimen.4  
5.2 This test method allows the measurement of the temperature rise under a specific type heat lamp, relative to that of a black reference surface, thus predicting the heat buildup due to the sun's energy.  
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1.3 Rigid PVC exterior profiles for fencing are covered in Specification F964.  
1.4 Rigid PVC siding profiles are covered in Specification D3679.  
1.5 Rigid PVC soffit profiles are covered in Specification D4477.  
1.6 Rigid PVC and Rigid CPVC plastic building products compounds are covered in Specification D4216.  
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1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
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5.1 These procedures provide a means to assess the drop impact resistance of the group or lot of blown containers from which the test specimens were selected.  
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This specification covers requirements and methods of test for the material, dimensions, and workmanship, and the properties of extruded, compression molded, and injection molded PAEK sheet, plate, rod, and tubular bar manufactured from PAEK. The type of PAEK extruded, compression molded, and injection molded product may be categorized by type, grade and class depending on resin and filler compositions. Every type of PAEK shape may be categorized into one of several grades as follows: Grade 1 (general purpose) which is extruded, compression molded or injection molded product made using only 100% virgin PAEK resin and Grade 2 (recycle grade) which is extruded, compression molded or injection molded product made using any amount up to 100% of recycled thermoplastic PAEK. The type, class and grade is further differentiated based on dimensional stability. Different tests shall be conducted in order to determine the following properties of PAEK: tensile stress at break, elongation at break, tensile modulus, dimensional stability, lengthwise camber and widthwise bow, squareness, flexural modulus, and Izod impact.
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1.3 This specification allows the use of key clad plastics (see Section 4).  
1.4 The values are stated in inch-pound units and are regarded as the standard in all property and dimensional tables. For reference purposes, SI units are also included in Table 1.  
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This specification covers requirements for plasticized cellulose acetate butyrate thermoplastic compounds suitable for injection molding and extrusion. These compounds have a butyryl content less than 38 % and an acetyl content less than 15 % and may or may not contain dyes and pigments. This specification does not include special materials compounded for special applications. Cellulosic plastic materials, being thermoplastic, are reprocessable and recyclable. This specification allows for the use of those cellulosic materials, provided that all specific requirements of this specification are met. Test specimens of the thermoplastic compounds shall conform to the prescribed specific gravity, tensile stress at yield, flexural modulus, Izod impact strength, water absorption and weight loss on heating. The materials shall also be subject to color-visual, color-quantitative, and plasticizer content analysis.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification system covers requirements for plasticized cellulose acetate butyrate thermoplastic compounds suitable for injection molding and extrusion. These compounds have a butyryl content less than 38 % and an acetyl content less than 15 % and can contain dyes and pigments. This classification system does not include special materials compounded for special applications. Cellulosic plastic materials, being thermoplastic, are reprocessable and recyclable. This classification system allows for the use of those cellulosic materials, provided that all specific requirements of this classification system are met.  
1.2 The properties included in this classification system are those required to identify the compositions covered. Other requirements necessary to identify particular characteristics important to specialized applications are specified by using the suffixes as given in Section 5.  
1.3 This classification system and subsequent line call out (specification) are intended to provide a means of calling out plastic materials used in the fabrication of end items or parts. It is not intended for the selection of materials. Material selection can be made by those having expertise in the plastic field only after careful consideration of the design and performance required of the part, environment to which it will be exposed, fabrication process to be employed, costs involved, and inherent properties of the material other than those covered by this classification system.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 12, of this classification system. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7258-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Polymeric Piles

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the physical and performance requirements for round and rectangular cross-section polymeric piles in axial and lateral load-bearing applications including, by not limited to, marine, waterfront, and corrosive environments. It does not apply to individual polymeric pile products, sheet piles, and other mechanically connected polymeric pile products using inter-locking systems. Covered here are six types of polymeric piles that are fabricated from materials that may be virgin, recycled, or both, as long as the finished product meets all of the criteria specified herein. These types are: Type I, polymeric only; Type II, polymeric with reinforcement in the form of chopped, milled or continuous fiber or mineral; Type III, polymeric with reinforcement in the form of metallic bars, cages, or shapes; Type IV, polymeric with reinforcement in the form of non-metallic bars or cages; Type V, polymeric composite tube with a concrete core; and Type VI, any other polymeric piling meeting the requirements stated herein and not otherwise described by Types I through V. The polymeric tiles shall adhere to specified physical attributes such as size, cross-sectional shape, length, straightness, placement of reinforcement, and surface conditions. The performance requirements which pile specimens shall conform to include creep rupture, serviceability, flexural properties, shear strength, bearing strength, design flexural stiffness, energy absorption, compressive strength, combined stresses, dimensional stability (thermal expansion), hygrothermal cycling, and flame spread index.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification addresses the use of round and rectangular cross-section polymeric piles in axial and lateral load-bearing applications, including but not limited to marine, waterfront, and corrosive environments.  
1.2 This specification is only applicable to individual polymeric pile products. Sheet pile and other mechanically connected polymeric pile products using inter-locking systems, are not part of this specification.  
1.3 The piling products considered herein are characterized by the use of polymers, whereby (1) the pile strength or stiffness requires the inclusion of the polymer, or (2) a minimum of fifty percent (50 %) of the weight or volume is derived from the polymer. The type classifications of polymeric piles described in Section 4 show how they can be reinforced by composite design for increased stiffness or strength.  
1.4 This specification covers polymeric piles fabricated from materials that are virgin, recycled, or both, as long as the finished product meets all of the criteria specified herein. Diverse types and combinations of inorganic filler systems are permitted in the manufacturing of polymeric piling products. Inorganic fillers include such materials as talc, mica, silica, wollastonite, calcium carbonate, etc. Pilings are often placed in service where they will be subjected to continuous damp or wet exposure conditions. Due to concerns of water sensitivity and possible affects on mechanical properties in such service conditions, organic fillers, including lignocellulosic materials such as those made or derived from wood, wood flour, flax shive, rice hulls, wheat straw, and combinations thereof, are not permitted in the manufacturing of polymeric piling products.  
1.5 The values are stated in inch-pound units as these are currently the most common units used by the construction industry.  
1.6 Polymeric piles under this specification are designed using design stresses determined in accordance with Test Methods D6108, D6109, and D6112 and procedures contained within this specification unless otherwise specified.  
1.7 Although in some instances it will be an important component of the pile design, frictional properties are currently beyond the scope of this document.  
1.8 Criteria for design are included as part of this specification for polymeric piles. Certain Types and...

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ASTM
ASTM D7486-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fines and Dust Particles on Plastic Pellets by Wet Analysis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Molding and extruding plastic pellets require dust free, dry pellets to prevent processing problems. Plastic producers try to remove the dust and streamers with dust removal systems prior to packaging and loading. How to accurately measure dust and streamer content in plastic pellets is an important quality control issue.  
5.2 Particle size analysis is used to determine a percentage of particle size distribution from a representative sample of the whole. In terms of size analysis concerning plastic pellets, sieving is used to determine the dust content in the range of 500 to 2000 micron. Test Method D1921, Test Method B, is used to determine this type of particle sizing.  
5.3 After dry sieve analysis, particles smaller than 500 microns need to be analyzed by wet method. A fresh sample shall be used for wet analysis. This test method allows washing down the fines attached to the pellets by electrostatic forces.  
5.4 The wet analysis provides accurate quantification of small to large amounts of fines, negating static effects, and eliminating detrimental effects of mechanical agitation. A wet analysis must be employed to accurately quantify lower PPM dust levels in plastic pellets.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the amount of fine particles adhered on plastic pellets or granules in which they are commonly produced and supplied. The lower limit of this test method is restricted only by the porosity of the filter disc used to capture the particle size being quantified.  
1.2 The wet analysis technique allows for separation and collection of statically charged particles by liquid wash and filtration methods. This must be performed under standard laboratory conditions.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4 This test method describes an essential practice to check the quality of plastics once the production cycle is terminated and to evaluate the performance of pellet cleaning systems or of the special pneumatic conveying systems for the distinct size fractions below 500 micron only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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