ASTM C1791-14
(Guide)Standard Guide for Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Unit Pavement Systems
Standard Guide for Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Unit Pavement Systems
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides information that, if implemented, will reduce efflorescence potential in new unit pavement systems. However, its implementation will not always completely prevent efflorescence.
4.2 This guide may be augmented by related information contained in the appendixes of Specification C270, the additional material listed in Appendix X1 in this standard, and other publications.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers methods for reducing efflorescence potential in new unit pavement systems.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C1791 − 14
StandardGuide for
Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Unit Pavement
Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1791; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope pounds in clay masonry are usually yellow or green; and stains
produced by acid-soluble manganese compounds are usually
1.1 This guide covers methods for reducing efflorescence
brown or gray.
potential in new unit pavement systems.
3.2.3 jointing material, n—mortar, aggregate, or sealant
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
used between paver units.
as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for
3.2.4 unit pavement system, n—a system consisting of edge
information only.
restraint, wearing course of discrete clay or concrete pavers,
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
setting bed, jointing material, base or sub-base, or combination
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
thereof, and appropriate drainage elements.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2.4.1 Discussion—Flexible pavement is a unit pavement
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
system whose wearing course consists of discrete clay or
concrete pavers on an aggregate base, an aggregate base
2. Referenced Documents
stabilized with asphalt or cement, or asphalt pavement.
3.2.4.2 Discussion—Rigid pavement is a unit pavement
2.1 ASTM Standards:
system whose surface wearing course consists of discrete clay
C67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and
or concrete units on a rigid base such as concrete.
Structural Clay Tile
C270 Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry
4. Significance and Use
C1180 Terminology of Mortar and Grout for Unit Masonry
C1232 Terminology of Masonry
4.1 This guide provides information that, if implemented,
will reduce efflorescence potential in new unit pavement
3. Terminology
systems. However, its implementation will not always com-
pletely prevent efflorescence.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Terminology defined in Terminologies C1180 and
4.2 This guide may be augmented by related information
C1232 shall apply in this guide.
contained in the appendixes of Specification C270, the addi-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: tional material listed in Appendix X1 in this standard, and
other publications.
3.2.1 cryptoflorescence, n—a crystalline deposit of water-
soluble compounds in the pores of unit pavement system
5. Principles of Efflorescence
materials.
3.2.2 efflorescence, n—a crystalline deposit, usually white,
5.1 Efflorescence is directly related to the quantity of
of water-soluble compounds on the surface of a unit pavement
water-soluble compounds within, or exposed to, a unit pave-
system.
ment system; and to the quantity of water exposed to these
compounds. Water-soluble compounds or water causing efflo-
3.2.2.1 Discussion—While not considered to be
rescence may be from adjacent surfaces or beneath the pave-
efflorescence, stains produced by acid-soluble vanadium com-
ment system: for example, fertilizer in runoff from adjacent
flower beds or lawns; ground water evaporating through the
wearing course. Since neither water nor water-soluble com-
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on
pounds can be completely eliminated from unit pavement
Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
systems, the potential for efflorescence is reduced by reducing
C15.05 on Masonry Assemblies.
water-soluble compounds and water retained within the unit
Current edition approved March 1, 2014. Published March 2014. DOI: 10.1520/
C1791-14. pavement system.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1791 − 14
5.2 Water can penetrate through joints in the surface of unit 6.2.3 Construction practices that protect uncompleted unit
pavement systems. It can penetrate voids in the mortar joints or pavement systems from rain or snow during construction.
the interface between the paver unit and jointing material. 6.2.4 Properly sized and located movement joints in the
pavement.
5.3 If a significant amount of water penetrates a unit
6.2.5 Overhangs and canopies to protect the pavement from
pavement system, the water will dissolve water-soluble com-
rain.
pounds that may exist in the paver units, mortar components,
6.2.6 Utilization of compatible applied water repellent on
grout,settingbed,concreteslab,admixturesorothersecondary
the surface of unit pavement systems or integral efflorescence
sources, and may deposit them on the exterior surface of the
controlling admixtures in paver units when specified.
unit pavement system when it migrates to the surface and
6.2.7 Utilization of compatible integral water repellent ad-
through evaporation. The presence of a concrete slab below
mixtures and mortar modifiers.
sand setting beds in unit pavement system allows water to
6.3 Water that penetrates a unit pavement system is quickly
remain on top of the slab where it can more readily dissolve
drained out of the system by:
water-soluble compounds in the concrete.
6.3.1 The use of a drainage system that conveys water to
5.4 The most common efflorescence deposits contain two or
low points and allows water to be conveyed out of the
more of the following: potassium, sodium, calcium, sulfates,
pavement system.
carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides, and hydroxides.
6.4 Contact between dissimilar paver units is minimized by:
5.5 Some water-soluble compounds deposited on the sur-
6.4.1 The use of a separator between changes in paver
face of unit pavement systems can chemically react to form
materials in unit pavement systems.
compounds that are not water-soluble. Calcium carbonate
6.5 Potential efflorescence compounds in the pavement
(CaCO ) deposits on unit pavement system are a fairly com-
system materials can be minimized by:
mon example. They are a result of reaction between the
6.5.1 Preconstruction testing of all unit pavement system
efflorescencecompoundcalciumhydroxideandcarbondioxide
materials, water, cleaning agents, deicing chemicals, and ad-
after the calcium hydroxide is deposited on the surface of the
mixtures to be used to evaluate their potential to contribute to
pavement and is exposed t
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